• dr hab. Beata Smieja-Król
Position: Prof.Uczelni
Unit: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adress: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Floor: laboratorium
Room: 124
Phone: (32) 3689 827
E-mail: beata.smieja-krol@us.edu.pl
Publications list: Publications by CINiBA
Publications list: Publications by OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 6506402493
Publications from the Scopus database
2024
Smieja-Król, B.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Kądziołka-Gaweł, M.; Kubacki, J.; Prokopowicz, A.; Smieja, A.; Siepak, M.
Self-stabilization of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As in smelter-impacted organic-rich soil: The effect of hydrous Fe oxides and ZnCd sulfide coprecipitation Journal Article
In: Chemical Geology, vol. 643, 2024, ISSN: 00092541.
@article{2-s2.0-85181728634,
title = {Self-stabilization of Zn, Pb, Cd, and As in smelter-impacted organic-rich soil: The effect of hydrous Fe oxides and ZnCd sulfide coprecipitation},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and J. Kubacki and A. Prokopowicz and A. Smieja and M. Siepak},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85181728634&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2023.121833&partnerID=40&md5=6c3080773f6ee33106846545775491ec},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121833},
issn = {00092541},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Chemical Geology},
volume = {643},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Soil constitutes a direct sink for elements mobilized due to mining and smelting activities. One of the desired pathways for reducing the bioavailability and toxicity of the contaminants is their transformation into sparingly soluble solid phases. Here, we report the formation of secondary mineral phases in extremely contaminated (up to 210 g Zn kg−1;102 g Pb kg−1; 5.7 g Cd kg−1; and 6.4 g As kg−1; respectively) organic-rich soil. Combining mineralogical techniques (SEM; XRD), a nonspecific sequential extraction (CISED) with Mössbauer and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies evidenced two poorly crystalline goethite components differing in crystallite size and As, Zn, Pb, Ca, Al, P substitutions and minor magnetite associated with plant roots (mainly Deschampsia caespitosa; Equisetum palustre; and Carex rostrate) directly below a layer of smelter-derived particles deposited into the soil. SEM was the only method that unambiguously documented the occurrence of ZnCd sulfide microsize aggregates incrusting plant roots and located in between the (hydrous) Fe oxides. Sequential extraction confirmed a complete As immobilization by goethite, while Cd forms a solid solution with ZnS and is lacking in the Fe hydroxides. The partitioning of Zn and Pb between the goethite and sulfide phases depends on soil water saturation. It is proposed that the coexistence of hydrous Fe oxides and nonferrous metal sulfides in the soil subsurface is possible because of redox heterogeneity of the rhizosphere and the decoupling of sulfur and iron cycles. Low mobility of biogenic sulfide ions and the protecting role of organic matter limits goethite sulfidation. The system remains active, adapting to the seasonally changeable plant roots ecology and fluctuations in water saturation. The obtained results are of value in remediation and managing strategies for contaminated soils and in reconstructing processes related to the formation and/or transformation of low-temperature sulfide deposits. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Soil constitutes a direct sink for elements mobilized due to mining and smelting activities. One of the desired pathways for reducing the bioavailability and toxicity of the contaminants is their transformation into sparingly soluble solid phases. Here, we report the formation of secondary mineral phases in extremely contaminated (up to 210 g Zn kg−1;102 g Pb kg−1; 5.7 g Cd kg−1; and 6.4 g As kg−1; respectively) organic-rich soil. Combining mineralogical techniques (SEM; XRD), a nonspecific sequential extraction (CISED) with Mössbauer and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopies evidenced two poorly crystalline goethite components differing in crystallite size and As, Zn, Pb, Ca, Al, P substitutions and minor magnetite associated with plant roots (mainly Deschampsia caespitosa; Equisetum palustre; and Carex rostrate) directly below a layer of smelter-derived particles deposited into the soil. SEM was the only method that unambiguously documented the occurrence of ZnCd sulfide microsize aggregates incrusting plant roots and located in between the (hydrous) Fe oxides. Sequential extraction confirmed a complete As immobilization by goethite, while Cd forms a solid solution with ZnS and is lacking in the Fe hydroxides. The partitioning of Zn and Pb between the goethite and sulfide phases depends on soil water saturation. It is proposed that the coexistence of hydrous Fe oxides and nonferrous metal sulfides in the soil subsurface is possible because of redox heterogeneity of the rhizosphere and the decoupling of sulfur and iron cycles. Low mobility of biogenic sulfide ions and the protecting role of organic matter limits goethite sulfidation. The system remains active, adapting to the seasonally changeable plant roots ecology and fluctuations in water saturation. The obtained results are of value in remediation and managing strategies for contaminated soils and in reconstructing processes related to the formation and/or transformation of low-temperature sulfide deposits. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
2022
Smieja-Król, B.; Pawlyta, M.; Gałka, M.
Ultrafine multi-metal (Zn, Cd, Pb) sulfide aggregates formation in periodically water-logged organic soil Journal Article
In: Science of the Total Environment, vol. 820, 2022, ISSN: 00489697, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85123347872,
title = {Ultrafine multi-metal (Zn, Cd, Pb) sulfide aggregates formation in periodically water-logged organic soil},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and M. Pawlyta and M. Gałka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123347872&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.153308&partnerID=40&md5=4dca3ca30cc98bcadab06bfc31e627c6},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153308},
issn = {00489697},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
volume = {820},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {This study investigates authigenic metal (Zn; Cd; and Pb) sulfides formed in the upper (4-20 cm) layer of severely degraded soil close to Zn–Pb smelter in CE Europe (southern Poland). The soil layer is circumneutral (pH 6.0–6.8), organic, occasionally water-logged, and contains on average 26,400 mg kg−1 Zn, 18,800 mg kg−1 Pb, 1300 mg kg−1 Cd, and 2500 mg kg−1 of sulfur. The distribution of the authigenic sulfide mineralization is uneven, showing close association with the remains of vascular plants (Equisetaceae; Carex; and herbs). A combination of focused ion beam (FIB) technology with scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to reveal the structure and organization of the metal sulfides at micro- and nanoscale resolution. The sulfides form spheroidal and botryoidal porous aggregates composed of nanocrystalline (<5 nm) Zn–Cd sulfide solid solution and minor discrete PbS (galena) crystals up to 15 nm. The solid solution exists in a cubic (sphalerite) polytype over a whole Zn/Cd range. An intricate core-shell structure is found to be a characteristic feature of the aggregates in which high-Zn outer layers encapsulate Cd-rich sulfide core. PbS resides between the Cd-rich and Cd poor sulfide within nano sites of increased porosity. The study highlights the importance of nanoscale analyses for the prediction of metal behavior in soils. The sulfide self-organization into complex structures and Cd encapsulation inside high-Zn sulfide indicate the occurrence of a self-sustainable mechanism specific to polluted periodically water-logged soil that limits Cd mobility. However, as the reduced Cd mobility is obtained at the Zn expense, the soil gets Cd enriched relative to Zn over extended periods. Although the study proves PbS crystallization in the soil, the process seems environmentally irrelevant even at high Pb contents, being suppressed by other soil processes (e.g.; Pb sorption on organic matter). Our findings are valuable in remediation strategies and the management of contaminated soils rich in organic matter that address the mobility of toxic metals and their transfer into living organisms. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study investigates authigenic metal (Zn; Cd; and Pb) sulfides formed in the upper (4-20 cm) layer of severely degraded soil close to Zn–Pb smelter in CE Europe (southern Poland). The soil layer is circumneutral (pH 6.0–6.8), organic, occasionally water-logged, and contains on average 26,400 mg kg−1 Zn, 18,800 mg kg−1 Pb, 1300 mg kg−1 Cd, and 2500 mg kg−1 of sulfur. The distribution of the authigenic sulfide mineralization is uneven, showing close association with the remains of vascular plants (Equisetaceae; Carex; and herbs). A combination of focused ion beam (FIB) technology with scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to reveal the structure and organization of the metal sulfides at micro- and nanoscale resolution. The sulfides form spheroidal and botryoidal porous aggregates composed of nanocrystalline (<5 nm) Zn–Cd sulfide solid solution and minor discrete PbS (galena) crystals up to 15 nm. The solid solution exists in a cubic (sphalerite) polytype over a whole Zn/Cd range. An intricate core-shell structure is found to be a characteristic feature of the aggregates in which high-Zn outer layers encapsulate Cd-rich sulfide core. PbS resides between the Cd-rich and Cd poor sulfide within nano sites of increased porosity. The study highlights the importance of nanoscale analyses for the prediction of metal behavior in soils. The sulfide self-organization into complex structures and Cd encapsulation inside high-Zn sulfide indicate the occurrence of a self-sustainable mechanism specific to polluted periodically water-logged soil that limits Cd mobility. However, as the reduced Cd mobility is obtained at the Zn expense, the soil gets Cd enriched relative to Zn over extended periods. Although the study proves PbS crystallization in the soil, the process seems environmentally irrelevant even at high Pb contents, being suppressed by other soil processes (e.g.; Pb sorption on organic matter). Our findings are valuable in remediation strategies and the management of contaminated soils rich in organic matter that address the mobility of toxic metals and their transfer into living organisms. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Bao, K.; Smieja-Król, B.
