• prof. dr hab. Stanisław Czaja
Position: Profesor
Unit: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adress: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Floor: XVII
Room: 1720
Phone: (32) 3689 297
E-mail: stanislaw.czaja@us.edu.pl
Publications list: Publications by CINiBA
Publications list: Publications by OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 7005547928
Publications from the Scopus database
2021
Molenda, T.; Czajka, A.; Czaja, S. W.; Spyt, B.
Rapid river bed recovery after the in-channel mining: The case of vistula river, Poland Journal Article
In: Water (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 5, 2021, ISSN: 20734441, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85102660216,
title = {Rapid river bed recovery after the in-channel mining: The case of vistula river, Poland},
author = { T. Molenda and A. Czajka and S.W. Czaja and B. Spyt},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102660216&doi=10.3390%2fw13050623&partnerID=40&md5=55f967ed693a075fdfb2ece7fb601dc9},
doi = {10.3390/w13050623},
issn = {20734441},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Water (Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {The effects of in-channel wet-pit mining is nowadays widely discussed in terms of negative influence of the created pits on the river ecosystem and fluvial processes. The pits induce an alteration of natural flow or sediment transport. This paper describes the post-mining channel recovery observed in a relatively short time in a gravelly sand bed lowland river. The study was based on repeated bathymetry of the channel and grain size analyses of bed material taken from the mining area and its surrounding upstream and downstream pit. We also use calculations of possible bedload sediment movement in the studied river reach. We noticed that the excavation pit exceeded the maximum depth of 8.8 m in 2014 and, immediately after the end of mining, the bedload started to infill the pit. The bathymetric measurements in 2019 indicated that the process of pit infill was completed after five years, though the former pit is refilled with material finer than the natural bedload observed in the discussed river reach, and consists mainly of sand. The studied process of pit infilling runs continuously, even during the annual average water stages. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {1},
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pubstate = {published},
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}
The effects of in-channel wet-pit mining is nowadays widely discussed in terms of negative influence of the created pits on the river ecosystem and fluvial processes. The pits induce an alteration of natural flow or sediment transport. This paper describes the post-mining channel recovery observed in a relatively short time in a gravelly sand bed lowland river. The study was based on repeated bathymetry of the channel and grain size analyses of bed material taken from the mining area and its surrounding upstream and downstream pit. We also use calculations of possible bedload sediment movement in the studied river reach. We noticed that the excavation pit exceeded the maximum depth of 8.8 m in 2014 and, immediately after the end of mining, the bedload started to infill the pit. The bathymetric measurements in 2019 indicated that the process of pit infill was completed after five years, though the former pit is refilled with material finer than the natural bedload observed in the discussed river reach, and consists mainly of sand. The studied process of pit infilling runs continuously, even during the annual average water stages. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2014
Czaja, S. W.; Rahmonov, O.; Wach, J.; Gajos, M.
