• dr hab. Tadeusz Molenda
Position: Prof.Uczelni
Unit: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adress: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Floor: XVII
Room: 1714
Phone:
E-mail: tadeusz.molenda@us.edu.pl
Publications list: Publications by CINiBA
Publications list: Publications by OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 6505481904
Publications from the Scopus database
2024
Molenda, T.; Malik, I.; Kidawa, J.
Impact of the geological structure on the development of anthropogenic-karstic reservoirs diverse hydrologically and hydrochemically Journal Article
In: Journal of Water and Land Development, no. 62, pp. 10-16, 2024, ISSN: 14297426.
@article{2-s2.0-85205995521,
title = {Impact of the geological structure on the development of anthropogenic-karstic reservoirs diverse hydrologically and hydrochemically},
author = { T. Molenda and I. Malik and J. Kidawa},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85205995521&doi=10.24425%2fjwld.2024.150276&partnerID=40&md5=02283b129b9354ec04ae3c1ccc7f4a24},
doi = {10.24425/jwld.2024.150276},
issn = {14297426},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Water and Land Development},
number = {62},
pages = {10-16},
publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences Publishing House},
abstract = {The deep exploitation of mineral deposits is carried out in many areas around the world. However, one of its negative consequences is surface deformations. These may be discontinuous deformations (sinkholes) or continuous deformations (subsidence basins). Under specific hydrogeological conditions, these forms are inundated, and thus anthropogenic reservoirs are formed. In some post-mining areas, the number of such reservoirs is so large that they are referred to as “anthropogenic lake districts”. Depending on the geological structure of the deposit and the mining technique, these reservoirs may have different morphometric parameters. Moreover, they may show various hydrological conditions and physicochemical properties of their waters. The article describes a unique group of anthropogenic water reservoirs created due to the flooding of deep salt mines on the Solotvyno mining field. Although small in terms of the area, it includes a group of anthropogenic water reservoirs highly diverse in terms of their genetics, hydrology and hydrochemistry. Some of them represent a unique type of meromictic reservoirs. This research shows the direction in which water conditions may change in other mining areas with significant surface deformation across the globe. © 2024. The Authors. Published by Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute (ITP – PIB).},
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The deep exploitation of mineral deposits is carried out in many areas around the world. However, one of its negative consequences is surface deformations. These may be discontinuous deformations (sinkholes) or continuous deformations (subsidence basins). Under specific hydrogeological conditions, these forms are inundated, and thus anthropogenic reservoirs are formed. In some post-mining areas, the number of such reservoirs is so large that they are referred to as “anthropogenic lake districts”. Depending on the geological structure of the deposit and the mining technique, these reservoirs may have different morphometric parameters. Moreover, they may show various hydrological conditions and physicochemical properties of their waters. The article describes a unique group of anthropogenic water reservoirs created due to the flooding of deep salt mines on the Solotvyno mining field. Although small in terms of the area, it includes a group of anthropogenic water reservoirs highly diverse in terms of their genetics, hydrology and hydrochemistry. Some of them represent a unique type of meromictic reservoirs. This research shows the direction in which water conditions may change in other mining areas with significant surface deformation across the globe. © 2024. The Authors. Published by Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute (ITP – PIB).
2023
Suligowski, R.; Molenda, T.; Ciupa, T.
Case Study of Water Pollution in Podwiśniówka Acid Mine Pit Lake (Holy Cross Mts., Poland) Journal Article
In: Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 145-159, 2023, ISSN: 0137477X.
@article{2-s2.0-85170036422,
title = {Case Study of Water Pollution in Podwiśniówka Acid Mine Pit Lake (Holy Cross Mts., Poland)},
author = { R. Suligowski and T. Molenda and T. Ciupa},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85170036422&doi=10.14746%2fquageo-2023-0028&partnerID=40&md5=9b75c6788232143e6145256c93d6c719},
doi = {10.14746/quageo-2023-0028},
issn = {0137477X},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Quaestiones Geographicae},
volume = {42},
number = {3},
pages = {145-159},
publisher = {Sciendo},
abstract = {Abstract: On the Holy Cross Mountains (southern Poland), located within the tectonic zone of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ), numerous former quarries exist, including those of Cambrian quarzitic sandstones and sandstones with pyrite veins. This article presents the results of geochemical studies on the waters of the acidic mine pit lake Podwiśniówka (with an area of 1.5 ha and a maximum depth of 7.0 m) conducted in 2018. The tests were carried out in a vertical water column (every 1 m) in the central part of pit lake. The mean concentration of metals/metalloids, determined using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS), was found to form the following sequence in decreasing order: As> Cu> Ni> Co> Cr> Zn> U> Pb> Cd> Tl. With increasing depth, there was a general upwards trend in the concentrations of all the determined elements. In all cases, the average value of the single pollution index in the water column greatly exceeds the very strong level in relation to the geochemical background of surface waters globally (As - above 1250 times). The integrated pollution index for the ten trace elements in the water column increases with depth, and its average value exceeding 250 times the highest reference level. At the same time, the cluster analysis carried out showed the existence of two distinct depth zones in the pit lake: upper (0-4 m) and lower (5-7 m), differing in the scale of the water pollution. © 2023 Roman Suligowski et al., published by Sciendo.},
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Abstract: On the Holy Cross Mountains (southern Poland), located within the tectonic zone of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ), numerous former quarries exist, including those of Cambrian quarzitic sandstones and sandstones with pyrite veins. This article presents the results of geochemical studies on the waters of the acidic mine pit lake Podwiśniówka (with an area of 1.5 ha and a maximum depth of 7.0 m) conducted in 2018. The tests were carried out in a vertical water column (every 1 m) in the central part of pit lake. The mean concentration of metals/metalloids, determined using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS), was found to form the following sequence in decreasing order: As> Cu> Ni> Co> Cr> Zn> U> Pb> Cd> Tl. With increasing depth, there was a general upwards trend in the concentrations of all the determined elements. In all cases, the average value of the single pollution index in the water column greatly exceeds the very strong level in relation to the geochemical background of surface waters globally (As - above 1250 times). The integrated pollution index for the ten trace elements in the water column increases with depth, and its average value exceeding 250 times the highest reference level. At the same time, the cluster analysis carried out showed the existence of two distinct depth zones in the pit lake: upper (0-4 m) and lower (5-7 m), differing in the scale of the water pollution. © 2023 Roman Suligowski et al., published by Sciendo.
2022
Molenda, T.; Kidawa, J.
In: Mine Water and the Environment, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 817-827, 2022, ISSN: 10259112, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85133620528,
title = {A Study of a Hypersaline, Heliothermic Lake that Formed in an Anthropogenic-Karst Sinkhole [超咸水组成和受太阳加热的人类活动而成喀斯特天坑湖研究] [Studie über einen hypersalinen, heliothermen See, der sich in einer anthropogen verursachten Doline gebildet hat] [Estudio de un lago hipersalino y heliotérmico que se formó en un sumidero antropogénico- cárstico]},
author = { T. Molenda and J. Kidawa},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133620528&doi=10.1007%2fs10230-022-00887-2&partnerID=40&md5=2634cee97201fad9a0a46830a14979ef},
doi = {10.1007/s10230-022-00887-2},
issn = {10259112},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Mine Water and the Environment},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {817-827},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},
abstract = {In Solotvino, in southwestern Ukraine (Transcarpathia), there is a large group of anthropogenic water reservoirs. Most of these developed in sinkholes formed by the flooding of salt mines and the activation of anthropogenic and karst processes. One reservoir, Solotvino No. 7, was the subject of detailed limnological (hydrographic and hydrochemical) studies. The reservoir has an area of 8493 m2, a maximum depth of 20.5 m, and holds Cl−–Na+ brines. The water in the near-surface layer is hyposaline (3–20 g/L), but periodically becomes mesosaline (20–50 g/L). Hypersaline waters with mineralization > 250 g/L are found below 3 m. The reservoir has three persistent distinct mixolimnion layers that clearly indicate their meromictic type: the surface layer, a chemocline (where the water chemistry changes), and a lower monimolimnion layer. The thermal properties of the reservoir deserve special attention. The water is heated during all seasons at the boundary between the chemocline and monimolimnion; the water temperature is 32 °C in winter and 54 °C in summer, despite the lack of volcanism. The water is heated by a physical phenomenon in the layer where the water density increases, which is a heliothermal process. Also noteworthy is that throughout the year, the oxygen profiles are positive and heterograde, with the water being up to 380% oxygen saturated. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Mine Water Association.},
note = {1},
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pubstate = {published},
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}
In Solotvino, in southwestern Ukraine (Transcarpathia), there is a large group of anthropogenic water reservoirs. Most of these developed in sinkholes formed by the flooding of salt mines and the activation of anthropogenic and karst processes. One reservoir, Solotvino No. 7, was the subject of detailed limnological (hydrographic and hydrochemical) studies. The reservoir has an area of 8493 m2, a maximum depth of 20.5 m, and holds Cl−–Na+ brines. The water in the near-surface layer is hyposaline (3–20 g/L), but periodically becomes mesosaline (20–50 g/L). Hypersaline waters with mineralization > 250 g/L are found below 3 m. The reservoir has three persistent distinct mixolimnion layers that clearly indicate their meromictic type: the surface layer, a chemocline (where the water chemistry changes), and a lower monimolimnion layer. The thermal properties of the reservoir deserve special attention. The water is heated during all seasons at the boundary between the chemocline and monimolimnion; the water temperature is 32 °C in winter and 54 °C in summer, despite the lack of volcanism. The water is heated by a physical phenomenon in the layer where the water density increases, which is a heliothermal process. Also noteworthy is that throughout the year, the oxygen profiles are positive and heterograde, with the water being up to 380% oxygen saturated. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Mine Water Association.