In: Science of the Total Environment, vol. 807, 2022, ISSN: 00489697, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85116883062,
title = {Geographical drivers of geochemical and mineralogical evolution of Motianling peatland (Northeast China) exposed to different sources of rare earth elements and Pb, Nd, and Sr isotopes},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and K. Bao and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116883062&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2021.150481&partnerID=40&md5=3a7d324cc45004ab09def85ec727b453},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150481},
issn = {00489697},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
volume = {807},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Geochemical shifts triggered by surface runoff and atmospheric fallout in a Chinese peatland were investigated by using Pb, Sr, and Nd, REE and by SEM mineralogical analysis. Motianling peatland (Northeast China) is located at 1670 m a.s.l., near the China–Mongolia border. Based on division of profile into two phases of different trophy, the total ∑REE value determined for the minerotrophic part of the profile (from 62 to 46 cm) varied from 67 to 31 mg·kg−1 and mineralogical analysis revealed the occurrence of weathered volcanic rocks, supported by a high εNd value (−3.26). After the transition from minerotrophic to more ombrotrophic conditions, the peatland became independent of the local bedrock weathering, which was manifested by a much lower concentration of REE (7–20 mg·kg−1) and lower εNd values (−7.37; −8.11). Moreover, PAAS-normalized pattern of REE distribution in the bottom part revealed the highest Eu/Eu* value (1.24), as well as a slight enrichment in Eu. The anthropogenic effect was visible from 1964, during which period the spheroidal aluminosilicate particles (SAP), produced by coal-fired power-plant activity, appeared for the first time, followed by an abrupt decrease in 206Pb/207Pb isotopic signature to 1.167. The dimensions of SAP (~1.5 μm), as well as the time of first appearance, indicated long-range transport. The REE ratios obtained in this study are characteristic of the eolian deposition signature, which is like the Gobi and northern Chinese deserts. The anthropogenic activity was manifested by a slight enrichment in Gd during reduced delivery of natural dust. Both, North Chinese and Asian part of the Russian industry supply anthropogenic dust. Topography, wind direction, and patterns of precipitation, as well as the initial phases of Asian industrial development, are the most important drivers promoting the deposition of chemical elements. © 2021 The Authors},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Geochemical shifts triggered by surface runoff and atmospheric fallout in a Chinese peatland were investigated by using Pb, Sr, and Nd, REE and by SEM mineralogical analysis. Motianling peatland (Northeast China) is located at 1670 m a.s.l., near the China–Mongolia border. Based on division of profile into two phases of different trophy, the total ∑REE value determined for the minerotrophic part of the profile (from 62 to 46 cm) varied from 67 to 31 mg·kg−1 and mineralogical analysis revealed the occurrence of weathered volcanic rocks, supported by a high εNd value (−3.26). After the transition from minerotrophic to more ombrotrophic conditions, the peatland became independent of the local bedrock weathering, which was manifested by a much lower concentration of REE (7–20 mg·kg−1) and lower εNd values (−7.37; −8.11). Moreover, PAAS-normalized pattern of REE distribution in the bottom part revealed the highest Eu/Eu* value (1.24), as well as a slight enrichment in Eu. The anthropogenic effect was visible from 1964, during which period the spheroidal aluminosilicate particles (SAP), produced by coal-fired power-plant activity, appeared for the first time, followed by an abrupt decrease in 206Pb/207Pb isotopic signature to 1.167. The dimensions of SAP (~1.5 μm), as well as the time of first appearance, indicated long-range transport. The REE ratios obtained in this study are characteristic of the eolian deposition signature, which is like the Gobi and northern Chinese deserts. The anthropogenic activity was manifested by a slight enrichment in Gd during reduced delivery of natural dust. Both, North Chinese and Asian part of the Russian industry supply anthropogenic dust. Topography, wind direction, and patterns of precipitation, as well as the initial phases of Asian industrial development, are the most important drivers promoting the deposition of chemical elements. © 2021 The Authors
Smieja-Król, B.; Pawlyta, M.; Kądziołka-Gaweł, M.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.
Formation of Zn and Pb sulfides in a redox-sensitive modern system due to high atmospheric fallout Journal Article
In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 318, pp. 126-143, 2022, ISSN: 00167037, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85121216123,
title = {Formation of Zn and Pb sulfides in a redox-sensitive modern system due to high atmospheric fallout},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and M. Pawlyta and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121216123&doi=10.1016%2fj.gca.2021.11.032&partnerID=40&md5=17fbcbeb9e22041ef9e8b4838b2ded97},
doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.032},
issn = {00167037},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
volume = {318},
pages = {126-143},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Human activities have led to a considerable increase in trace metal cycling in recent times. The mobilized elements get subjected to a variety of processes leading eventually to their re-concentration. The polluted sites, transformed by Earth's surface processes, become similar to metal accumulations known from geological records. This study examines authigenic metal sulfide mineralization in two peatlands polluted by atmospheric deposition from a nearby Pb-Zn smelter. We use the polluted peatlands as a small-scale model of Zn-Cd-Pb sulfide deposit to determine the role of organic matter in ore genesis and the textural and structural organization of biogenic precipitates. The study shows that the air-derived metal enrichment (up to 2.3 g Zn kg−1; 1.1 g Pb kg−1; and 62 mg Cd kg−1) is retained in a thin layer (∼30 cm) around 10–15 cm below the peat surface. A combination of focused ion beam (FIB) technology and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy reveals that micrometric spheroids are most characteristic for ZnS and (Zn;Cd)S, although the sulfides readily form pseudomorphs after different plant tissues resulting in much larger aggregates. The aggregates have a complex polycrystalline sphalerite structure much more advanced than typically obtained during low-temperature synthesis or observed in other modern occurrences. Platy highly-disordered radially-aggregated submicrometre crystals develop within the time constraints of several decades in the cold (∼15 °C) and acid (pH 3.4–4.4) peat. The less abundant Pb sulfides occur as small cube-like crystals (<1µm) between ZnS or as flat irregular or square patches on plant root macrofossils. All PbS are crystalline and defect-free. Pb ion complexation with dissolved and solid organic matter is probably responsible for the low number and equilibrium shape of PbS crystals. Iron is absent in the authigenic sulfide mineralization and occurs entirely as organically bound ferric iron (Fe3+), as revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The different affinity of metals to organic matter enhances the precipitation of Zn and Cd as sulfides over Pb and Fe. Our findings demonstrate that human activities lead to the formation of near-surface stratiform metal sulfide accumulations in peat, and the polluted sites can be of use to understand and reconstruct ancient ore deposits' genesis and mechanisms of formation. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Human activities have led to a considerable increase in trace metal cycling in recent times. The mobilized elements get subjected to a variety of processes leading eventually to their re-concentration. The polluted sites, transformed by Earth's surface processes, become similar to metal accumulations known from geological records. This study examines authigenic metal sulfide mineralization in two peatlands polluted by atmospheric deposition from a nearby Pb-Zn smelter. We use the polluted peatlands as a small-scale model of Zn-Cd-Pb sulfide deposit to determine the role of organic matter in ore genesis and the textural and structural organization of biogenic precipitates. The study shows that the air-derived metal enrichment (up to 2.3 g Zn kg−1; 1.1 g Pb kg−1; and 62 mg Cd kg−1) is retained in a thin layer (∼30 cm) around 10–15 cm below the peat surface. A combination of focused ion beam (FIB) technology and scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy reveals that micrometric spheroids are most characteristic for ZnS and (Zn;Cd)S, although the sulfides readily form pseudomorphs after different plant tissues resulting in much larger aggregates. The aggregates have a complex polycrystalline sphalerite structure much more advanced than typically obtained during low-temperature synthesis or observed in other modern occurrences. Platy highly-disordered radially-aggregated submicrometre crystals develop within the time constraints of several decades in the cold (∼15 °C) and acid (pH 3.4–4.4) peat. The less abundant Pb sulfides occur as small cube-like crystals (<1µm) between ZnS or as flat irregular or square patches on plant root macrofossils. All PbS are crystalline and defect-free. Pb ion complexation with dissolved and solid organic matter is probably responsible for the low number and equilibrium shape of PbS crystals. Iron is absent in the authigenic sulfide mineralization and occurs entirely as organically bound ferric iron (Fe3+), as revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The different affinity of metals to organic matter enhances the precipitation of Zn and Cd as sulfides over Pb and Fe. Our findings demonstrate that human activities lead to the formation of near-surface stratiform metal sulfide accumulations in peat, and the polluted sites can be of use to understand and reconstruct ancient ore deposits' genesis and mechanisms of formation. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Łokas, E.; Smieja-Król, B.; Turner, S. D.; Vleeschouwer, F. De; Woszczyk, M.; Marcisz, K.; Gałka, M.; Lamentowicz, M.; Kołaczek, P.; Hajdas, I.; Karpińska-Kołaczek, M.; Kołtonik, K.; Mróz, T.; Roberts, S. L.; Rose, N. L.; Krzykawski, T.; Boom, A.; Yang, Ho.
The Śnieżka peatland as a candidate for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series Journal Article
In: Anthropocene Review, 2022, ISSN: 20530196, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85144207568,
title = {The Śnieżka peatland as a candidate for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Anthropocene series},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and E. Łokas and B. Smieja-Król and S.D. Turner and F. De Vleeschouwer and M. Woszczyk and K. Marcisz and M. Gałka and M. Lamentowicz and P. Kołaczek and I. Hajdas and M. Karpińska-Kołaczek and K. Kołtonik and T. Mróz and S.L. Roberts and N.L. Rose and T. Krzykawski and A. Boom and Ho. Yang},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144207568&doi=10.1177%2f20530196221136425&partnerID=40&md5=8c6871506dcc2a4d9fbbdf73a4d84f56},
doi = {10.1177/20530196221136425},
issn = {20530196},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Anthropocene Review},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc.},
abstract = {The subalpine, atmospherically fed Śnieżka peatland, located in the Polish part of the Sudetes, is one of the nominated candidates for the GSSP of the Anthropocene. Data from two profiles, Sn1 (2012) and Sn0 (2020), from this site are critical for distinguishing the proposed epoch, while an additional core Sn2 is presented to support main evidence. The Sn0 archive contains a wide array of critical markers such as plutonium (Pu), radiocarbon (F14C), fly ash particles, Hg and stable C and N isotopes which are consistent with the previously well documented 210Pb/14C dated Sn1 profile, which provides a high-resolution and comprehensive database of trace elements and rare earth elements (REE), Pb isotopes, Pu, Cs, pollen and testate amoebae. The 1952 worldwide appearance of Pu, owing to its global synchronicity and repeatability between the cores, is proposed here as a primary marker of the Anthropocene, supported by the prominent upturn of selected chemostratigraphic and biostratigraphic indicators as well as the appearance of technofossils and artificial radionuclides. © The Author(s) 2022.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The subalpine, atmospherically fed Śnieżka peatland, located in the Polish part of the Sudetes, is one of the nominated candidates for the GSSP of the Anthropocene. Data from two profiles, Sn1 (2012) and Sn0 (2020), from this site are critical for distinguishing the proposed epoch, while an additional core Sn2 is presented to support main evidence. The Sn0 archive contains a wide array of critical markers such as plutonium (Pu), radiocarbon (F14C), fly ash particles, Hg and stable C and N isotopes which are consistent with the previously well documented 210Pb/14C dated Sn1 profile, which provides a high-resolution and comprehensive database of trace elements and rare earth elements (REE), Pb isotopes, Pu, Cs, pollen and testate amoebae. The 1952 worldwide appearance of Pu, owing to its global synchronicity and repeatability between the cores, is proposed here as a primary marker of the Anthropocene, supported by the prominent upturn of selected chemostratigraphic and biostratigraphic indicators as well as the appearance of technofossils and artificial radionuclides. © The Author(s) 2022.