Ecohydrological monitoring in assessing the mining impact on riverside ecosystems Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 629-637, 2014, ISSN: 12301485, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-84899718998,
title = {Ecohydrological monitoring in assessing the mining impact on riverside ecosystems},
author = { S.W. Czaja and O. Rahmonov and J. Wach and M. Gajos},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84899718998&partnerID=40&md5=664964194ff185a8b7d672a11dae4d46},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {629-637},
publisher = {HARD},
abstract = {Ecohydrological monitoring was conducted in the period of 1999-2013 (and beyond) in the riverhead section of the Kłodnica Valley, in the riverside ecosystems in the southern part of the Silesian Upland. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the impact of mining on the changes in water conditions and their impact on plant ecosystems connected with waterlogged habitats in the valley. The monitoring included observations on the variability of the water table, the size of mining subsidence and the scale of ground deformation. In order to monitor the range of Allium ursinum and Veratrum lobelianum, five permanent plots of 100 m2 each were established. During coal extraction (2000-06) the water table depths ranged from 0 to 2.4 m in the uplands, and from 0 to about 1 m in the valley, and the waterlogging of the substrate was dependent on precipitation conditions (amount and distribution of rainfall throughout a year). At that time, the surface of the area lowered by a maximum of 1.78 m. After the coalmine operation ceased, i.e. in the period of 2007-13, the subsidence significantly declined and did not exceed 15 cm. The monitored populations of Allium ursinum L. and Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. did not show considerable changes in terms of the area they occupied. However, a trend was observed to increase their ranges not only in the plots but also in the whole area. Local decrease in the ranges of the tested species was caused by forest management carried out at the same time. According to the results of the monitoring, the changes evoked by the mining activities are dependent on geological and lithological conditions, the position of the water table, the size of the mining operation, and ground subsidence, as well as the technology of extraction. It was found that the impact of mining on riparian ecosystems in the study area has not caused negative changes in their functioning.},
note = {7},
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Ecohydrological monitoring was conducted in the period of 1999-2013 (and beyond) in the riverhead section of the Kłodnica Valley, in the riverside ecosystems in the southern part of the Silesian Upland. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the impact of mining on the changes in water conditions and their impact on plant ecosystems connected with waterlogged habitats in the valley. The monitoring included observations on the variability of the water table, the size of mining subsidence and the scale of ground deformation. In order to monitor the range of Allium ursinum and Veratrum lobelianum, five permanent plots of 100 m2 each were established. During coal extraction (2000-06) the water table depths ranged from 0 to 2.4 m in the uplands, and from 0 to about 1 m in the valley, and the waterlogging of the substrate was dependent on precipitation conditions (amount and distribution of rainfall throughout a year). At that time, the surface of the area lowered by a maximum of 1.78 m. After the coalmine operation ceased, i.e. in the period of 2007-13, the subsidence significantly declined and did not exceed 15 cm. The monitored populations of Allium ursinum L. and Veratrum lobelianum Bernh. did not show considerable changes in terms of the area they occupied. However, a trend was observed to increase their ranges not only in the plots but also in the whole area. Local decrease in the ranges of the tested species was caused by forest management carried out at the same time. According to the results of the monitoring, the changes evoked by the mining activities are dependent on geological and lithological conditions, the position of the water table, the size of the mining operation, and ground subsidence, as well as the technology of extraction. It was found that the impact of mining on riparian ecosystems in the study area has not caused negative changes in their functioning.
2013
Czaja, S. W.
18th-20th century flood-induced changes in the landscapes of the Mała Wisła Valley within the Oświęcimska basin Journal Article
In: Geographia Polonica, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 23-31, 2013, ISSN: 00167282.
@article{2-s2.0-84878760737,
title = {18th-20th century flood-induced changes in the landscapes of the Mała Wisła Valley within the Oświęcimska basin},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84878760737&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.2012.4.22&partnerID=40&md5=f6eaa8a8844df10cea37373495ed00ae},
doi = {10.7163/GPol.2012.4.22},
issn = {00167282},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Geographia Polonica},
volume = {85},
number = {4},
pages = {23-31},
publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},
abstract = {Shaping of the Mała Wisła ('Little Vistula') Valley allowed economic use to be made of it by the early Middle Ages. At first, this took the form of the constructing of many mill streams, but then the system of fish ponds characteristic of the Valley landscape to this day was also put in place (in the 16th-17th centuries). However, the numerous floods affecting the Valley down the centuries regularly devastated the ponds, as well as filling in or changing the courses of the mill streams. Archive records, sketches and topographic maps all show that the receding of floodwaters was followed by the rebuilding of ponds albeit mostly with shapes, sizes and layouts of embankments different from those that had been present before. This therefore brought about significant changes in the landscape of the Valley. By the end of the 19th century, floods had produced very marked changes in the landscape of the Valley under study. In contrast, floods do not now bring about permanent changes in the Valley because the construction of the Goczałkowice Reservoir led to a lowering in the level of episodes of peak high water. © Stanisław W. Czaja.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Shaping of the Mała Wisła ('Little Vistula') Valley allowed economic use to be made of it by the early Middle Ages. At first, this took the form of the constructing of many mill streams, but then the system of fish ponds characteristic of the Valley landscape to this day was also put in place (in the 16th-17th centuries). However, the numerous floods affecting the Valley down the centuries regularly devastated the ponds, as well as filling in or changing the courses of the mill streams. Archive records, sketches and topographic maps all show that the receding of floodwaters was followed by the rebuilding of ponds albeit mostly with shapes, sizes and layouts of embankments different from those that had been present before. This therefore brought about significant changes in the landscape of the Valley. By the end of the 19th century, floods had produced very marked changes in the landscape of the Valley under study. In contrast, floods do not now bring about permanent changes in the Valley because the construction of the Goczałkowice Reservoir led to a lowering in the level of episodes of peak high water. © Stanisław W. Czaja.