Molenda, T.; Kostka, B.; Malik, I.; Lejwoda, P.; Radziejowski, W.; Kidawa, J.
In: Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, 2022, ISSN: 19961073.
@article{2-s2.0-85128463137,
title = {Polyhumous Dystrophic Pit Lakes: Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics on the Example of Reservoirs in the Włoszczowska Basin, Central Poland},
author = { T. Molenda and B. Kostka and I. Malik and P. Lejwoda and W. Radziejowski and J. Kidawa},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85128463137&doi=10.3390%2fen15072681&partnerID=40&md5=57c292b9009a7617b55e0bcdea139d09},
doi = {10.3390/en15072681},
issn = {19961073},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Energies},
volume = {15},
number = {7},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of post-exploitation reservoirs formed in peat excavations. Two natural bog lakes were selected as the control objects for the study. The research indicated that both the waters of post-exploitation peat reservoirs and natural bog lakes show low electrolytic conductivity (<100 µS/cm) and acidic water reaction (pH < 5.5). The concentration of major cations and anions is also very low. The concentration of calcium and magnesium does not exceed a few mg/L. Hydrochemically, all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are bi-ionic sulphate–calcium (SO42−-Ca2+ ). This distinguishes post-exploitation peat reservoirs from natural bog lakes in which multi-ion waters were found, for example, sulphate–chloride–calcium (SO42−-Cl−-Ca2+ ) and sulphate–calcium–sodium (SO42−-Ca2+-Na+ ). The calculated water humic state index (HSI) allowed the classifying of the examined reservoirs as polyhumous. The value of this index, in all reservoirs, was >50. Based on the calculated hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI), it was found that all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are dystrophic. So far, no such hydrochemical type has been found in other post-exploitation peat reservoirs. Therefore, the examined objects should be classified as unique post-exploitation peat reservoirs. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of post-exploitation reservoirs formed in peat excavations. Two natural bog lakes were selected as the control objects for the study. The research indicated that both the waters of post-exploitation peat reservoirs and natural bog lakes show low electrolytic conductivity (<100 µS/cm) and acidic water reaction (pH < 5.5). The concentration of major cations and anions is also very low. The concentration of calcium and magnesium does not exceed a few mg/L. Hydrochemically, all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are bi-ionic sulphate–calcium (SO42−-Ca2+ ). This distinguishes post-exploitation peat reservoirs from natural bog lakes in which multi-ion waters were found, for example, sulphate–chloride–calcium (SO42−-Cl−-Ca2+ ) and sulphate–calcium–sodium (SO42−-Ca2+-Na+ ). The calculated water humic state index (HSI) allowed the classifying of the examined reservoirs as polyhumous. The value of this index, in all reservoirs, was >50. Based on the calculated hydrochemical dystrophy index (HDI), it was found that all post-exploitation peat reservoirs are dystrophic. So far, no such hydrochemical type has been found in other post-exploitation peat reservoirs. Therefore, the examined objects should be classified as unique post-exploitation peat reservoirs. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2021
Kidawa, J.; Molenda, T.
Degradation of dam reservoirs under the influence of mining subsidence in Upper Silesian Coal Basin, South Poland Journal Article
In: Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management, vol. 26, no. 4, 2021, ISSN: 13205331, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85120724642,
title = {Degradation of dam reservoirs under the influence of mining subsidence in Upper Silesian Coal Basin, South Poland},
author = { J. Kidawa and T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120724642&doi=10.1111%2flre.12388&partnerID=40&md5=0aa12c25a289f325addd6418c331d87c},
doi = {10.1111/lre.12388},
issn = {13205331},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management},
volume = {26},
number = {4},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},
abstract = {Exploitation of mineral resources can result in dramatic multidirectional changes in the natural environment in mining areas, with the changes being particularly evident in the form of land degradation. One of the consequences of underground mining is subsidence of the overlying surface of the land area. The greatest subsidence typically occurs when the mining operation is carried out with a longwall top coal caving process, which can result in subsidence basin deformation developing on the surface. This development can lead to a change in natural landforms. As a consequence of the development of subsidence basins in the present study, the maximum depth in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin may exceed 30-m, which can also change the hydrological conditions of the area. Development of subsidence basins can often lead to changes in the morphometric parameters of the existing hydrographic objects, a phenomenon that also applies to dam reservoirs. As a result of land subsidence, the depth and surface area of hydrographic objects can increase, with the maximum depth point moving deeper into the reservoir outside the frontal barrage zone, with changes also occurring in the reservoir tank morphometry. In extreme cases, the barrage may stop water damming, being located outside the reservoir zone, meaning the tank's water management function is lost. All the reservoirs in the current study are located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in southern Poland, which is currently the only significant coal-mining centre in Europe, with the surface area of the basin being 7490 km2. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.},
note = {1},
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pubstate = {published},
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Exploitation of mineral resources can result in dramatic multidirectional changes in the natural environment in mining areas, with the changes being particularly evident in the form of land degradation. One of the consequences of underground mining is subsidence of the overlying surface of the land area. The greatest subsidence typically occurs when the mining operation is carried out with a longwall top coal caving process, which can result in subsidence basin deformation developing on the surface. This development can lead to a change in natural landforms. As a consequence of the development of subsidence basins in the present study, the maximum depth in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin may exceed 30-m, which can also change the hydrological conditions of the area. Development of subsidence basins can often lead to changes in the morphometric parameters of the existing hydrographic objects, a phenomenon that also applies to dam reservoirs. As a result of land subsidence, the depth and surface area of hydrographic objects can increase, with the maximum depth point moving deeper into the reservoir outside the frontal barrage zone, with changes also occurring in the reservoir tank morphometry. In extreme cases, the barrage may stop water damming, being located outside the reservoir zone, meaning the tank's water management function is lost. All the reservoirs in the current study are located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in southern Poland, which is currently the only significant coal-mining centre in Europe, with the surface area of the basin being 7490 km2. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Molenda, T.; Czajka, A.; Czaja, S. W.; Spyt, B.