2021
Jabłońska, M.; Janeczek, J.; Smieja-Król, B.
The impact of ambient atmospheric mineral-dust particles on the calcification of lungs Journal Article
In: Minerals, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1-15, 2021, ISSN: 2075163X, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85099802578,
title = {The impact of ambient atmospheric mineral-dust particles on the calcification of lungs},
author = { M. Jabłońska and J. Janeczek and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099802578&doi=10.3390%2fmin11020125&partnerID=40&md5=450e476f3b2c34c18faad8d69f4cef29},
doi = {10.3390/min11020125},
issn = {2075163X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Minerals},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {1-15},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {For the first time, it is shown that inhaled ambient air-dust particles settled in the human lower respiratory tract induce lung calcification. Chemical and mineral compositions of pulmonary calcium precipitates in the lung right lower-lobe (RLL) tissues of 12 individuals who lived in the Upper Silesia conurbation in Poland and who had died from causes not related to a lung disorder were determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Whereas calcium salts in lungs are usually reported as phosphates, calcium salts precipitated in the studied RLL tissue were almost exclusively carbonates, specifically Mg-calcite and calcite. These constituted 37% of the 1652 mineral particles examined. Mg-calcite predominated in the submicrometer size range, with a MgCO3 content up to 50 mol %. Magnesium plays a significant role in lung mineralization, a fact so far overlooked. The calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) content in the studied RLL tissue was negligible. The predominance of carbonates is explained by the increased CO2 fugacity in the RLL. Carbonates enveloped inhaled mineral-dust particles, including uranium-bearing oxides, quartz, aluminosilicates, and metal sulfides. Three possible pathways for the carbonates precipitation on the dust particles are postulated: (1) precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), followed by its transformation to calcite; (2) precipitation of Mg-ACC, followed by its transformation to Mg-calcite; (3) precipitation of Mg-free ACC, causing a localized relative enrichment in Mg ions and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of Mg-calcite. The actual number of inhaled dust particles may be significantly greater than was observed because of the masking effect of the carbonate coatings. There is no simple correlation between smoking habit and lung calcification. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
For the first time, it is shown that inhaled ambient air-dust particles settled in the human lower respiratory tract induce lung calcification. Chemical and mineral compositions of pulmonary calcium precipitates in the lung right lower-lobe (RLL) tissues of 12 individuals who lived in the Upper Silesia conurbation in Poland and who had died from causes not related to a lung disorder were determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Whereas calcium salts in lungs are usually reported as phosphates, calcium salts precipitated in the studied RLL tissue were almost exclusively carbonates, specifically Mg-calcite and calcite. These constituted 37% of the 1652 mineral particles examined. Mg-calcite predominated in the submicrometer size range, with a MgCO3 content up to 50 mol %. Magnesium plays a significant role in lung mineralization, a fact so far overlooked. The calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) content in the studied RLL tissue was negligible. The predominance of carbonates is explained by the increased CO2 fugacity in the RLL. Carbonates enveloped inhaled mineral-dust particles, including uranium-bearing oxides, quartz, aluminosilicates, and metal sulfides. Three possible pathways for the carbonates precipitation on the dust particles are postulated: (1) precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), followed by its transformation to calcite; (2) precipitation of Mg-ACC, followed by its transformation to Mg-calcite; (3) precipitation of Mg-free ACC, causing a localized relative enrichment in Mg ions and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of Mg-calcite. The actual number of inhaled dust particles may be significantly greater than was observed because of the masking effect of the carbonate coatings. There is no simple correlation between smoking habit and lung calcification. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2020
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Łokas, E.; Gałka, M.; Kołaczek, P.; Vleeschouwer, F. De; Roux, G. Le; Smieja-Król, B.
Influence of transboundary transport of trace elements on mountain peat geochemistry (Sudetes, Central Europe) Journal Article
In: Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 230, 2020, ISSN: 02773791, (12).
@article{2-s2.0-85077689774,
title = {Influence of transboundary transport of trace elements on mountain peat geochemistry (Sudetes, Central Europe)},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and E. Łokas and M. Gałka and P. Kołaczek and F. De Vleeschouwer and G. Le Roux and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077689774&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2020.106162&partnerID=40&md5=26d8d026a86eebe222f96b5505fa1b90},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106162},
issn = {02773791},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
volume = {230},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Mountain ombrotrophic peatlands in Central Europe are an important stock of transboundary contamination both of natural and anthropogenic origin. The Śnieżka Mountain (West Sudetes) forms a significant orographic barrier and receives aerosols from broadly-recognized anthropogenic sources (production and use of stainless steel; processing of uranium; coal combustion; nuclear weapon tests; and Chernobyl accident). The main objective of the study was to assess the pattern of distribution and origin of trace elements and to distinguish the long-range transport vs. local signals in two 210Pb and 14C – dated peat cores from the highest summit of the Karkonosze (West Sudetes) spanning the last 280 years. Maximum values and accumulations of almost all investigated elements (Pb; Zn; Cu; Ni; Cr; Ti; Al; U; Sc; and REE) were identified around the 1970s. The analysis of peat using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the occurrence of spheroidal aluminosilicate fly ash particles (SAP) in the topmost 40 cm (from AD 1938) together with a maximum of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), an anthropogenic marker originating from coal-based power plants. The overall 206Pb/207Pb signature ranges from 1.160 to 1.173, indicating a predominant contribution of anthropogenic Pb. Human activities promote the release of mobile 234U, due to the weaker bonds to mineral structure, and cause the radiogenic disequilibrium between 238U and its daughter 234U. © 2020 The Authors},
note = {12},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mountain ombrotrophic peatlands in Central Europe are an important stock of transboundary contamination both of natural and anthropogenic origin. The Śnieżka Mountain (West Sudetes) forms a significant orographic barrier and receives aerosols from broadly-recognized anthropogenic sources (production and use of stainless steel; processing of uranium; coal combustion; nuclear weapon tests; and Chernobyl accident). The main objective of the study was to assess the pattern of distribution and origin of trace elements and to distinguish the long-range transport vs. local signals in two 210Pb and 14C – dated peat cores from the highest summit of the Karkonosze (West Sudetes) spanning the last 280 years. Maximum values and accumulations of almost all investigated elements (Pb; Zn; Cu; Ni; Cr; Ti; Al; U; Sc; and REE) were identified around the 1970s. The analysis of peat using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the occurrence of spheroidal aluminosilicate fly ash particles (SAP) in the topmost 40 cm (from AD 1938) together with a maximum of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), an anthropogenic marker originating from coal-based power plants. The overall 206Pb/207Pb signature ranges from 1.160 to 1.173, indicating a predominant contribution of anthropogenic Pb. Human activities promote the release of mobile 234U, due to the weaker bonds to mineral structure, and cause the radiogenic disequilibrium between 238U and its daughter 234U. © 2020 The Authors
2019
Smieja-Król, B.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Michalska, A.; Krzykawski, T.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Deposition of mullite in peatlands of southern Poland: Implications for recording large-scale industrial processes Journal Article
In: Environmental Pollution, vol. 250, pp. 717-727, 2019, ISSN: 02697491, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85065055322,
title = {Deposition of mullite in peatlands of southern Poland: Implications for recording large-scale industrial processes},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and A. Michalska and T. Krzykawski and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065055322&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2019.04.077&partnerID=40&md5=62e3fbca496b57f2ac4d2a1d1fab4d20},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.077},
issn = {02697491},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Pollution},
volume = {250},
pages = {717-727},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Not all contaminants are harmful, mullite has the potential to be useful. © 2019 Elsevier LtdMullite, a pure aluminosilicate (Al6Si2O13), is a rare natural rock component, known for centuries as a very resistant ceramic material. It is also a common waste product of high-temperature coal combustion that is emitted in quantity from coal-based power stations. The occurrence of mullite in two Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located near the Upper Silesia industrial region in southern Poland is described. For the first time, a complete record of mullite deposition in the peat profiles has been obtained by XRD analyses of ashed peat samples. The mullite distribution is compared with records of Hg, Pb and Cu. While mullite is supplied during high temperature processes only, Cu, Pb and Hg show more complex pattern of distribution. Both peat profiles contain elevated amounts of mullite in the time span between ca 1950–1990 with a maximum content in ca 1980. The first appearance (∼1900) of mullite is indicative of the beginning of energy production in coal-based power plants in the region. Mullite is proposed here as an indicator of industrialization in geological records. It is resistant to post-depositional processes, emitted globally, and restricted to large-scale industry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Not all contaminants are harmful, mullite has the potential to be useful. © 2019 Elsevier LtdMullite, a pure aluminosilicate (Al6Si2O13), is a rare natural rock component, known for centuries as a very resistant ceramic material. It is also a common waste product of high-temperature coal combustion that is emitted in quantity from coal-based power stations. The occurrence of mullite in two Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located near the Upper Silesia industrial region in southern Poland is described. For the first time, a complete record of mullite deposition in the peat profiles has been obtained by XRD analyses of ashed peat samples. The mullite distribution is compared with records of Hg, Pb and Cu. While mullite is supplied during high temperature processes only, Cu, Pb and Hg show more complex pattern of distribution. Both peat profiles contain elevated amounts of mullite in the time span between ca 1950–1990 with a maximum content in ca 1980. The first appearance (∼1900) of mullite is indicative of the beginning of energy production in coal-based power plants in the region. Mullite is proposed here as an indicator of industrialization in geological records. It is resistant to post-depositional processes, emitted globally, and restricted to large-scale industry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
2018
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Vleeschouwer, F. De; Mattielli, N.; Fagel, N.; Palowski, B. F.; Pazdur, A.; Smieja-Król, B.
Record of Anthropocene pollution sources of lead in disturbed peatlands from Southern Poland Journal Article
In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 179, pp. 61-68, 2018, ISSN: 13522310, (19).