2007
Absalon, D.; Czaja, S. W.; Jankowski, A. T.
In: Geographia Polonica, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 97-109, 2007, ISSN: 00167282, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-52649123814,
title = {Factors influencing floods in the urbanized and industrialized areas of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region in the 19th and 20th centuries (the Kłodnica catchment case study)},
author = { D. Absalon and S.W. Czaja and A.T. Jankowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-52649123814&partnerID=40&md5=ebf2befdbb7b6c5fbf115c5ade9abcf3},
issn = {00167282},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Geographia Polonica},
volume = {80},
number = {2},
pages = {97-109},
abstract = {The occurrence and pattern of floods in urban industrial areas depend on both the hydro-meteorological and physico-geographical properties of the catchment area and on the degree of anthropogenic transformation of land. The area selected for research is one of the largest urban mining-industrial districts in Europe, known as the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR). Besides the 'typical' flood risk, which manifests itself in rivers overflowing their banks, this catchment is also threatened with floods that do not depend on meteorological factors but are caused by the formation of flood lands in areas transformed due to deep mining of hard coal. The pattern of floods in the catchment has also been influenced by changes in the forms of land use resulting from the growth of urbanized areas. Because of the increasing flood risk and the fact that it is impossible to build water storage reservoirs other possibilities of improving water retention capacity in the catchment have been indicated.},
note = {5},
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pubstate = {published},
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}
The occurrence and pattern of floods in urban industrial areas depend on both the hydro-meteorological and physico-geographical properties of the catchment area and on the degree of anthropogenic transformation of land. The area selected for research is one of the largest urban mining-industrial districts in Europe, known as the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR). Besides the 'typical' flood risk, which manifests itself in rivers overflowing their banks, this catchment is also threatened with floods that do not depend on meteorological factors but are caused by the formation of flood lands in areas transformed due to deep mining of hard coal. The pattern of floods in the catchment has also been influenced by changes in the forms of land use resulting from the growth of urbanized areas. Because of the increasing flood risk and the fact that it is impossible to build water storage reservoirs other possibilities of improving water retention capacity in the catchment have been indicated.
2005
Czaja, S. W.