Rapid river bed recovery after the in-channel mining: The case of vistula river, Poland Journal Article
In: Water (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 5, 2021, ISSN: 20734441, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85102660216,
title = {Rapid river bed recovery after the in-channel mining: The case of vistula river, Poland},
author = { T. Molenda and A. Czajka and S.W. Czaja and B. Spyt},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102660216&doi=10.3390%2fw13050623&partnerID=40&md5=55f967ed693a075fdfb2ece7fb601dc9},
doi = {10.3390/w13050623},
issn = {20734441},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Water (Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {The effects of in-channel wet-pit mining is nowadays widely discussed in terms of negative influence of the created pits on the river ecosystem and fluvial processes. The pits induce an alteration of natural flow or sediment transport. This paper describes the post-mining channel recovery observed in a relatively short time in a gravelly sand bed lowland river. The study was based on repeated bathymetry of the channel and grain size analyses of bed material taken from the mining area and its surrounding upstream and downstream pit. We also use calculations of possible bedload sediment movement in the studied river reach. We noticed that the excavation pit exceeded the maximum depth of 8.8 m in 2014 and, immediately after the end of mining, the bedload started to infill the pit. The bathymetric measurements in 2019 indicated that the process of pit infill was completed after five years, though the former pit is refilled with material finer than the natural bedload observed in the discussed river reach, and consists mainly of sand. The studied process of pit infilling runs continuously, even during the annual average water stages. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
The effects of in-channel wet-pit mining is nowadays widely discussed in terms of negative influence of the created pits on the river ecosystem and fluvial processes. The pits induce an alteration of natural flow or sediment transport. This paper describes the post-mining channel recovery observed in a relatively short time in a gravelly sand bed lowland river. The study was based on repeated bathymetry of the channel and grain size analyses of bed material taken from the mining area and its surrounding upstream and downstream pit. We also use calculations of possible bedload sediment movement in the studied river reach. We noticed that the excavation pit exceeded the maximum depth of 8.8 m in 2014 and, immediately after the end of mining, the bedload started to infill the pit. The bathymetric measurements in 2019 indicated that the process of pit infill was completed after five years, though the former pit is refilled with material finer than the natural bedload observed in the discussed river reach, and consists mainly of sand. The studied process of pit infilling runs continuously, even during the annual average water stages. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Kidawa, J.; Chmura, D.; Molenda, T.
In: Plants, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2021, ISSN: 22237747, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85098740293,
title = {The hydrological-hydrochemical factors that control the invasion of the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in succession in areas with opencast mines},
author = { J. Kidawa and D. Chmura and T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85098740293&doi=10.3390%2fplants10010040&partnerID=40&md5=8246292e7b750746bee892c81df4f9a5},
doi = {10.3390/plants10010040},
issn = {22237747},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Plants},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {1-16},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {Studies on opencast mines have indicated that the spontaneous colonization of excavations and sedimentation tanks by vegetation is determined not only by the substratum and the land relief, but also by the hydrological and hydrochemical relations in the exploitation hollow. Some-times, biological invasions can also disturb the natural revegetation. Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust is an invasive alien species that frequently colonizes sandy habitats. Thirty study plots were randomly established on four types of sites: 1) sandy sediments, extremely dry places located mainly on heaps of post-washer slime; 2) sandy sediments, dry areas that are periodically flooded and have pulp; 3) clay sediments, damp areas that are periodically submerged, and 4) the control, a forest with R. pseudoacacia in its neighborhood. A total of 94 species of vascular plants and seven species of mosses were found. The vegetation at the sites differs and the role of the black locust increases along the dryness gradient and developmental phase of vegetation. Older phases of succession resemble a forest in the surrounding area. It is a R. pseudoacacia species-poor monodominant stand that has been forming for around 30 years. A lack of trees and dense grasses favor the suc-cessful invasion of the black locust on man-made sandy habitats. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {2},
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pubstate = {published},
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Studies on opencast mines have indicated that the spontaneous colonization of excavations and sedimentation tanks by vegetation is determined not only by the substratum and the land relief, but also by the hydrological and hydrochemical relations in the exploitation hollow. Some-times, biological invasions can also disturb the natural revegetation. Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust is an invasive alien species that frequently colonizes sandy habitats. Thirty study plots were randomly established on four types of sites: 1) sandy sediments, extremely dry places located mainly on heaps of post-washer slime; 2) sandy sediments, dry areas that are periodically flooded and have pulp; 3) clay sediments, damp areas that are periodically submerged, and 4) the control, a forest with R. pseudoacacia in its neighborhood. A total of 94 species of vascular plants and seven species of mosses were found. The vegetation at the sites differs and the role of the black locust increases along the dryness gradient and developmental phase of vegetation. Older phases of succession resemble a forest in the surrounding area. It is a R. pseudoacacia species-poor monodominant stand that has been forming for around 30 years. A lack of trees and dense grasses favor the suc-cessful invasion of the black locust on man-made sandy habitats. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2020
Molenda, T.; Frydecka, K.
Physical and chemical properties of natural and anthropogenic groundwater outflows in the cieszyn foothills Journal Article
In: Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 687-692, 2020, ISSN: 16423593.
@article{2-s2.0-85086701882,
title = {Physical and chemical properties of natural and anthropogenic groundwater outflows in the cieszyn foothills},
author = { T. Molenda and K. Frydecka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086701882&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecohyd.2020.05.005&partnerID=40&md5=88df8e16bcbd15cd5dc552b5d29be094},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecohyd.2020.05.005},
issn = {16423593},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {687-692},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {The purpose of this article is to present the hydrographic and hydrochemical properties of the waters of old adits, which drained excavations after exploitation of iron ores. For this research, both the natural springs and control object have been identified. These are located in the Cieszyn Foothills. It has been shown that adit water has a higher average electrolytic conductivity (> 600 µS/cm) than natural spring water (<300 µS/cm). The increase in conductivity is undoubtedly influenced by the air supply to the excavations, which accelerates the rock weathering process. However, the increase in water mineralisation has no effect on the hydrochemical type of water. Adit waters and spring waters represent the same bicarbonate calcium (HCO3− - Ca2+) hydrochemical type. Adit waters show a small variation in water temperature in the annual cycle (Cv < 8%) compared to a natural spring (Cv -18%). Changes in the water temperature in the adits and the spring show high synchronism (r> 0.7). © 2020 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The purpose of this article is to present the hydrographic and hydrochemical properties of the waters of old adits, which drained excavations after exploitation of iron ores. For this research, both the natural springs and control object have been identified. These are located in the Cieszyn Foothills. It has been shown that adit water has a higher average electrolytic conductivity (> 600 µS/cm) than natural spring water (<300 µS/cm). The increase in conductivity is undoubtedly influenced by the air supply to the excavations, which accelerates the rock weathering process. However, the increase in water mineralisation has no effect on the hydrochemical type of water. Adit waters and spring waters represent the same bicarbonate calcium (HCO3− - Ca2+) hydrochemical type. Adit waters show a small variation in water temperature in the annual cycle (Cv < 8%) compared to a natural spring (Cv -18%). Changes in the water temperature in the adits and the spring show high synchronism (r> 0.7). © 2020 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Molenda, T.; Kidawa, J.
Natural and Anthropogenic Conditions of the Chemical Composition of Pit Lake Waters (Based on Example Pit Lakes from Central Europe) Journal Article
In: Mine Water and the Environment, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 473-480, 2020, ISSN: 10259112, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85078925103,
title = {Natural and Anthropogenic Conditions of the Chemical Composition of Pit Lake Waters (Based on Example Pit Lakes from Central Europe)},
author = { T. Molenda and J. Kidawa},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078925103&doi=10.1007%2fs10230-020-00660-3&partnerID=40&md5=5342a3cc095c9c99b117a385106fb5bc},
doi = {10.1007/s10230-020-00660-3},
issn = {10259112},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Mine Water and the Environment},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {473-480},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {The article presents a classification of hydrochemical types of waters in pit lakes. Although natural factors significantly influence the chemical composition of water, the differences between hydrochemical types are also determined by anthropogenic factors. The chemical composition of the water in pit lakes is primarily determined by the kind of rocks mined during the excavation, while secondary anthropogenic impacts can modify the chemical composition of the water. A multidimensional clustering analysis of the water was performed, which allowed three main types of hydrochemical reservoirs to be delimited for the pit lakes assessed in this study: a bicarbonate–magnesium–calcium water type (HCO3–Mg–Ca), a bicarbonate–calcium water type (HCO3–Ca), and a sulphate–calcium water type (SO4–Ca). © 2020, The Author(s).},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The article presents a classification of hydrochemical types of waters in pit lakes. Although natural factors significantly influence the chemical composition of water, the differences between hydrochemical types are also determined by anthropogenic factors. The chemical composition of the water in pit lakes is primarily determined by the kind of rocks mined during the excavation, while secondary anthropogenic impacts can modify the chemical composition of the water. A multidimensional clustering analysis of the water was performed, which allowed three main types of hydrochemical reservoirs to be delimited for the pit lakes assessed in this study: a bicarbonate–magnesium–calcium water type (HCO3–Mg–Ca), a bicarbonate–calcium water type (HCO3–Ca), and a sulphate–calcium water type (SO4–Ca). © 2020, The Author(s).