@article{2-s2.0-85041917292,
title = {Record of Anthropocene pollution sources of lead in disturbed peatlands from Southern Poland},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and F. De Vleeschouwer and N. Mattielli and N. Fagel and B.F. Palowski and A. Pazdur and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041917292&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2018.02.002&partnerID=40&md5=d5ce295e7bf8cc2b1bc66f16a44b604f},
doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.02.002},
issn = {13522310},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {179},
pages = {61-68},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The importance of human impacts on Earth has led to the proposal of a new geologic epoch called the Anthropocene. However markers, recognizable in all records, are required to define this period. Here we combine elemental geochemistry with stable lead (Pb) isotopes and mineralogical analyses to decipher the sources of lead in two exploited ombrotrophic peat bogs (Puścizna Mała and Puścizna Krauszowska) from Southern Poland. The most disturbed parts of the cores, distinguished using bulk density and age–depth models (22–45 cm in PM and 22–46 cm in PK), were excluded from the interpretation. The two studied cores record ca. 2000 years of variations in lead accumulation rates and isotopic compositions. In the lowest part of the cores (2nd to 4th century AD for Puścizna Mała and 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD for Puścizna Krauszowska), the 206Pb/207Pb ratios (1.188) are consistent with natural supplies from the erosion of the nearby Tatra Mountains. From the 9th to the 19th century AD, 206Pb/207Pb ratios (1.176–1.179) are similar to the signatures obtained from Polish galena ores. The highest Pb accumulation rates are found around 1950 AD and reflect the primary influence of bituminous coal combustion together with the secondary influence of leaded gasoline. This result agrees with the occurrence and abundance of spheroidal aluminosilicates, an unambiguous marker of human industrial activity and coal burning as well as with the acceleration of Zn, Cd and Fe accumulation rate. Our results provide evidence that similar geochemical patterns exist in both analysed cores despite differences in the history of peatland exploitation. Therefore, given that extra care is taken to identify the disturbed peat layers, exploited peatlands can be used to record past changes in lead isotopic signature during the Anthropocene. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The importance of human impacts on Earth has led to the proposal of a new geologic epoch called the Anthropocene. However markers, recognizable in all records, are required to define this period. Here we combine elemental geochemistry with stable lead (Pb) isotopes and mineralogical analyses to decipher the sources of lead in two exploited ombrotrophic peat bogs (Puścizna Mała and Puścizna Krauszowska) from Southern Poland. The most disturbed parts of the cores, distinguished using bulk density and age–depth models (22–45 cm in PM and 22–46 cm in PK), were excluded from the interpretation. The two studied cores record ca. 2000 years of variations in lead accumulation rates and isotopic compositions. In the lowest part of the cores (2nd to 4th century AD for Puścizna Mała and 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD for Puścizna Krauszowska), the 206Pb/207Pb ratios (1.188) are consistent with natural supplies from the erosion of the nearby Tatra Mountains. From the 9th to the 19th century AD, 206Pb/207Pb ratios (1.176–1.179) are similar to the signatures obtained from Polish galena ores. The highest Pb accumulation rates are found around 1950 AD and reflect the primary influence of bituminous coal combustion together with the secondary influence of leaded gasoline. This result agrees with the occurrence and abundance of spheroidal aluminosilicates, an unambiguous marker of human industrial activity and coal burning as well as with the acceleration of Zn, Cd and Fe accumulation rate. Our results provide evidence that similar geochemical patterns exist in both analysed cores despite differences in the history of peatland exploitation. Therefore, given that extra care is taken to identify the disturbed peat layers, exploited peatlands can be used to record past changes in lead isotopic signature during the Anthropocene. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
2017
Smieja-Król, B.; Bauerek, A.; Bebek, M.
Main and trace element distribution in slag-leachate-tufa system precipitate Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 287-292, 2017, ISSN: 12301485, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85041416259,
title = {Main and trace element distribution in slag-leachate-tufa system precipitate},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and A. Bauerek and M. Bebek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85041416259&doi=10.15244%2fpjoes%2f63830&partnerID=40&md5=388cc78074b540182a5785e1a7b67bad},
doi = {10.15244/pjoes/63830},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {287-292},
publisher = {HARD Publishing Company},
abstract = {Detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted to characterize slag wastes, leachate, and associated tufa precipitates at an iron slag dump near Kraków in southern Poland. The slag contained elevated content of Cr (1;800-6;500 mg/kg), V (500-1;800 mg/kg), and Zn (up to 4;500 mg/kg). The negative environmental impact posed by the wastes can be potentially caused by the formation of leachate with extremely high pH (12.5-12.9), high sulphate (720 mg/l) and K concentrations (420-520 mg/l), and elevated concentrations of fluoride (1.7-2.1 mg/l) and Al (up to 2.7 mg/l). A dominant feature of the leachate was massive precipitation of calcareous tufa forming a cascade of tufa barrier ponds at the base of the slag dump. The tufa preferentially concentrated Pb, Sr, Ba, Rb, sulfur, and phosphorus, while Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, and V were depleted relative to the content in the slag material. © 2017, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted to characterize slag wastes, leachate, and associated tufa precipitates at an iron slag dump near Kraków in southern Poland. The slag contained elevated content of Cr (1;800-6;500 mg/kg), V (500-1;800 mg/kg), and Zn (up to 4;500 mg/kg). The negative environmental impact posed by the wastes can be potentially caused by the formation of leachate with extremely high pH (12.5-12.9), high sulphate (720 mg/l) and K concentrations (420-520 mg/l), and elevated concentrations of fluoride (1.7-2.1 mg/l) and Al (up to 2.7 mg/l). A dominant feature of the leachate was massive precipitation of calcareous tufa forming a cascade of tufa barrier ponds at the base of the slag dump. The tufa preferentially concentrated Pb, Sr, Ba, Rb, sulfur, and phosphorus, while Fe, Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, and V were depleted relative to the content in the slag material. © 2017, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
2016
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Smieja-Król, B.; Frontasyeva, M.; Słowiński, M.; Marcisz, K.; Lapshina, E.; Gilbert, D.; Buttler, A.; Jassey, V. E. J.; Kaliszan, K.; Laggoun-Défarge, F.; Kołaczek, P.; Lamentowicz, M.
Anthropogenic- and natural sources of dust in peatland during the Anthropocene Journal Article
In: Scientific Reports, vol. 6, 2016, ISSN: 20452322, (24).
@article{2-s2.0-85006701231,
title = {Anthropogenic- and natural sources of dust in peatland during the Anthropocene},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and B. Smieja-Król and M. Frontasyeva and M. Słowiński and K. Marcisz and E. Lapshina and D. Gilbert and A. Buttler and V.E.J. Jassey and K. Kaliszan and F. Laggoun-Défarge and P. Kołaczek and M. Lamentowicz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85006701231&doi=10.1038%2fsrep38731&partnerID=40&md5=d724ece0f05969d34780646aae76f96b},
doi = {10.1038/srep38731},
issn = {20452322},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {6},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
abstract = {As human impact have been increasing strongly over the last decades, it is crucial to distinguish human-induced dust sources from natural ones in order to define the boundary of a newly proposed epoch - the Anthropocene. Here, we track anthropogenic signatures and natural geochemical anomalies in the Mukhrino peatland, Western Siberia. Human activity was recorded there from cal AD 1958 (±6). Anthropogenic spheroidal aluminosilicates clearly identify the beginning of industrial development and are proposed as a new indicator of the Anthropocene. In cal AD 1963 (±5), greatly elevated dust deposition and an increase in REE serve to show that the geochemistry of elements in the peat can be evidence of nuclear weapon testing; such constituted an enormous force blowing soil dust into the atmosphere. Among the natural dust sources, minor signals of dryness and of the Tunguska cosmic body (TCB) impact were noted. The TCB impact was indirectly confirmed by an unusual occurrence of mullite in the peat. © The Author(s) 2016.},
note = {24},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
As human impact have been increasing strongly over the last decades, it is crucial to distinguish human-induced dust sources from natural ones in order to define the boundary of a newly proposed epoch - the Anthropocene. Here, we track anthropogenic signatures and natural geochemical anomalies in the Mukhrino peatland, Western Siberia. Human activity was recorded there from cal AD 1958 (±6). Anthropogenic spheroidal aluminosilicates clearly identify the beginning of industrial development and are proposed as a new indicator of the Anthropocene. In cal AD 1963 (±5), greatly elevated dust deposition and an increase in REE serve to show that the geochemistry of elements in the peat can be evidence of nuclear weapon testing; such constituted an enormous force blowing soil dust into the atmosphere. Among the natural dust sources, minor signals of dryness and of the Tunguska cosmic body (TCB) impact were noted. The TCB impact was indirectly confirmed by an unusual occurrence of mullite in the peat. © The Author(s) 2016.
Jabłońska, M.; Kramarczyk, M.; Smieja-Król, B.; Janeczek, J.
Barium concentration in cast roe deer antlers related to air pollution caused by burning of barium-enriched coals in southern Poland Journal Article
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 5978-5982, 2016, ISSN: 09441344, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-84955573157,
title = {Barium concentration in cast roe deer antlers related to air pollution caused by burning of barium-enriched coals in southern Poland},
author = { M. Jabłońska and M. Kramarczyk and B. Smieja-Król and J. Janeczek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955573157&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-016-6154-y&partnerID=40&md5=6ec0f33bf158e5c72e3962489ac491a6},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-016-6154-y},
issn = {09441344},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
pages = {5978-5982},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {Concentrations of Ba, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in freshly cast antlers from male roe deer of different ages (2 to 4 years old and older than 4 years) collected in Balin near Chrzanów and in the vicinity of Żywiec, S Poland. Barium content ranged from 124 to 196 ppm (mean 165 ppm) in the Balin 12 samples and from 207 to 351 ppm (mean 287 ppm) in 3 antlers from Żywiec. The concentration of Ba was comparable to that of Zn (134–275 ppm; mean 169 ppm). Elevated concentrations of Ba in antlers most probably originated from direct uptake of airborne barite nanocrystals through the respiratory system and/or by digestion of barite-rich dust particles deposited on plants. Burning of Ba-enriched coals is regarded as the principal source of Ba in the investigated areas inhabited by roe deer. Increased concentrations of Ba in antlers from the Żywiec area compared to Balin reflect particularly high air pollution caused by coal-burning mostly for domestic purposes combined with an unfavorable topography that impedes efficient air circulation. © 2016, The Author(s).},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Concentrations of Ba, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in freshly cast antlers from male roe deer of different ages (2 to 4 years old and older than 4 years) collected in Balin near Chrzanów and in the vicinity of Żywiec, S Poland. Barium content ranged from 124 to 196 ppm (mean 165 ppm) in the Balin 12 samples and from 207 to 351 ppm (mean 287 ppm) in 3 antlers from Żywiec. The concentration of Ba was comparable to that of Zn (134–275 ppm; mean 169 ppm). Elevated concentrations of Ba in antlers most probably originated from direct uptake of airborne barite nanocrystals through the respiratory system and/or by digestion of barite-rich dust particles deposited on plants. Burning of Ba-enriched coals is regarded as the principal source of Ba in the investigated areas inhabited by roe deer. Increased concentrations of Ba in antlers from the Żywiec area compared to Balin reflect particularly high air pollution caused by coal-burning mostly for domestic purposes combined with an unfavorable topography that impedes efficient air circulation. © 2016, The Author(s).