Changes in river discharge structure and regime in mining-industrial-urban areas Journal Article
In: Regional Environmental Change, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18-26, 2005, ISSN: 14363798, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-21644431529,
title = {Changes in river discharge structure and regime in mining-industrial-urban areas},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21644431529&doi=10.1007%2fs10113-004-0084-9&partnerID=40&md5=72e7c2dc09280b1cb3773afad42c2450},
doi = {10.1007/s10113-004-0084-9},
issn = {14363798},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {18-26},
abstract = {In mining-industrial-urban areas, the variability of river discharge is regulated, directly or indirectly, by human economic activity. This results from the presence of "alien" water, which often comes from outside the catchment area, is discharged into the river network. This water includes industrial and municipal wastewater and deep-drainage mine water. Simultaneously, as a result of water intake and water infiltration into dry ground (due to mining), the volume of river discharge decreases. Such changeable conditions of water alimentation and drainage are typical of many regions of Europe. Detailed investigations of the range and directions of changes in river structure and regime were carried out for the area of Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR) of Poland. The results were compared with the results of investigations carried out in the Ruhr Basin of Germany and the Donetsk Basin of the Ukraine and Russia. The investigations showed that, in some cases, prolonged, multifunctional economic activity of a man has effectively eliminated of the influence of natural hydrometeorological conditions on river discharge. Wastewater and mine water which has contributed to river flow is only slightly variable in the annual cycle and it causes an increase of water volume and a discharge smoothing. Sewage effluent and mine wastewater also change the structure of river runoff because their contribution to the runoff sometimes exceeds 90% of its volume. © Springer-Verlag 2005.},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In mining-industrial-urban areas, the variability of river discharge is regulated, directly or indirectly, by human economic activity. This results from the presence of "alien" water, which often comes from outside the catchment area, is discharged into the river network. This water includes industrial and municipal wastewater and deep-drainage mine water. Simultaneously, as a result of water intake and water infiltration into dry ground (due to mining), the volume of river discharge decreases. Such changeable conditions of water alimentation and drainage are typical of many regions of Europe. Detailed investigations of the range and directions of changes in river structure and regime were carried out for the area of Upper Silesian Industrial Region (USIR) of Poland. The results were compared with the results of investigations carried out in the Ruhr Basin of Germany and the Donetsk Basin of the Ukraine and Russia. The investigations showed that, in some cases, prolonged, multifunctional economic activity of a man has effectively eliminated of the influence of natural hydrometeorological conditions on river discharge. Wastewater and mine water which has contributed to river flow is only slightly variable in the annual cycle and it causes an increase of water volume and a discharge smoothing. Sewage effluent and mine wastewater also change the structure of river runoff because their contribution to the runoff sometimes exceeds 90% of its volume. © Springer-Verlag 2005.
2001
Czaja, S. W.
Mining and hydrological transformations in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century Journal Article
In: Geographical Journal, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 57-71, 2001, ISSN: 00167398, (9).
@article{2-s2.0-0035062122,
title = {Mining and hydrological transformations in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035062122&doi=10.1111%2f1475-4959.t01-1-00005&partnerID=40&md5=d612f413dda0241a43e7b074aa6e0356},
doi = {10.1111/1475-4959.t01-1-00005},
issn = {00167398},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-01-01},
journal = {Geographical Journal},
volume = {167},
number = {1},
pages = {57-71},
publisher = {Royal Geographical Society},
abstract = {This paper analyses the influence of mining on hydrological conditions in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The perturbation of local hydrological conditions began in the fifteenth century as a result of wide-scale mining of iron, silver and lead ores. Further changes took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, following the application of gravitational mine drainage. As a result, a compact cone of depression, covering an area of about three square kilometres was created. In the eighteenth century, the activities of mills, sawmills and smelters caused considerable changes in the surface river network and created the so-called anthropogenic Upper Silesian Lakeland. At the end of the eighteenth century, underground mining activity was renewed and as a result the area of the compact cone of depression increased to ten square kilometres and its depth reached 50 metres.},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
This paper analyses the influence of mining on hydrological conditions in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The perturbation of local hydrological conditions began in the fifteenth century as a result of wide-scale mining of iron, silver and lead ores. Further changes took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, following the application of gravitational mine drainage. As a result, a compact cone of depression, covering an area of about three square kilometres was created. In the eighteenth century, the activities of mills, sawmills and smelters caused considerable changes in the surface river network and created the so-called anthropogenic Upper Silesian Lakeland. At the end of the eighteenth century, underground mining activity was renewed and as a result the area of the compact cone of depression increased to ten square kilometres and its depth reached 50 metres.