Molenda, T.; Ciupa, T.; Suligowski, R.
The properties of reservoir water in post-mining excavations of Cambrian and Devonian quartzite sandstones (Holy Cross Mountains) Journal Article
In: Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 79, no. 12, 2020, ISSN: 18666280, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-85086749601,
title = {The properties of reservoir water in post-mining excavations of Cambrian and Devonian quartzite sandstones (Holy Cross Mountains)},
author = { T. Molenda and T. Ciupa and R. Suligowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086749601&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-020-09054-8&partnerID=40&md5=de8ffabac56b8e320146398e219a32fc},
doi = {10.1007/s12665-020-09054-8},
issn = {18666280},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
volume = {79},
number = {12},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {In the Holy Cross Mountains (southern Poland), there are numerous disused quarries. Some of these are filled with water, and some, despite their nearby location, have extremely diverse physicochemical and chemical properties of their waters. One such object is the Wiśniówka Mała reservoir. Its waters contain large amounts of sulfates (> 700 mg/L) and iron (24 mg/L), which are weathering products of rocks containing metal sulfides (mainly pyrite) in the direct drainage zone. As a consequence, there is an increase in the electrolytic conductivity of the water supplying the reservoir, resulting in very low pH values (< 4). This article presents the detailed limnological characteristics of this reservoir and explains the process that led to its water acidification. A control reservoir, Barcza, was also selected for the tests. Although it is also a post-mining excavation, it has a neutral pH and a low concentration of sulfates and iron. The examined reservoirs differ in the hydrochemical type of waters. The Wiśniówka Mała reservoir represents a sulfate–calcium double-ion type (SO42−–Ca2+) and the Barcza reservoir, a bicarbonate–calcium type (HCO3−–Ca2+). The concentrations of the main ions occurring here are shaped by the lithological features of the surrounding rocks (respectively: Upper Cambrian quartzite sandstones with pyrite mineralization zones; Lower Devonian sandstones cut by mudstones and claystones with tuffite inserts). © 2020, The Author(s).},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the Holy Cross Mountains (southern Poland), there are numerous disused quarries. Some of these are filled with water, and some, despite their nearby location, have extremely diverse physicochemical and chemical properties of their waters. One such object is the Wiśniówka Mała reservoir. Its waters contain large amounts of sulfates (> 700 mg/L) and iron (24 mg/L), which are weathering products of rocks containing metal sulfides (mainly pyrite) in the direct drainage zone. As a consequence, there is an increase in the electrolytic conductivity of the water supplying the reservoir, resulting in very low pH values (< 4). This article presents the detailed limnological characteristics of this reservoir and explains the process that led to its water acidification. A control reservoir, Barcza, was also selected for the tests. Although it is also a post-mining excavation, it has a neutral pH and a low concentration of sulfates and iron. The examined reservoirs differ in the hydrochemical type of waters. The Wiśniówka Mała reservoir represents a sulfate–calcium double-ion type (SO42−–Ca2+) and the Barcza reservoir, a bicarbonate–calcium type (HCO3−–Ca2+). The concentrations of the main ions occurring here are shaped by the lithological features of the surrounding rocks (respectively: Upper Cambrian quartzite sandstones with pyrite mineralization zones; Lower Devonian sandstones cut by mudstones and claystones with tuffite inserts). © 2020, The Author(s).
Molenda, T.
Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Landslide Lake Jazerske (Spišska Magura, Northern Slovakia) Journal Article
In: Limnological Review, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 77-81, 2020, ISSN: 16425952.
@article{2-s2.0-85078535362,
title = {Hydrographic and Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Landslide Lake Jazerske (Spišska Magura, Northern Slovakia)},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078535362&doi=10.2478%2flimre-2018-0008&partnerID=40&md5=cf514fb5bc110936042cebc01762af80},
doi = {10.2478/limre-2018-0008},
issn = {16425952},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Limnological Review},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {77-81},
publisher = {Sciendo},
abstract = {This article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of this lake. Lake Jazerske is located in the Western Carpathians (Spiš Magura) in northern Slovakia. It occupies a depression that was formed at the foot of the main scarp of a landslide. Below the lake, there are small intercolluvial depressions that have been transformed into wetlands (peat bogs). The studied lake is very small. Its area is 3600 m2 and its length is 85 m. The maximum depth of the lake is 7.2 m and its capacity is 17 000 m3. The lake is supplied by an inflow of groundwater via fractured aquifers. During periods of heavy rainfall and snow melting, the lake is also supplied by the water from surface runoff. On the main slope of the landslides, traces of ephemeral courses were also found. During the periods of increased supply (spring snow melting; summer rainfall), the outflow of water from the lake occurs both on the surface and underground. In terms of its hydrochemistry, the lake water represents the four-ion type-bicarbonate-sulphate-calcium-magnesium. The concentrations of various ions is characteristic of the shallow groundwater of the Carpathian flysch. The predominant cation, the average concentration of which is 52 mg dm-3, is calcium. The dominant anion is carbohydrates with an average concentration of 163 mg dm-3. What is interesting is the very low levels of chlorides, which do not exceed 2 mg dm-3. The electrolytic conductivity of the water flowing out of the lake ranged from 290 to 328 μS cm-1,. © 2018 Tadeusz Molenda, published by Sciendo.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of this lake. Lake Jazerske is located in the Western Carpathians (Spiš Magura) in northern Slovakia. It occupies a depression that was formed at the foot of the main scarp of a landslide. Below the lake, there are small intercolluvial depressions that have been transformed into wetlands (peat bogs). The studied lake is very small. Its area is 3600 m2 and its length is 85 m. The maximum depth of the lake is 7.2 m and its capacity is 17 000 m3. The lake is supplied by an inflow of groundwater via fractured aquifers. During periods of heavy rainfall and snow melting, the lake is also supplied by the water from surface runoff. On the main slope of the landslides, traces of ephemeral courses were also found. During the periods of increased supply (spring snow melting; summer rainfall), the outflow of water from the lake occurs both on the surface and underground. In terms of its hydrochemistry, the lake water represents the four-ion type-bicarbonate-sulphate-calcium-magnesium. The concentrations of various ions is characteristic of the shallow groundwater of the Carpathian flysch. The predominant cation, the average concentration of which is 52 mg dm-3, is calcium. The dominant anion is carbohydrates with an average concentration of 163 mg dm-3. What is interesting is the very low levels of chlorides, which do not exceed 2 mg dm-3. The electrolytic conductivity of the water flowing out of the lake ranged from 290 to 328 μS cm-1,. © 2018 Tadeusz Molenda, published by Sciendo.
Błońska, A.; Kidawa, J.; Molenda, T.; Chmura, D.