2015
Smieja-Król, B.; Janeczek, J.; Bauerek, A.; Thorseth, I. H.
The role of authigenic sulfides in immobilization of potentially toxic metals in the Bagno Bory wetland, southern Poland Journal Article
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 22, no. 20, pp. 15495-15505, 2015, ISSN: 09441344, (19).
@article{2-s2.0-84945486902,
title = {The role of authigenic sulfides in immobilization of potentially toxic metals in the Bagno Bory wetland, southern Poland},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and J. Janeczek and A. Bauerek and I.H. Thorseth},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84945486902&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-015-4728-8&partnerID=40&md5=86138c9074558e3c112b95e6100a8a57},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-015-4728-8},
issn = {09441344},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
volume = {22},
number = {20},
pages = {15495-15505},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {The supply of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, and Tl into a wetland in the industrial area of Upper Silesia, southern Poland via atmospheric precipitation and dust deposition has been counterbalanced by the biogenic metal sulfide crystallization in microsites of the thin (<30 cm) peat layer, despite the overall oxidative conditions in the wetland. Disequilibrium of the redox reactions in the peat pore water (pH 5.4–6.2) caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms has resulted in the localized decrease in Eh and subsequent precipitation of micron- and submicron-sized framboidal pyrite, spheroidal ZnS and (Zn;Cd)S, and galena as revealed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Saturation index for each sulfide is at a maximum within the calculated Eh range of −80 and −146 mV. Lead was also immobilized in galena deposited in fungal filaments, possibly at a higher Eh. Thallium (up to 3 mg kg−1) in the peat strongly correlates with Zn, whereas Cu (up to 55 mg kg−1) co-precipitated with Pb. The metal sulfides occur within microbial exudates, which protect them from oxidation and mechanical displacement. Vertical distribution of toxic metals in the peat layer reflects differences in pollution loads from atmospheric deposition, which has been much reduced recently. © 2015, The Author(s).},
note = {19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The supply of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, and Tl into a wetland in the industrial area of Upper Silesia, southern Poland via atmospheric precipitation and dust deposition has been counterbalanced by the biogenic metal sulfide crystallization in microsites of the thin (<30 cm) peat layer, despite the overall oxidative conditions in the wetland. Disequilibrium of the redox reactions in the peat pore water (pH 5.4–6.2) caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms has resulted in the localized decrease in Eh and subsequent precipitation of micron- and submicron-sized framboidal pyrite, spheroidal ZnS and (Zn;Cd)S, and galena as revealed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Saturation index for each sulfide is at a maximum within the calculated Eh range of −80 and −146 mV. Lead was also immobilized in galena deposited in fungal filaments, possibly at a higher Eh. Thallium (up to 3 mg kg−1) in the peat strongly correlates with Zn, whereas Cu (up to 55 mg kg−1) co-precipitated with Pb. The metal sulfides occur within microbial exudates, which protect them from oxidation and mechanical displacement. Vertical distribution of toxic metals in the peat layer reflects differences in pollution loads from atmospheric deposition, which has been much reduced recently. © 2015, The Author(s).
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Smieja-Król, B.; Ostrovnaya, T. M.; Frontasyeva, M.; Siemińska, A.; Lamentowicz, M.
Peatland microbial communities as indicators of the extreme atmospheric dust deposition Journal Article
In: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol. 226, no. 4, 2015, ISSN: 00496979, (22).
@article{2-s2.0-84926065029,
title = {Peatland microbial communities as indicators of the extreme atmospheric dust deposition},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and B. Smieja-Król and T.M. Ostrovnaya and M. Frontasyeva and A. Siemińska and M. Lamentowicz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926065029&doi=10.1007%2fs11270-015-2338-1&partnerID=40&md5=a07d60bb6936fd4d5002196c53dbd518},
doi = {10.1007/s11270-015-2338-1},
issn = {00496979},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution},
volume = {226},
number = {4},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
abstract = {We investigated a peat profile from the Izery Mountains, located within the so-called Black Triangle, the border area of Poland, Czech Republic, and Germany. This peatland suffered from an extreme atmospheric pollution during the last 50 years, which created an exceptional natural experiment to examine the impact of pollution on peatland microbes. Testate amoebae (TA), Centropyxis aerophila and Phryganella acropodia, were distinguished as a proxy of atmospheric pollution caused by extensive brown coal combustion. We recorded a decline of mixotrophic TA and development of agglutinated taxa as a response for the extreme concentration of Al (30 g kg-1) and Cu (96 mg kg-1) as well as the extreme amount of fly ash particles determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, which were used by TA for shell construction. Titanium (5.9 %), aluminum (4.7 %), and chromium (4.2 %) significantly explained the highest percentage of the variance in TA data. Elements such as Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, and Cu were highly correlated (r>0.7; p<0.01) with pseudostome position/body size ratio and pseudostome position. Changes in the community structure, functional diversity, and mechanisms of shell construction were recognized as the indicators of dust pollution. We strengthen the importance of the TA as the bioindicators of the recent atmospheric pollution. © 2015 The Author(s).},
note = {22},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We investigated a peat profile from the Izery Mountains, located within the so-called Black Triangle, the border area of Poland, Czech Republic, and Germany. This peatland suffered from an extreme atmospheric pollution during the last 50 years, which created an exceptional natural experiment to examine the impact of pollution on peatland microbes. Testate amoebae (TA), Centropyxis aerophila and Phryganella acropodia, were distinguished as a proxy of atmospheric pollution caused by extensive brown coal combustion. We recorded a decline of mixotrophic TA and development of agglutinated taxa as a response for the extreme concentration of Al (30 g kg-1) and Cu (96 mg kg-1) as well as the extreme amount of fly ash particles determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, which were used by TA for shell construction. Titanium (5.9 %), aluminum (4.7 %), and chromium (4.2 %) significantly explained the highest percentage of the variance in TA data. Elements such as Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, and Cu were highly correlated (r>0.7; p<0.01) with pseudostome position/body size ratio and pseudostome position. Changes in the community structure, functional diversity, and mechanisms of shell construction were recognized as the indicators of dust pollution. We strengthen the importance of the TA as the bioindicators of the recent atmospheric pollution. © 2015 The Author(s).
Smieja-Król, B.; Bauerek, A.
In: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 151, pp. 57-65, 2015, ISSN: 03756742, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-84922572905,
title = {Controls on trace-element concentrations in the pore waters of two Sphagnum-dominated mires in southern Poland that are heavily polluted by atmospheric deposition},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and A. Bauerek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84922572905&doi=10.1016%2fj.gexplo.2015.01.010&partnerID=40&md5=9b9b4b1f4e2b39253654d157dd33cf4d},
doi = {10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.01.010},
issn = {03756742},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geochemical Exploration},
volume = {151},
pages = {57-65},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Variations in pore-water chemistry with regard to water-table position were studied in two Sphagnum-dominated mires within the northern border of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region. Both mires contain elevated concentrations of Zn (343-447mgkg-1), Pb (266-335mgkg-1) and Cd (7.3-7.4mgkg-1) in the subsurface (0-40cm) peat layers - a consequence of intensive nonferrous industrial activity in the region, much reduced recently. Pore-water concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Tl show little variation in the Bagno Mikołeska (BM) mire, due to a constantly-high water-table position, reflecting precipitation during the study period (autumn 2009-spring 2011). Concentrations of Fe, Mn and Ba are interpreted as resulting from dissolution of dust particles, mainly barite and various Fe(hydro)oxides. Changes in the water table at Bagno Bruch (BB) mire result in constantly-elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Ba when compared to those in the pore water at BM. Rewetting after a dry season resulted in a short-term increase in the concentrations of most metals - a consequence of their leaching from the peat solid. The highest increase was recorded for Cd and Tl (by a factor of ~13) followed by Mn, Zn and Ba (by a factor of ~6) and As, Pb, Fe and Al (by factors of 3-4) relative to the mean value pertaining during the water-logged period. No increase was observed for Cu. The study indicates that leaching of the metals from peat solid is limited and overprinted by precipitation chemistry as long as the peat is fully waterlogged. It also confirms the need for peatland protection and conservation with regard to the cycling of potentially toxic elements. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Variations in pore-water chemistry with regard to water-table position were studied in two Sphagnum-dominated mires within the northern border of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region. Both mires contain elevated concentrations of Zn (343-447mgkg-1), Pb (266-335mgkg-1) and Cd (7.3-7.4mgkg-1) in the subsurface (0-40cm) peat layers - a consequence of intensive nonferrous industrial activity in the region, much reduced recently. Pore-water concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Tl show little variation in the Bagno Mikołeska (BM) mire, due to a constantly-high water-table position, reflecting precipitation during the study period (autumn 2009-spring 2011). Concentrations of Fe, Mn and Ba are interpreted as resulting from dissolution of dust particles, mainly barite and various Fe(hydro)oxides. Changes in the water table at Bagno Bruch (BB) mire result in constantly-elevated concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Ba when compared to those in the pore water at BM. Rewetting after a dry season resulted in a short-term increase in the concentrations of most metals - a consequence of their leaching from the peat solid. The highest increase was recorded for Cd and Tl (by a factor of ~13) followed by Mn, Zn and Ba (by a factor of ~6) and As, Pb, Fe and Al (by factors of 3-4) relative to the mean value pertaining during the water-logged period. No increase was observed for Cu. The study indicates that leaching of the metals from peat solid is limited and overprinted by precipitation chemistry as long as the peat is fully waterlogged. It also confirms the need for peatland protection and conservation with regard to the cycling of potentially toxic elements. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
2014
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Smieja-Król, B.; Piotrowska, N.; Sikorski, J.; Gałka, M.
Carbon accumulation rates in two poor fens with different water regimes: Influence of anthropogenic impact and environmental change Journal Article
In: Holocene, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1539-1549, 2014, ISSN: 09596836, (16).