Hydrogeochemical conditions of the development of anthropogenic carbonate swamps: A case study of an abandoned polish sandpit Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 561-569, 2020, ISSN: 12301485, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85078226251,
title = {Hydrogeochemical conditions of the development of anthropogenic carbonate swamps: A case study of an abandoned polish sandpit},
author = { A. Błońska and J. Kidawa and T. Molenda and D. Chmura},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078226251&doi=10.15244%2fpjoes%2f103444&partnerID=40&md5=969e42c79d9b52a985202ec89f89a2bc},
doi = {10.15244/pjoes/103444},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {561-569},
publisher = {HARD Publishing Company},
abstract = {The hydrogeochemical conditions of the development of a carbonate swamp that had formed in a previous sandpit were studied. The object is located in the town of Jaworzno-Szczakowa in the Silesian Upland of southern Poland. It has been shown that the sandpit, which has not been reclaimed since its operation ceased, underwent spontaneous processes toward the development of calciphilic vegetation. The Biała Przemsza River plays a significant role in supplying the swamp with water. The water of this river is highly contaminated because it receives wastewaters from zinc-lead (Zn-Pb) ore mines. Water that has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions favours the occurrence of calciphilic species (e.g.; Liparis loeselii NATURA 2000 species), which form wetlands of carbonate vegetation that are rare in both Poland and Europe. The population size of this species on the studied swamp is a few hundred specimens. In addition to Liparis loeselii, there are other species that are protected or rare and endangered species at the national level and on the “red list” of Poland’s plants, hence such swamps could represent an important refuge for biodiversity. © 2020, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The hydrogeochemical conditions of the development of a carbonate swamp that had formed in a previous sandpit were studied. The object is located in the town of Jaworzno-Szczakowa in the Silesian Upland of southern Poland. It has been shown that the sandpit, which has not been reclaimed since its operation ceased, underwent spontaneous processes toward the development of calciphilic vegetation. The Biała Przemsza River plays a significant role in supplying the swamp with water. The water of this river is highly contaminated because it receives wastewaters from zinc-lead (Zn-Pb) ore mines. Water that has high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions favours the occurrence of calciphilic species (e.g.; Liparis loeselii NATURA 2000 species), which form wetlands of carbonate vegetation that are rare in both Poland and Europe. The population size of this species on the studied swamp is a few hundred specimens. In addition to Liparis loeselii, there are other species that are protected or rare and endangered species at the national level and on the “red list” of Poland’s plants, hence such swamps could represent an important refuge for biodiversity. © 2020, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
2018
Molenda, T.
In: Mine Water and the Environment, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 807-814, 2018, ISSN: 10259112, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-85048367413,
title = {Impact of a Saline Mine Water Discharge on the Development of a Meromictic Pond, the Rontok Wielki Reservoir, Poland [矿井咸水对Rontok Wielki水库(波兰)半对流现象的影响] [Auswirkungen der Einleitung salinarer Grubenwässer auf die Entwicklung eines meromiktischen Teichs, das Rontok Wielki Reservoir in Polen] [Impacto de la descarga de agua de una mina de sal en el desarrollo de un estanque meromíctico, el embalse Rontok Wielki, Polonia]},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048367413&doi=10.1007%2fs10230-018-0544-y&partnerID=40&md5=448bf0eede3fdcfd78c54c2790bbdcd9},
doi = {10.1007/s10230-018-0544-y},
issn = {10259112},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Mine Water and the Environment},
volume = {37},
number = {4},
pages = {807-814},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {A characteristic feature of the mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in southern Poland is their highly saline mine water. In the past, this water was often discharged into anthropogenic reservoirs located a short distance from the mines, which completely changed the physicochemical properties of the water. In some cases, it also led to stratification of the reservoir waters, i.e. to the formation of meromictic water bodies. The Rontok Wielki reservoir, a former fish breeding pond, was converted into a settling tank for the highly saline (Cl− = 38;000 mg/L) water discharging from the Silesia Mine. The water in the tank stratified in three distinct zones: a mixolimnion, chemocline, and monolimnion. The saline mine water input ceased in 2003 and since then, there has been a gradual decrease in the electrical conductivity and [Cl−] in the reservoir waters. Moreover, meromixis has been entirely eliminated and freshwater breeding species have reappeared. A control, the Rontok reservoir, which was also a breeding pond, but was never used to settle saline mine water, was also studied for comparison. © 2018, The Author(s).},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A characteristic feature of the mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in southern Poland is their highly saline mine water. In the past, this water was often discharged into anthropogenic reservoirs located a short distance from the mines, which completely changed the physicochemical properties of the water. In some cases, it also led to stratification of the reservoir waters, i.e. to the formation of meromictic water bodies. The Rontok Wielki reservoir, a former fish breeding pond, was converted into a settling tank for the highly saline (Cl− = 38;000 mg/L) water discharging from the Silesia Mine. The water in the tank stratified in three distinct zones: a mixolimnion, chemocline, and monolimnion. The saline mine water input ceased in 2003 and since then, there has been a gradual decrease in the electrical conductivity and [Cl−] in the reservoir waters. Moreover, meromixis has been entirely eliminated and freshwater breeding species have reappeared. A control, the Rontok reservoir, which was also a breeding pond, but was never used to settle saline mine water, was also studied for comparison. © 2018, The Author(s).
2015
Molenda, T.
In: Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 2259-2271, 2015, ISSN: 18666280, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-84937526003,
title = {Conditions for development of anthropogenic meromictic reservoirs in the workings of crystalline rocks (based on the examples of the quarries of the Žulovská pahorkatina, NE Czech Republic)},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937526003&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-015-4217-x&partnerID=40&md5=a18e28125f76dfe8716047a8bcb3a153},
doi = {10.1007/s12665-015-4217-x},
issn = {18666280},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
volume = {74},
number = {3},
pages = {2259-2271},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {There are numerous anthropogenic water reservoirs in the vicinity of the Žulovská pahorkatina (northern Czech Republic). The vast majority of them have developed as a result of the flooding of the abandoned quarries of crystalline rocks (granites or granodiorites). The surface area of these water bodies is small and is <6000 m2. These are, however, very deep reservoirs of up to 25 m. Permanent water stratification has been recorded in some of them; these are meromictic reservoirs. The development of the phenomenon of meromixis in the reservoirs that were studied was conditioned by the supply of organic matter from the catchment. The biochemical process of organic matter decomposition led to the release of ions, mainly NH4+. The accumulation of dissolved substances in the benthic zone initiated the meromixis phenomenon. Therefore, the water bodies that were tested can be classified as reservoirs of the biogenic type of meromixis. This article presents the stages of the evolution of a holomictic reservoir into a meromictic one. Three water bodies in which meromixis was recorded were selected for the study. The control object was an abandoned quarry reservoir with no meromixis. © 2015, The Author(s).},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
There are numerous anthropogenic water reservoirs in the vicinity of the Žulovská pahorkatina (northern Czech Republic). The vast majority of them have developed as a result of the flooding of the abandoned quarries of crystalline rocks (granites or granodiorites). The surface area of these water bodies is small and is <6000 m2. These are, however, very deep reservoirs of up to 25 m. Permanent water stratification has been recorded in some of them; these are meromictic reservoirs. The development of the phenomenon of meromixis in the reservoirs that were studied was conditioned by the supply of organic matter from the catchment. The biochemical process of organic matter decomposition led to the release of ions, mainly NH4+. The accumulation of dissolved substances in the benthic zone initiated the meromixis phenomenon. Therefore, the water bodies that were tested can be classified as reservoirs of the biogenic type of meromixis. This article presents the stages of the evolution of a holomictic reservoir into a meromictic one. Three water bodies in which meromixis was recorded were selected for the study. The control object was an abandoned quarry reservoir with no meromixis. © 2015, The Author(s).
2014
Molenda, T.
In: Mine Water and the Environment, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 327-334, 2014, ISSN: 10259112, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-84911452803,
title = {Impact of Saline Mine Water: Development of a Meromictic Reservoir in Poland [Salzhaltiges Bergbauwasser: Entwicklung eines meromiktischen Reservoirs in Polen] [Impacto de agua de mina salina: desarrollo de un reservorio meromíctico en Polonia]},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84911452803&doi=10.1007%2fs10230-014-0262-z&partnerID=40&md5=0d52365c4f2ef96ac5e6df0e6770f71e},
doi = {10.1007/s10230-014-0262-z},
issn = {10259112},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Mine Water and the Environment},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {327-334},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {The hard coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of southern Poland have highly saline waste water. In the past, such water was often discharged into nearby reservoirs, which would completely change the physical–chemical properties of the reservoir water. In some cases, it also caused permanent stratification; meromictic reservoirs were created. This paper describes the properties of the water in one such reservoir, in a mined out rock quarry in Katowice (southern Poland). Three zones characteristic of meromictic water bodies can be distinguished in the reservoir: a surface atmosphere responsive zone (mixolimnion), a transition zone (chemocline), and a bottom unmixed layer (monolimnion). For comparison, baseline conditions for normal reservoir water were assumed to be represented by the nearby Grunfeld reservoir, which also formed in a closed quarry, but was not used for disposal of mine waste water. © 2014, The Author(s).},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The hard coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of southern Poland have highly saline waste water. In the past, such water was often discharged into nearby reservoirs, which would completely change the physical–chemical properties of the reservoir water. In some cases, it also caused permanent stratification; meromictic reservoirs were created. This paper describes the properties of the water in one such reservoir, in a mined out rock quarry in Katowice (southern Poland). Three zones characteristic of meromictic water bodies can be distinguished in the reservoir: a surface atmosphere responsive zone (mixolimnion), a transition zone (chemocline), and a bottom unmixed layer (monolimnion). For comparison, baseline conditions for normal reservoir water were assumed to be represented by the nearby Grunfeld reservoir, which also formed in a closed quarry, but was not used for disposal of mine waste water. © 2014, The Author(s).
Molenda, T.
Analysis of concentrations heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) in spoil tip leachate from coal mining Proceedings
International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, vol. 1, no. 3, 2014, ISSN: 13142704, (2).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-84946594005,
title = {Analysis of concentrations heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd) in spoil tip leachate from coal mining},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946594005&partnerID=40&md5=7879056c720993c25a841cd35eebacb8},
issn = {13142704},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM},
volume = {1},
number = {3},
pages = {35-42},
publisher = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference},
abstract = {Industrial waste landfills are the source of pollution of the surface water and groundwater. Water pollution is mainly a consequence of highly mineralised leachate. In addition to the high concentration of the main ions leaching water may contain high concentrations of other substances, including heavy metals. This article analyses the presence of heavy metals in coal mining landfill leachate. For the study the objects located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin were selected. As control objects natural springs flowing from the Carboniferous rock were chosen. It was shown that the leachate water has high electrolytic conductivity (up to 17 mS/cm-1) and neutral or slightly acidic pH. The concentration of heavy metals in the leachate is not large. There were no statistically significant differences between the heavy metals concentration in the leachate and spring water. Moreover, there were no statistically significant correlations between the pH and the concentration of heavy metals. Neutral or slightly acidic pH of the leachate is not conducive to leaching metals from waste. It should be recognised that mining landfills are not major sources of heavy metals pollution of the hydrosphere. © SGEM2014..},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
Industrial waste landfills are the source of pollution of the surface water and groundwater. Water pollution is mainly a consequence of highly mineralised leachate. In addition to the high concentration of the main ions leaching water may contain high concentrations of other substances, including heavy metals. This article analyses the presence of heavy metals in coal mining landfill leachate. For the study the objects located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin were selected. As control objects natural springs flowing from the Carboniferous rock were chosen. It was shown that the leachate water has high electrolytic conductivity (up to 17 mS/cm-1) and neutral or slightly acidic pH. The concentration of heavy metals in the leachate is not large. There were no statistically significant differences between the heavy metals concentration in the leachate and spring water. Moreover, there were no statistically significant correlations between the pH and the concentration of heavy metals. Neutral or slightly acidic pH of the leachate is not conducive to leaching metals from waste. It should be recognised that mining landfills are not major sources of heavy metals pollution of the hydrosphere. © SGEM2014..
Molenda, T.
Physical-chemical properties of coal mine waters of old adits and spring waters Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 393-399, 2014, ISSN: 12301485, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-84899731523,
title = {Physical-chemical properties of coal mine waters of old adits and spring waters},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899731523&partnerID=40&md5=958a22405ccbca64ed60168aa9ec1126},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {393-399},
publisher = {HARD},
abstract = {Two water adits that drain the old, closed excavation tanks of a coal mine were characterized in terms of the physical-chemical properties of their waters and compared them with the waters of two springs. These adits are "Krystyna" and "318," and the springs are Maria and Mniszek, which are situated in the Upper Silesian Region (sothern Poland). The results that were obtained permitted us to infer that acid drainage can occur within the pits. Thus, the waters of the adits are acid and typified by a high concentration of sulphates and iron ions. A distinguishing feature of the "318" adit is its high thermal stability. The variation in temperature during the year does not exceed 1°C. The springs flow from Carbon sandstone and therefore, they functioned as reference samples for the adits that were investigated. A high synchronicity of changes in the selected physical-chemical parameters of adit waters and natural springs was observed.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Two water adits that drain the old, closed excavation tanks of a coal mine were characterized in terms of the physical-chemical properties of their waters and compared them with the waters of two springs. These adits are "Krystyna" and "318," and the springs are Maria and Mniszek, which are situated in the Upper Silesian Region (sothern Poland). The results that were obtained permitted us to infer that acid drainage can occur within the pits. Thus, the waters of the adits are acid and typified by a high concentration of sulphates and iron ions. A distinguishing feature of the "318" adit is its high thermal stability. The variation in temperature during the year does not exceed 1°C. The springs flow from Carbon sandstone and therefore, they functioned as reference samples for the adits that were investigated. A high synchronicity of changes in the selected physical-chemical parameters of adit waters and natural springs was observed.
2013
Chmura, D.; Błońska, A.; Molenda, T.
Hydrographic properties and vegetation differentiation in selected anthropogenic wetlands Proceedings
vol. 1, 2013, ISSN: 13142704, (5).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-84892602317,
title = {Hydrographic properties and vegetation differentiation in selected anthropogenic wetlands},
author = { D. Chmura and A. Błońska and T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892602317&doi=10.5593%2fSGEM2013%2fBE5.V1%2fS20.073&partnerID=40&md5=c6a7116544e7d3b71e158fa046ec9fcb},
doi = {10.5593/SGEM2013/BE5.V1/S20.073},
issn = {13142704},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM},
volume = {1},
pages = {555-562},
abstract = {The goal of the studies was to determine hydrological, chemical parameters of water and to examine floristic composition of vegetation of anthropogenic wetlands formed in abandoned excavation pits. For research two objects of different origin were selected: "Porȩba"- mire formed as a result of lignite exploitation and "Bory" former open pit sand mine, both situated in the Silesian Upland (southern Poland). In investigated objects hydrographic mapping and hydrochemical study was performed. In total 22 phytosociological relevés and according to modified Braun-Blanquet method in plots of 9-16 m2 were taken. Vegetation relevés were subjectively placed on, well-hydrated and well-developed and homogenous parts of mires. These objects are highly diversified and differ from each other in relation to many physical-chemical parameters. Generally, these wetlands were characterized by pH ranging from 3.6 to 6.9. The conductivity varied between 148.1-1103 μS/cm, also water hardness was estimated between 2.1 to 215 mg CaCO3. The cover of herbaceous layer varied between 30 to 100% and moss layer between 0 and 100%. Also species richness is highly diversified from 7 to 32 species per a plot. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) demonstrated high variation of species composition of both man-made wetlands. One of the most striking results is mismatch of pH and mean values of Ellenberg indicator for soil acidity - R computed based on presence/absence data of species in phytosociological relevés. The studies revealed that vegetation of anthropogenic mires formed in post-exploited subsidences and disturbed sites cannot be explained on the basis of abiotic traits as chemical properties of water. It is confirmed by discrepancy between results of phytoindication method and direct habitat data. Undoubtedly, further research on dynamics and relationships of vegetation with abiotic environment should be carried out. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The goal of the studies was to determine hydrological, chemical parameters of water and to examine floristic composition of vegetation of anthropogenic wetlands formed in abandoned excavation pits. For research two objects of different origin were selected: "Porȩba"- mire formed as a result of lignite exploitation and "Bory" former open pit sand mine, both situated in the Silesian Upland (southern Poland). In investigated objects hydrographic mapping and hydrochemical study was performed. In total 22 phytosociological relevés and according to modified Braun-Blanquet method in plots of 9-16 m2 were taken. Vegetation relevés were subjectively placed on, well-hydrated and well-developed and homogenous parts of mires. These objects are highly diversified and differ from each other in relation to many physical-chemical parameters. Generally, these wetlands were characterized by pH ranging from 3.6 to 6.9. The conductivity varied between 148.1-1103 μS/cm, also water hardness was estimated between 2.1 to 215 mg CaCO3. The cover of herbaceous layer varied between 30 to 100% and moss layer between 0 and 100%. Also species richness is highly diversified from 7 to 32 species per a plot. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) demonstrated high variation of species composition of both man-made wetlands. One of the most striking results is mismatch of pH and mean values of Ellenberg indicator for soil acidity - R computed based on presence/absence data of species in phytosociological relevés. The studies revealed that vegetation of anthropogenic mires formed in post-exploited subsidences and disturbed sites cannot be explained on the basis of abiotic traits as chemical properties of water. It is confirmed by discrepancy between results of phytoindication method and direct habitat data. Undoubtedly, further research on dynamics and relationships of vegetation with abiotic environment should be carried out. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.