@article{2-s2.0-84908134129,
title = {Carbon accumulation rates in two poor fens with different water regimes: Influence of anthropogenic impact and environmental change},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and B. Smieja-Król and N. Piotrowska and J. Sikorski and M. Gałka},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908134129&doi=10.1177%2f0959683614544062&partnerID=40&md5=1e18142e3e679242093dad3874a917d1},
doi = {10.1177/0959683614544062},
issn = {09596836},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Holocene},
volume = {24},
number = {11},
pages = {1539-1549},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
abstract = {Fens are underestimated carbon sinks. Knowledge about their role in the sequestration of CO2 in the past is limited. The research reported here focused on identifying long-term carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in a drained fen (Bagno Bruch) and a waterlogged fen (Bagno Mikołeska) in southern Poland. On the basis of 210Pb and AMS 14C dates and age–depth modeling, 7000- and 2000-year records of changes in bulk composition and carbon and sulfur content are presented and discussed. Strong human impact is detected, especially in Bagno Bruch. However, minor climatic signals linked to the ‘Little Ice Age’ and to the influence of wind-blown sands are also evident. The sand may have influenced the plant composition, peat accumulation rates (PARs), and CARs, in addition to the bulk composition at Bagno Mikołeska. The mean value of the CAR in the youngest peat layers spanning the last 200 years is generally lower in two cores from Bagno Bruch (c. 85 and 86 g/m2/yr) than in two cores from Bagno Mikołeska (c. 140 and 142 g/m2/yr). The fens are characterized by higher CARs compared with boreal peatlands. The reproducibility of the CAR values is the most promising result, suggesting the low mobility of 210Pb and the reliability of this method in assessing the chronology of fens. © The Author(s) 2014.},
note = {16},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fens are underestimated carbon sinks. Knowledge about their role in the sequestration of CO2 in the past is limited. The research reported here focused on identifying long-term carbon accumulation rates (CARs) in a drained fen (Bagno Bruch) and a waterlogged fen (Bagno Mikołeska) in southern Poland. On the basis of 210Pb and AMS 14C dates and age–depth modeling, 7000- and 2000-year records of changes in bulk composition and carbon and sulfur content are presented and discussed. Strong human impact is detected, especially in Bagno Bruch. However, minor climatic signals linked to the ‘Little Ice Age’ and to the influence of wind-blown sands are also evident. The sand may have influenced the plant composition, peat accumulation rates (PARs), and CARs, in addition to the bulk composition at Bagno Mikołeska. The mean value of the CAR in the youngest peat layers spanning the last 200 years is generally lower in two cores from Bagno Bruch (c. 85 and 86 g/m2/yr) than in two cores from Bagno Mikołeska (c. 140 and 142 g/m2/yr). The fens are characterized by higher CARs compared with boreal peatlands. The reproducibility of the CAR values is the most promising result, suggesting the low mobility of 210Pb and the reliability of this method in assessing the chronology of fens. © The Author(s) 2014.
Smieja-Król, B.; Janeczek, J.; Wiedermann, J.
Pseudomorphs of barite and biogenic ZnS after phyto-crystals of calcium oxalate (whewellite) in the peat layer of a poor fen Journal Article
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 7227-7233, 2014, ISSN: 09441344, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-84901287399,
title = {Pseudomorphs of barite and biogenic ZnS after phyto-crystals of calcium oxalate (whewellite) in the peat layer of a poor fen},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and J. Janeczek and J. Wiedermann},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84901287399&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-014-2700-7&partnerID=40&md5=1d44510da777e3dbef3c5afd7e6ce891},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-014-2700-7},
issn = {09441344},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
volume = {21},
number = {11},
pages = {7227-7233},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {Pseudomorphs of barite (BaSO4) and Cd-rich ZnS after whewellite (CaC2O4·H2O) occur within remnants of Scots pine bark tissues in the peat layer of a poor fen located near a zinc smelter in south Poland. A two-step formation of the pseudomorphs is postulated based on SEM observations: (1) complete dissolution of whewellite, possibly caused by oxalotrophic bacteria, and (2) subsequent bacterially induced precipitation of barite and spheroidal aggregates of ZnS together with galena (PbS) in voids left by the dissolved whewellite crystals. Local increase in pH due to microbial degradation of whewellite, elevated concentrations of Zn(II) and Ba(II) in pore water due to the decomposition of atmospheric particles of sphalerite and barite in the acidic (pH 3.5-3.8) environment, oxidation of S species during drying and rewetting of the peat layer, and subsequent partial reduction of sulfate anions by sulfur-reducing bacteria were all factors likely involved in the crystallization of ZnS and barite in the microenvironment of the post-whewellite voids. © 2014 The Author(s).},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pseudomorphs of barite (BaSO4) and Cd-rich ZnS after whewellite (CaC2O4·H2O) occur within remnants of Scots pine bark tissues in the peat layer of a poor fen located near a zinc smelter in south Poland. A two-step formation of the pseudomorphs is postulated based on SEM observations: (1) complete dissolution of whewellite, possibly caused by oxalotrophic bacteria, and (2) subsequent bacterially induced precipitation of barite and spheroidal aggregates of ZnS together with galena (PbS) in voids left by the dissolved whewellite crystals. Local increase in pH due to microbial degradation of whewellite, elevated concentrations of Zn(II) and Ba(II) in pore water due to the decomposition of atmospheric particles of sphalerite and barite in the acidic (pH 3.5-3.8) environment, oxidation of S species during drying and rewetting of the peat layer, and subsequent partial reduction of sulfate anions by sulfur-reducing bacteria were all factors likely involved in the crystallization of ZnS and barite in the microenvironment of the post-whewellite voids. © 2014 The Author(s).
Smieja-Król, B.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.
Quantitative determination of minerals and anthropogenic particles in some Polish peat occurrences using a novel SEM point-counting method Journal Article
In: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 186, no. 4, pp. 2573-2587, 2014, ISSN: 01676369, (25).
@article{2-s2.0-84895797437,
title = {Quantitative determination of minerals and anthropogenic particles in some Polish peat occurrences using a novel SEM point-counting method},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895797437&doi=10.1007%2fs10661-013-3561-0&partnerID=40&md5=8c062d7b9b9b0a9ef8fbab4283041d5f},
doi = {10.1007/s10661-013-3561-0},
issn = {01676369},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Monitoring and Assessment},
volume = {186},
number = {4},
pages = {2573-2587},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
abstract = {A method is proposed for determining the mineral composition of peat using scanning electron microscope. In an illustrative example, five groups of particles occurring in amounts of >0.05 % are distinguished in peat from Puścizna Mała bog in the Carpathian foreland, Poland. These are spheroidal aluminosilicate particles (SAP), feldspars, nondescript aluminosilicates (mainly clays), silica (quartz and opaline silica), and Fe(hydro)oxides. Two more site-specific groups (barite and ZnS) are distinguished in highly polluted fens (Bagno Bruch and Bagno Mikołeska) near a zinc smelter in Upper Silesia. At Bagno Bruch, peat contents of predominantly authigenic ZnS microspheroids range up to 1.1 %. SAP originating from coal-burning power stations account for maximum concentrations of <21-39 % of the inorganic fraction in the studied mires. SAP concentrations vary with depth, and mean spheroid diameters with distance from emission sources. A distinct feature of SAP is their common enrichment in Ti what questions the use of Ti as a proxy for soil dust in fly ash polluted bogs. As amounts of anthropogenic magnetic spherules, less abundant than SAP in all mires, relate to water table level position, they are unsuitable as tracers of air pollution. The proposed method is recommended for application with peats having ash contents>∼4 %. © 2014 The Author(s).},
note = {25},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A method is proposed for determining the mineral composition of peat using scanning electron microscope. In an illustrative example, five groups of particles occurring in amounts of >0.05 % are distinguished in peat from Puścizna Mała bog in the Carpathian foreland, Poland. These are spheroidal aluminosilicate particles (SAP), feldspars, nondescript aluminosilicates (mainly clays), silica (quartz and opaline silica), and Fe(hydro)oxides. Two more site-specific groups (barite and ZnS) are distinguished in highly polluted fens (Bagno Bruch and Bagno Mikołeska) near a zinc smelter in Upper Silesia. At Bagno Bruch, peat contents of predominantly authigenic ZnS microspheroids range up to 1.1 %. SAP originating from coal-burning power stations account for maximum concentrations of <21-39 % of the inorganic fraction in the studied mires. SAP concentrations vary with depth, and mean spheroid diameters with distance from emission sources. A distinct feature of SAP is their common enrichment in Ti what questions the use of Ti as a proxy for soil dust in fly ash polluted bogs. As amounts of anthropogenic magnetic spherules, less abundant than SAP in all mires, relate to water table level position, they are unsuitable as tracers of air pollution. The proposed method is recommended for application with peats having ash contents>∼4 %. © 2014 The Author(s).
2013
Bauerek, A.; Bebek, M.; Sracek, O.; Smieja-Król, B.
Chemical composition of surface runoff from flotation wastes of Zn-Pb ore formation of the Mississippi Valley-type, Olkusz, Southern Poland Journal Article
In: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 132, pp. 54-62, 2013, ISSN: 03756742, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-84881550750,
title = {Chemical composition of surface runoff from flotation wastes of Zn-Pb ore formation of the Mississippi Valley-type, Olkusz, Southern Poland},
author = { A. Bauerek and M. Bebek and O. Sracek and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84881550750&doi=10.1016%2fj.gexplo.2013.05.002&partnerID=40&md5=160900677054fd187c36a39d2b851e51},
doi = {10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.05.002},
issn = {03756742},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geochemical Exploration},
volume = {132},
pages = {54-62},
abstract = {Mining wastes of Zn-Pb ores were studied at Olkusz, Southern Poland, using X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS analyses. Additionally the chemistry of surface water runoff collected on the tailings slope was analyzed. The surface layer of tailing piles contains pyrite and marcasite, and dolomite as predominant carbonate mineral. The principal secondary sulfate mineral is gypsum, but the presence of trace epsomite was also inferred. Grains of dolomite are relatively fresh: the source of Ca necessary for crystallization of gypsum seems to be highly corroded minor calcite. In surface runoff, pH is close to neutral; Ca and sulfate are the dominant ions, followed by Mg. Concentrations of sulfate reaches 939. mg/l, whereas concentrations of Ca and Mg are 389. mg/l and 15.43. mg/l, respectively. The principal heavy metal in runoff is Zn, reaching 2.65. mg/l. Most species in runoff exhibited a negative correlation with the amount of precipitation in 5. days preceding the formation of surface runoff, due to their presence in efflorescent salts precipitated in dry period. Bicarbonate showed a positive correlation with the amount of precipitation, probably due to enhanced dissolution of calcite under high water saturation conditions. The results of this study indicate a dominant role of the surface layer of tailings and previous precipitation conditions in the formation of the surface runoff chemistry. In the future, surface runoff and fast releases of contaminants may become more important as a consequence of on-going climatic changes resulting in higher intensity of storm events. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mining wastes of Zn-Pb ores were studied at Olkusz, Southern Poland, using X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS analyses. Additionally the chemistry of surface water runoff collected on the tailings slope was analyzed. The surface layer of tailing piles contains pyrite and marcasite, and dolomite as predominant carbonate mineral. The principal secondary sulfate mineral is gypsum, but the presence of trace epsomite was also inferred. Grains of dolomite are relatively fresh: the source of Ca necessary for crystallization of gypsum seems to be highly corroded minor calcite. In surface runoff, pH is close to neutral; Ca and sulfate are the dominant ions, followed by Mg. Concentrations of sulfate reaches 939. mg/l, whereas concentrations of Ca and Mg are 389. mg/l and 15.43. mg/l, respectively. The principal heavy metal in runoff is Zn, reaching 2.65. mg/l. Most species in runoff exhibited a negative correlation with the amount of precipitation in 5. days preceding the formation of surface runoff, due to their presence in efflorescent salts precipitated in dry period. Bicarbonate showed a positive correlation with the amount of precipitation, probably due to enhanced dissolution of calcite under high water saturation conditions. The results of this study indicate a dominant role of the surface layer of tailings and previous precipitation conditions in the formation of the surface runoff chemistry. In the future, surface runoff and fast releases of contaminants may become more important as a consequence of on-going climatic changes resulting in higher intensity of storm events. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Cabała, J.; Smieja-Król, B.; Jabłońska, M.; Chróst, L.