Molenda, T.; Błońska, A.; Chmura, D.
Hydrochemical diversity of antropogenic wetlands developed in disused sandpits Proceedings
vol. 1, 2013, ISSN: 13142704, (5).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-84892583249,
title = {Hydrochemical diversity of antropogenic wetlands developed in disused sandpits},
author = { T. Molenda and A. Błońska and D. Chmura},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892583249&doi=10.5593%2fSGEM2013%2fBE5.V1%2fS20.072&partnerID=40&md5=23f851286a1c31a25e1dbb3fde284333},
doi = {10.5593/SGEM2013/BE5.V1/S20.072},
issn = {13142704},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM},
volume = {1},
pages = {547-553},
abstract = {The paper presents hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of three man-made wetlands, namely Szczakowa, Kuźnica and Kotlarnia, developed in disused sandpits. These objects, located in southern Poland, have diverse water chemistry. All of them, however, are similarly fed with water. The dominant role in those terms is played by underground water supply. In the case of the wetlands Szczakowa and Kotlarnia, water is supplied mainly through infiltration from rivers. In the case of the wetland Szczakowa these are waters of the River Biała Przemsza. This river is contaminated as it receives mine waters from zinc-lead ore mines. Besides high concentrations of heavy metals, these waters show high hardness, which results from the high concentration of ions (Ca2+), (Mg2+) and (SO42-). Therefore, the water of the wetland Szczakowa is sulphate-bicarbonate- calcium-magnesium (SO42--HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+). The wetland Kotlarnia is supplied by the River Bierawka's water, which also shows a high level of contamination. This is because the river is a receiver of mine waters from coal mines. These waters have high hardness, as well as high concentrations of chloride (Cl-) and sodium (Na2+) ions. Therefore, the water of the wetland Kotlarnia, in its northern section, is of chloride-sodium (Cl--Na2+) type. In the central and southern parts of this wetland the water is bicarbonate-calcium carbonate (HCO3--Ca2+), periodically showing features of the bicarbonate-sulphate-calcium carbonate (HCO3--SO42--Ca2+) type. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The paper presents hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of three man-made wetlands, namely Szczakowa, Kuźnica and Kotlarnia, developed in disused sandpits. These objects, located in southern Poland, have diverse water chemistry. All of them, however, are similarly fed with water. The dominant role in those terms is played by underground water supply. In the case of the wetlands Szczakowa and Kotlarnia, water is supplied mainly through infiltration from rivers. In the case of the wetland Szczakowa these are waters of the River Biała Przemsza. This river is contaminated as it receives mine waters from zinc-lead ore mines. Besides high concentrations of heavy metals, these waters show high hardness, which results from the high concentration of ions (Ca2+), (Mg2+) and (SO42-). Therefore, the water of the wetland Szczakowa is sulphate-bicarbonate- calcium-magnesium (SO42--HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+). The wetland Kotlarnia is supplied by the River Bierawka's water, which also shows a high level of contamination. This is because the river is a receiver of mine waters from coal mines. These waters have high hardness, as well as high concentrations of chloride (Cl-) and sodium (Na2+) ions. Therefore, the water of the wetland Kotlarnia, in its northern section, is of chloride-sodium (Cl--Na2+) type. In the central and southern parts of this wetland the water is bicarbonate-calcium carbonate (HCO3--Ca2+), periodically showing features of the bicarbonate-sulphate-calcium carbonate (HCO3--SO42--Ca2+) type. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.
Błońska, A.; Chmura, D.; Molenda, T.
The ecological conditions of the occurrence of drosera rotundifolia in man-made habitats Proceedings
vol. 1, 2013, ISSN: 13142704, (3).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-84892563158,
title = {The ecological conditions of the occurrence of drosera rotundifolia in man-made habitats},
author = { A. Błońska and D. Chmura and T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84892563158&partnerID=40&md5=2ffda07324ad31cfb4dcffecc1b7f18d},
issn = {13142704},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM},
volume = {1},
pages = {947-954},
abstract = {Drosera rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew) is zoophagous plant of boreal type of range. It is a species confined to bogs. It is commonly believed that the plant grows in acid (pH 3.5-5.5), oligo- and dystrophic habitats, supplied mostly by precipitation, on peat soils with conductivity ranging 50-100 μS/cm. It is also reported from sand dunes. These studies conducted by authors in southern Poland demonstrated that ecological amplitude is much more wider than that described in literature body. The species occurs both in acid and slightly acid mires as in old unexploited sandpits where due to morphogenetic, geochemical and biological processes development of anthropogenic wetlands takes place. The studies included floristic inventories with estimation of cover using modified Braun-Blanquet scale in the plots of 16 m2 and analysis of environmental variables in vegetation patches with minimal cover of Drosera rotundifolia of 10%. The anthropogenic habitats with the occurrence of D. rotundifolia were compared with natural fragment of mires where this species occurs. In anthropogenic habitats D. rotundifolia occurs in patches with higher contribution of calciphilous species (Caricetalia davallianae order) or poorer-floristically phytocoenoses with Lycopodiella inundata. This floristic diversity is determined by habitat conditions i.e. pH, conductivity, cover of moss layer (CCA analysis). Anthropogenic biotopes are characterized by higher conductivity, even more than 500 μS/cm and more alkaline pH when compared to natural habitats. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
Drosera rotundifolia (round-leaved sundew) is zoophagous plant of boreal type of range. It is a species confined to bogs. It is commonly believed that the plant grows in acid (pH 3.5-5.5), oligo- and dystrophic habitats, supplied mostly by precipitation, on peat soils with conductivity ranging 50-100 μS/cm. It is also reported from sand dunes. These studies conducted by authors in southern Poland demonstrated that ecological amplitude is much more wider than that described in literature body. The species occurs both in acid and slightly acid mires as in old unexploited sandpits where due to morphogenetic, geochemical and biological processes development of anthropogenic wetlands takes place. The studies included floristic inventories with estimation of cover using modified Braun-Blanquet scale in the plots of 16 m2 and analysis of environmental variables in vegetation patches with minimal cover of Drosera rotundifolia of 10%. The anthropogenic habitats with the occurrence of D. rotundifolia were compared with natural fragment of mires where this species occurs. In anthropogenic habitats D. rotundifolia occurs in patches with higher contribution of calciphilous species (Caricetalia davallianae order) or poorer-floristically phytocoenoses with Lycopodiella inundata. This floristic diversity is determined by habitat conditions i.e. pH, conductivity, cover of moss layer (CCA analysis). Anthropogenic biotopes are characterized by higher conductivity, even more than 500 μS/cm and more alkaline pH when compared to natural habitats. © SGEM2013 All Rights Reserved by the International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM.
2012
Chmura, D.; Molenda, T.
Influence of thermally polluted water on the growth of helophytes in the vicinity of a colliery waste ti Journal Article
In: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 223, no. 9, pp. 5877-5884, 2012, ISSN: 00496979, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-84870246503,
title = {Influence of thermally polluted water on the growth of helophytes in the vicinity of a colliery waste ti},
author = { D. Chmura and T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870246503&doi=10.1007%2fs11270-012-1323-1&partnerID=40&md5=8f585d7d302671f9d6870f2e812b60fb},
doi = {10.1007/s11270-012-1323-1},
issn = {00496979},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
volume = {223},
number = {9},
pages = {5877-5884},
abstract = {The impact of thermal pollution of leachate from a post-coal mine heap on three macrophyte species: Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus sylvaticus was examined over the entire vegetation season. Hydrological measurements showed that the temperature of the leachate was ca 50 °C at the site of leachate inflow and decreased to ca 15 °C at the end of discharge canal. The annual temperature and conductivity of leachate from the two control sites, a polluted water stream in the vicinity of the waste tip and an unpolluted stream, differ significantly. However, only the temperature explained the differences in plant traits. In April, and in some cases in May, plants in the leachate were significantly higher than in those on the control sites in terms of biomass and plant height. Thermal pollution caused a phenological shift in all species and also caused Scirpus plants to die out more quickly. Temperature also affected the proportion flowering vs. vegetative individuals, e.g., none of Scirpus plants started to bloom. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The impact of thermal pollution of leachate from a post-coal mine heap on three macrophyte species: Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus sylvaticus was examined over the entire vegetation season. Hydrological measurements showed that the temperature of the leachate was ca 50 °C at the site of leachate inflow and decreased to ca 15 °C at the end of discharge canal. The annual temperature and conductivity of leachate from the two control sites, a polluted water stream in the vicinity of the waste tip and an unpolluted stream, differ significantly. However, only the temperature explained the differences in plant traits. In April, and in some cases in May, plants in the leachate were significantly higher than in those on the control sites in terms of biomass and plant height. Thermal pollution caused a phenological shift in all species and also caused Scirpus plants to die out more quickly. Temperature also affected the proportion flowering vs. vegetative individuals, e.g., none of Scirpus plants started to bloom. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012.
2011
Chmura, D.; Molenda, T.; Błońska, A.; Woźniak, G.
Sites of leachate inflows on coalmine heaps as refuges of rare mountainous species Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 551-557, 2011, ISSN: 12301485, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-80053959869,
title = {Sites of leachate inflows on coalmine heaps as refuges of rare mountainous species},
author = { D. Chmura and T. Molenda and A. Błońska and G. Woźniak},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053959869&partnerID=40&md5=8c34ec8bb150548d796042d2722d726d},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {551-557},
abstract = {In the Silesian Upland (southern Poland), stands of rare mountainous plant species, i.e. Doronicum aus-triacum, Equisetum telmateia, and Veratrum lobelianum, were recorded close to the River Jamna and the coal mine waste tip Halemba. The species grew in two sites: semi-natural and anthropogenic ones. Soils in the anthropogenic site are more acid, with higher contents of Mg, K, Ca, and Na, but soils of the semi-natural site are richer in P. Vegetation varied in composition of accompanying species between two sites, and the distance to water differentiates the abundance of the focal species. The results demonstrate that artifical springs may creates favorable conditions for rare species.},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the Silesian Upland (southern Poland), stands of rare mountainous plant species, i.e. Doronicum aus-triacum, Equisetum telmateia, and Veratrum lobelianum, were recorded close to the River Jamna and the coal mine waste tip Halemba. The species grew in two sites: semi-natural and anthropogenic ones. Soils in the anthropogenic site are more acid, with higher contents of Mg, K, Ca, and Na, but soils of the semi-natural site are richer in P. Vegetation varied in composition of accompanying species between two sites, and the distance to water differentiates the abundance of the focal species. The results demonstrate that artifical springs may creates favorable conditions for rare species.
2009
Sierka, E. M.; Molenda, T.; Chmura, D.
Environmental repercussion of subsidence reservoirs reclamation Journal Article
In: Journal of Water and Land Development, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 41-52, 2009, ISSN: 14297426, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-77956312294,
title = {Environmental repercussion of subsidence reservoirs reclamation},
author = { E.M. Sierka and T. Molenda and D. Chmura},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956312294&doi=10.2478%2fv10025-010-0018-5&partnerID=40&md5=3e199d438ca1742ee786727837de608b},
doi = {10.2478/v10025-010-0018-5},
issn = {14297426},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Water and Land Development},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {41-52},
abstract = {Subsidence basins filled with water are being formed above exploitation fields also in woodland areas leading to changes in water relations simultaneously affecting creation of environmental islands characterized by higher biodiversity in comparison with adjacent areas. Unfortunately, these types of water reservoirs from the legal point of view are considered mining damage and should thus be reclaimed. Reclamation usually consists in gravitational drainage and filling up with barren rock, appropriate relief forming and afforestation. So performed reclamation practices lead to negative effects both within the subsidence and in adjacent areas. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of reclamation based on filling subsidence with barren rock on changes in hydrology and biodiversity of nearby forest communities. For the purpose of the study two objects were selected: the existing water body and former water reservoir - at present filled with barren rock. Both are situated in Ślajskie voivodship (the territory of Myslowice and Katowice). Within the two objects, hydrological studies at two sampling points in each of the objects and vegetation sampling were performed. The DCA of 12 transects (6 in each object) and statistical analyses of vegetation showed differences between two objects in species composition, especially due to higher abundance and coverage of invasive and expansive species in reclaimed areas. Chemical analyses showed high contamination of surface waters (by e.g. SO42-; Cl-; Na +) caused by waste deposition in barren rock and the negative effect of coal mine waters supplying the area of reclaimed reservoir.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Subsidence basins filled with water are being formed above exploitation fields also in woodland areas leading to changes in water relations simultaneously affecting creation of environmental islands characterized by higher biodiversity in comparison with adjacent areas. Unfortunately, these types of water reservoirs from the legal point of view are considered mining damage and should thus be reclaimed. Reclamation usually consists in gravitational drainage and filling up with barren rock, appropriate relief forming and afforestation. So performed reclamation practices lead to negative effects both within the subsidence and in adjacent areas. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of reclamation based on filling subsidence with barren rock on changes in hydrology and biodiversity of nearby forest communities. For the purpose of the study two objects were selected: the existing water body and former water reservoir - at present filled with barren rock. Both are situated in Ślajskie voivodship (the territory of Myslowice and Katowice). Within the two objects, hydrological studies at two sampling points in each of the objects and vegetation sampling were performed. The DCA of 12 transects (6 in each object) and statistical analyses of vegetation showed differences between two objects in species composition, especially due to higher abundance and coverage of invasive and expansive species in reclaimed areas. Chemical analyses showed high contamination of surface waters (by e.g. SO42-; Cl-; Na +) caused by waste deposition in barren rock and the negative effect of coal mine waters supplying the area of reclaimed reservoir.
2005
Molenda, T.
no. 111-43, 2005, ISSN: 03249670, (2).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-27644436910,
title = {Mining anthropogenic environments as objects of geomorphological and biological processes observation [Górnicze środowiska antropogeniczne - Obiekty obserwacji procesów geomorfologiczno-biologicznych (na przykładzie województwa śla̧skiego)]},
author = { T. Molenda},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27644436910&partnerID=40&md5=30a55e2c61f7f2eb534977b641646a2c},
issn = {03249670},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Prace Naukowe Instytutu Gornictwa Politechniki Wroclawskiej},
number = {111-43},
pages = {187-193},
abstract = {The article presents geomorphological and biological processes taking place on the areas of old mining objects. They are among others "Podziemia Tarnogórskie", exploitation and hollow water reservoirs and various deposits of mining wastes. It has been shown after the exploitation is finished shaping of such objects is submitted to natural morphogenic and biological processes. Therefore they are an ideal model to be observed and at the same time they are specific local laboratory. As the result of proceeding processes, mainly biological ones, some unique ecosystems of high biodiversity may form. Some of them, due to above mentioned qualities, have come within different types of protection.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The article presents geomorphological and biological processes taking place on the areas of old mining objects. They are among others "Podziemia Tarnogórskie", exploitation and hollow water reservoirs and various deposits of mining wastes. It has been shown after the exploitation is finished shaping of such objects is submitted to natural morphogenic and biological processes. Therefore they are an ideal model to be observed and at the same time they are specific local laboratory. As the result of proceeding processes, mainly biological ones, some unique ecosystems of high biodiversity may form. Some of them, due to above mentioned qualities, have come within different types of protection.
2003
Jankowski, A. T.; Molenda, T.; Rzętała, M.
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 958-, 2003, ISSN: 00332151.
@article{2-s2.0-0346304831,
title = {Changes of the sulphates concentration in the anthropologenic waters of the Upper Silesia water reservoirs [Zmiany stȩzeń siarczanów w wodach antropogenicznych zbiorników wodnych Wyzyny Śla̧skiej]},
author = { A.T. Jankowski and T. Molenda and M. Rzętała},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0346304831&partnerID=40&md5=8cc60e2a21959499ba1922d2bdbf2a86},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {51},
number = {11},
pages = {958-},
abstract = {[No abstract available]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
[No abstract available]