Mineral components in a peat deposit: Looking for signs of early mining and smelting activities in Silesia-Cracow region (Southern Poland) Journal Article
In: Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 2559-2568, 2013, ISSN: 18666280, (32).
@article{2-s2.0-84906948794,
title = {Mineral components in a peat deposit: Looking for signs of early mining and smelting activities in Silesia-Cracow region (Southern Poland)},
author = { J. Cabała and B. Smieja-Król and M. Jabłońska and L. Chróst},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906948794&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-012-2080-6&partnerID=40&md5=c516e6e51c5ce7591fbbe1a88b9bdbde},
doi = {10.1007/s12665-012-2080-6},
issn = {18666280},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},
volume = {69},
number = {8},
pages = {2559-2568},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {The results of investigations (SEM/EDS and AAS) of a peat deposit, spanning 13,000 years of peat accumulation, are shown. The peat deposit is located in a region of shallow occurrence of Zn-Pb ores, near Tarnowskie Góry town, within the Cracow-Silesia district (southern Poland). Exploitation of lead, silver and iron during the medieval times (Twelfth and thirteenth century) was confirmed by historical documents whereas there are no unambiguous data showing that there was metal mining during the Romanian or earlier times in the region. The peat deposit is located within the influence of atmospheric Pb and Zn emission from a nearby Zn-Pb smelter. Two vertical peat profiles were investigated (120 and 140 cm depth of profile) showing variable concentrations of Zn up to 713 mg kg-1, Pb up to 317 mg kg-1, Cd up to 13 mg kg-1and Tl up to 31 mg kg-1. The highest concentrations were recorded for the uppermost peat layers. SEM and EDS investigations revealed the occurrence of metalbearing, submicroscopic mineral components: Fe, Mn, Ti and Zn oxides and Zn and Pb carbonates. The top layer of the deposit contained Zn, Pb and Cd sulphides. The occurrence of aggregates of Au-Ag, Cu-Zn and Au-Ag-Cu alloys can be possibly related to prehistorical mining and smelting or be explained by geochemical transformations. The preservation of carbonates and oxides in the peat is discussed, indicating a generally neutral to alkaline peat water chemistry and maintenance of an oxidized environment in the fen. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.},
note = {32},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The results of investigations (SEM/EDS and AAS) of a peat deposit, spanning 13,000 years of peat accumulation, are shown. The peat deposit is located in a region of shallow occurrence of Zn-Pb ores, near Tarnowskie Góry town, within the Cracow-Silesia district (southern Poland). Exploitation of lead, silver and iron during the medieval times (Twelfth and thirteenth century) was confirmed by historical documents whereas there are no unambiguous data showing that there was metal mining during the Romanian or earlier times in the region. The peat deposit is located within the influence of atmospheric Pb and Zn emission from a nearby Zn-Pb smelter. Two vertical peat profiles were investigated (120 and 140 cm depth of profile) showing variable concentrations of Zn up to 713 mg kg-1, Pb up to 317 mg kg-1, Cd up to 13 mg kg-1and Tl up to 31 mg kg-1. The highest concentrations were recorded for the uppermost peat layers. SEM and EDS investigations revealed the occurrence of metalbearing, submicroscopic mineral components: Fe, Mn, Ti and Zn oxides and Zn and Pb carbonates. The top layer of the deposit contained Zn, Pb and Cd sulphides. The occurrence of aggregates of Au-Ag, Cu-Zn and Au-Ag-Cu alloys can be possibly related to prehistorical mining and smelting or be explained by geochemical transformations. The preservation of carbonates and oxides in the peat is discussed, indicating a generally neutral to alkaline peat water chemistry and maintenance of an oxidized environment in the fen. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.
2011
Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Smieja-Król, B.; Palowski, B. F.
Heavy metal accumulation in two peat bogs from southern Poland Journal Article
In: Studia Quaternaria, vol. 28, pp. 17-24, 2011, ISSN: 16415558, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-84855692557,
title = {Heavy metal accumulation in two peat bogs from southern Poland},
author = { B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and B. Smieja-Król and B.F. Palowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855692557&partnerID=40&md5=a1f3cdfdb6dff6b6852fa1641945624a},
issn = {16415558},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Studia Quaternaria},
volume = {28},
pages = {17-24},
abstract = {The dynamic changes in selected heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in two ombrotrophic peat bogs from southern Poland: Puścizna Mala (PK) and Puścizna Krauszowska (PM). The highest contents of Pb and Zn occur at the top of profiles examined: 115.36 mg/kg (PM1), 90.61 mg/kg (PM2), 182.40 mg/kg (PK1), 121.68 mg/kg (PK2) and 127.43 mg/kg (PM1), 89.73 mg/kg (PM2), 170 mg/kg (PK1), 130.4 mg/kg (PK2), respectively. Concentrations of copper are similar to those of local soils varying from 9.4 to 12.8 mg/kg. Cadmium strongly varies with depth, which indicates distinct mobility of this element. Two peaks of elevated Fe concentrations are observed at the top and bottom of the Puścizna Mala profile, while the maximum in Puścizna Krauszowska was at the top of the peat bog. The Ti content distinctly varies with depth and correlates with the ash content (R 2 = 0.91-0.99). The strongest and positive correlation is observed between Zn-Pb and Ti-Pb contents. The significant differences of metal concentrations are noted between the profiles, which is probably connected with a rate of peat accumulation and plant composition of the profiles investigated, as well as with their disturbance by human activity.},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The dynamic changes in selected heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in two ombrotrophic peat bogs from southern Poland: Puścizna Mala (PK) and Puścizna Krauszowska (PM). The highest contents of Pb and Zn occur at the top of profiles examined: 115.36 mg/kg (PM1), 90.61 mg/kg (PM2), 182.40 mg/kg (PK1), 121.68 mg/kg (PK2) and 127.43 mg/kg (PM1), 89.73 mg/kg (PM2), 170 mg/kg (PK1), 130.4 mg/kg (PK2), respectively. Concentrations of copper are similar to those of local soils varying from 9.4 to 12.8 mg/kg. Cadmium strongly varies with depth, which indicates distinct mobility of this element. Two peaks of elevated Fe concentrations are observed at the top and bottom of the Puścizna Mala profile, while the maximum in Puścizna Krauszowska was at the top of the peat bog. The Ti content distinctly varies with depth and correlates with the ash content (R 2 = 0.91-0.99). The strongest and positive correlation is observed between Zn-Pb and Ti-Pb contents. The significant differences of metal concentrations are noted between the profiles, which is probably connected with a rate of peat accumulation and plant composition of the profiles investigated, as well as with their disturbance by human activity.
2010
Smieja-Król, B.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Sikorski, J.; Palowski, B. F.
Heavy metal behaviour in peat - A mineralogical perspective Journal Article
In: Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 23, pp. 5924-5931, 2010, ISSN: 00489697, (55).
@article{2-s2.0-77958108730,
title = {Heavy metal behaviour in peat - A mineralogical perspective},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and J. Sikorski and B.F. Palowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77958108730&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2010.08.032&partnerID=40&md5=c3459c376a5c11b874542151d258b807},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.032},
issn = {00489697},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
volume = {408},
number = {23},
pages = {5924-5931},
abstract = {The mineralogical composition of a 40cm subsurface layer of transitional mire 'Bagno Bruch' (southern Poland) polluted with atmospheric dust was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mire is located 9km to the east of a zinc smelter on the northern limit of industrial Upper Silesia in southern Poland. Concentrations of zinc, lead and cadmium reach values of 494, 238 and 16mgkg-1, respectively, in the peat layer.Inorganic particles in the peat were grouped into two main categories based on their origin: air dust particles of anthropogenic- and natural sources, and authigenic minerals that originated within the mire. Anthropogenic particles comprise an important part of the inorganic particles in the peat. As they are typically enriched in heavy metals, their stability is critical to controlling metal mobilities. Spheroidal aluminosilicate fly-ash particles are the most common- and most stable anthropogenic pollutants. Partially dissolved Pb-bearing particles (sulphides; chlorides and oxides) and ZnS occur as trace components throughout the peat profile. The prolonged existence of the particles made them susceptible to gravitational relocation in the peat and limits the biogeochemical cycling of the constituent elements. The least resistant Fe (hydro)oxides release Zn and minor amounts of Mn, Mg and Sn due to reductive dissolution. The released Zn is immobilized in the form of ZnS spherules, 1-3 μm in diameter, approximately 10. cm further down in the profile.The investigation shows that the behaviour of trace elements in polluted peatland is controlled by mineral dissolution/precipitation processes. The formation of authigenic minerals (ZnS; barite; gypsum) indicates complex redox conditions and element redistribution in the transitional mire. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {55},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The mineralogical composition of a 40cm subsurface layer of transitional mire 'Bagno Bruch' (southern Poland) polluted with atmospheric dust was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The mire is located 9km to the east of a zinc smelter on the northern limit of industrial Upper Silesia in southern Poland. Concentrations of zinc, lead and cadmium reach values of 494, 238 and 16mgkg-1, respectively, in the peat layer.Inorganic particles in the peat were grouped into two main categories based on their origin: air dust particles of anthropogenic- and natural sources, and authigenic minerals that originated within the mire. Anthropogenic particles comprise an important part of the inorganic particles in the peat. As they are typically enriched in heavy metals, their stability is critical to controlling metal mobilities. Spheroidal aluminosilicate fly-ash particles are the most common- and most stable anthropogenic pollutants. Partially dissolved Pb-bearing particles (sulphides; chlorides and oxides) and ZnS occur as trace components throughout the peat profile. The prolonged existence of the particles made them susceptible to gravitational relocation in the peat and limits the biogeochemical cycling of the constituent elements. The least resistant Fe (hydro)oxides release Zn and minor amounts of Mn, Mg and Sn due to reductive dissolution. The released Zn is immobilized in the form of ZnS spherules, 1-3 μm in diameter, approximately 10. cm further down in the profile.The investigation shows that the behaviour of trace elements in polluted peatland is controlled by mineral dissolution/precipitation processes. The formation of authigenic minerals (ZnS; barite; gypsum) indicates complex redox conditions and element redistribution in the transitional mire. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
2009
Bauerek, A.; Cabała, J.; Smieja-Król, B.
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 781-788, 2009, ISSN: 12301485, (18).
@article{2-s2.0-70350506117,
title = {Mineralogical alterations of Zn-Pb flotation wastes of mississippi valley-type ores (Southern Poland) and their impact on contamination of rainwater runoff},
author = { A. Bauerek and J. Cabała and B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70350506117&partnerID=40&md5=41f422a4bd05a5f0651280f2ef929d86},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {781-788},
abstract = {Research was carried out on the slopes of a tailings pond built from carbonate wastes, rich in metal flotation wastes of Mississipi Valley-Type Zn-Pb ores in the Silesia-Krakow ore district (southern Poland). These wastes, resulting from Zn-Pb ore processing, may have a detrimental impact on the environment. This study presents results of chemical (ICP; IC; AAS) and mineralogical (XRD; SEM-EDS) characterizations of material from the superficial waste layer, water runoff and relocated suspension. They indicate the occurrence of several secondary mineral phases (Fe oxide; Zn and Pb carbonate; and sulfate-containing metals), resulting from the weathering processes of primary Fe, Zn, and Pb sulfides. Results of XRD and SEM examinations point to the increase of sulfate mineral content in the top layer of wastes compared to the wastes in depth. Rainwater runoff (RWR) on the slopes of tailings is characterised by the prevalence of calcium and sulfate, as well as the presence of metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Sr and Cd. Metals and sulfates migration in RWR is one of the ways of contaminants' spreading around Zn-Pb processing mine tailings.},
note = {18},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research was carried out on the slopes of a tailings pond built from carbonate wastes, rich in metal flotation wastes of Mississipi Valley-Type Zn-Pb ores in the Silesia-Krakow ore district (southern Poland). These wastes, resulting from Zn-Pb ore processing, may have a detrimental impact on the environment. This study presents results of chemical (ICP; IC; AAS) and mineralogical (XRD; SEM-EDS) characterizations of material from the superficial waste layer, water runoff and relocated suspension. They indicate the occurrence of several secondary mineral phases (Fe oxide; Zn and Pb carbonate; and sulfate-containing metals), resulting from the weathering processes of primary Fe, Zn, and Pb sulfides. Results of XRD and SEM examinations point to the increase of sulfate mineral content in the top layer of wastes compared to the wastes in depth. Rainwater runoff (RWR) on the slopes of tailings is characterised by the prevalence of calcium and sulfate, as well as the presence of metals such as Zn, Fe, Mn, Sr and Cd. Metals and sulfates migration in RWR is one of the ways of contaminants' spreading around Zn-Pb processing mine tailings.
Smieja-Król, B.; Duber, S.; Rouzaud, J. N.
Multiscale organisation of organic matter associated with gold and uranium minerals in the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa Journal Article
In: International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 77-88, 2009, ISSN: 01665162, (20).
@article{2-s2.0-59649101053,
title = {Multiscale organisation of organic matter associated with gold and uranium minerals in the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and S. Duber and J.N. Rouzaud},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-59649101053&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2008.09.007&partnerID=40&md5=ff220fc3eb6385aa8a3998a1ff52d200},
doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2008.09.007},
issn = {01665162},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},
volume = {78},
number = {1},
pages = {77-88},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Organic matter from the northern part of the Early Proterozoic Witwatersrand basin (Carbon Leader reef) was investigated using optical (OM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes, completed by XRD analysis. The multiscale organization (texture; microtexture; structure) of the organic matter was observed in order to gain information about the processes which affected organic material after its deposition in sediments. In the micrometre scale (optical microscope), the shape and size of the Reflectance Indicating Surface (RIS) of the organic matter were determined. The organic matter reveals a prevailing biaxial symmetry. The size of RIS is generally dependent on uranium and increases with increasing uranium concentration. Furthermore, it appears that more than one RIS is present within the scale of a single sample, each with a different symmetry and size. The presence of domains differing in organisation of the aromatic framework was confirmed by TEM observation in the DF mode. The aromatic skeleton of organic matter is composed of short, often crumpled, mostly isolated (non-stacked) polyaromatic layers whose fringe length corresponds to 3-16 aromatic rings. The data indicate reorganization of the polyaromatic organic matter structure under stress in high pressure and relatively low temperature conditions. The organic matter was in a solid state within the rocks before the pressure event. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
note = {20},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Organic matter from the northern part of the Early Proterozoic Witwatersrand basin (Carbon Leader reef) was investigated using optical (OM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopes, completed by XRD analysis. The multiscale organization (texture; microtexture; structure) of the organic matter was observed in order to gain information about the processes which affected organic material after its deposition in sediments. In the micrometre scale (optical microscope), the shape and size of the Reflectance Indicating Surface (RIS) of the organic matter were determined. The organic matter reveals a prevailing biaxial symmetry. The size of RIS is generally dependent on uranium and increases with increasing uranium concentration. Furthermore, it appears that more than one RIS is present within the scale of a single sample, each with a different symmetry and size. The presence of domains differing in organisation of the aromatic framework was confirmed by TEM observation in the DF mode. The aromatic skeleton of organic matter is composed of short, often crumpled, mostly isolated (non-stacked) polyaromatic layers whose fringe length corresponds to 3-16 aromatic rings. The data indicate reorganization of the polyaromatic organic matter structure under stress in high pressure and relatively low temperature conditions. The organic matter was in a solid state within the rocks before the pressure event. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2004
Cebulak, S.; Smieja-Król, B.; Duber, S.; Misz-Kennan, M.; Morawski, A. W.
Oxyreactive thermal analysis a good tool for the investigation of carbon materials Proceedings
vol. 77, no. 1, 2004, ISSN: 13886150, (4).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-3142687648,
title = {Oxyreactive thermal analysis a good tool for the investigation of carbon materials},
author = { S. Cebulak and B. Smieja-Król and S. Duber and M. Misz-Kennan and A.W. Morawski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3142687648&doi=10.1023%2fB%3aJTAN.0000033204.53768.bb&partnerID=40&md5=9e47000f57697d526c32ad4a2843863f},
doi = {10.1023/B:JTAN.0000033204.53768.bb},
issn = {13886150},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry},
volume = {77},
number = {1},
pages = {201-206},
abstract = {The paper presents the applicability of Oxyreactive Thermal Analysis (OTA) for the investigation of different kinds of carbon matter. For comparative reasons and more precise interpretation, along with OTA some physico-chemical properties of analyzed materials were used as the methods commonly applied for the investigations. The carbon materials of both natural (anthracites; graphite and diamonds) and synthetic origin (active carbon; glass carbon; expanded graphite; soot and synthetic diamonds) were investigated. It was stated that there is close relationship between structure parameters and physico-chemical properties and the thermal reactivity within the investigated groups of carbon matters. The results show that OTA can be accepted as a good investigative way for such materials.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The paper presents the applicability of Oxyreactive Thermal Analysis (OTA) for the investigation of different kinds of carbon matter. For comparative reasons and more precise interpretation, along with OTA some physico-chemical properties of analyzed materials were used as the methods commonly applied for the investigations. The carbon materials of both natural (anthracites; graphite and diamonds) and synthetic origin (active carbon; glass carbon; expanded graphite; soot and synthetic diamonds) were investigated. It was stated that there is close relationship between structure parameters and physico-chemical properties and the thermal reactivity within the investigated groups of carbon matters. The results show that OTA can be accepted as a good investigative way for such materials.
2003
Smieja-Król, B.
Analysis of organic matter from witwatersrand basin (South Africa) by OTA and Py-GC-MS. Preliminary results Journal Article
In: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 383-391, 2003, ISSN: 13886150, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-0038050439,
title = {Analysis of organic matter from witwatersrand basin (South Africa) by OTA and Py-GC-MS. Preliminary results},
author = { B. Smieja-Król},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0038050439&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1023921214759&partnerID=40&md5=dd09d653d8df1e916afcf55e494754f6},
doi = {10.1023/A:1023921214759},
issn = {13886150},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry},
volume = {72},
number = {1},
pages = {383-391},
abstract = {Oxyreactive Thermal Analysis (OTA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) have been performed on highly matured, uraniferous samples. Organic matter investigated by OTA gives two exothermic peaks on DTA curves. The dominant peak appearing at temperature higher than 500°C, confirm the high maturity of the organic matter. Results of analysis by Py-GC-MS complement the OTA results. The organic matter in all of the samples shows the same general pyrolysis characteristics. The pyrograms are dominated by low molecular mass aromatic hydrocarbons. The samples differ in relative abundances of the compounds. The changes in temperature and intensity of the lower-temperature peak in OTA method and differences in relative abundances of aromatic hydrocarbons were used to investigate differences in thermal maturity of the organic matter.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Oxyreactive Thermal Analysis (OTA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) have been performed on highly matured, uraniferous samples. Organic matter investigated by OTA gives two exothermic peaks on DTA curves. The dominant peak appearing at temperature higher than 500°C, confirm the high maturity of the organic matter. Results of analysis by Py-GC-MS complement the OTA results. The organic matter in all of the samples shows the same general pyrolysis characteristics. The pyrograms are dominated by low molecular mass aromatic hydrocarbons. The samples differ in relative abundances of the compounds. The changes in temperature and intensity of the lower-temperature peak in OTA method and differences in relative abundances of aromatic hydrocarbons were used to investigate differences in thermal maturity of the organic matter.