1997
Czaja, S. W.
In: Erde, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. S117-S129, 1997, ISSN: 00139998, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-5644241845,
title = {Human impact on the runoff regimes of rivers in the industrial region of Upper Silesia [Der Einfluß des Menschen auf die Abflußregime der Flüsse im Oberschlesischen Industriegebiet]},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5644241845&partnerID=40&md5=ed08cfeaba7233afa1449c1400d5bc36},
issn = {00139998},
year = {1997},
date = {1997-01-01},
journal = {Erde},
volume = {128},
number = {2},
pages = {S117-S129},
abstract = {Analysis of how economic activity has affected the runoff of rivers in the industrial region of Upper Silesia has revealed significant variations of water balances and runoff regimes, such as the trend towards greater variations in discharge. In natural catchments runoff and precipitation trends are similar, and longterm records show no clear tendency towards changes in runoff. In modified catchments, runoff has doubled. Seasonal and random fluctuations in runoff are less pronounced. In dry years, the natural water supply accounts for 2-14% of overall flow and in average years 18-25%. In many rivers, water loss amounts to about 10-15% of the discharge. Greatly reduced fluctuations in seasonal flow and an increase in runoff owing to the inflow of pit water and municipal and industrial wastewater into the rivers have been observed.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Analysis of how economic activity has affected the runoff of rivers in the industrial region of Upper Silesia has revealed significant variations of water balances and runoff regimes, such as the trend towards greater variations in discharge. In natural catchments runoff and precipitation trends are similar, and longterm records show no clear tendency towards changes in runoff. In modified catchments, runoff has doubled. Seasonal and random fluctuations in runoff are less pronounced. In dry years, the natural water supply accounts for 2-14% of overall flow and in average years 18-25%. In many rivers, water loss amounts to about 10-15% of the discharge. Greatly reduced fluctuations in seasonal flow and an increase in runoff owing to the inflow of pit water and municipal and industrial wastewater into the rivers have been observed.
1996
Czaja, S. W.
Trace precipitation in the Upper Silesian industrial region Journal Article
In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, vol. 140, no. 5-6, pp. 315-322, 1996, ISSN: 00316229.
@article{2-s2.0-5844401258,
title = {Trace precipitation in the Upper Silesian industrial region},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-5844401258&partnerID=40&md5=1c8508e438e459a3a2c1b1e2c374ff6d},
issn = {00316229},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen},
volume = {140},
number = {5-6},
pages = {315-322},
abstract = {Based on data from 41 meteorological stations the paper presents the differentiation of trace (≦0.1 mm) precipitation frequency in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. From the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of this precipitation it appears that their frequency is significantly higher in the urban industrial built-up areas than in the remaining ones. This is confirmed by the monthly distribution of days with precipitation ≦0.1 mm as well as by the mean annual values. It further appears that there is a zone with small frequency of this precipita tion in the Vistula/Oder watershed region and along the margin of the industrial region. With regard to seasonal variability it can be shown that maximum frequencies of precipitation below ≦0.1 mm occur from December to February and the minimum from June to August.},
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Based on data from 41 meteorological stations the paper presents the differentiation of trace (≦0.1 mm) precipitation frequency in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. From the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of this precipitation it appears that their frequency is significantly higher in the urban industrial built-up areas than in the remaining ones. This is confirmed by the monthly distribution of days with precipitation ≦0.1 mm as well as by the mean annual values. It further appears that there is a zone with small frequency of this precipita tion in the Vistula/Oder watershed region and along the margin of the industrial region. With regard to seasonal variability it can be shown that maximum frequencies of precipitation below ≦0.1 mm occur from December to February and the minimum from June to August.
1994
Czaja, S. W.
In: Czasopismo Geograficzne, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 3-16, 1994, ISSN: 00459453.
@article{2-s2.0-0028683004,
title = {Estimation of the variability of vestigial precipitation in the Upper Silesian industrial district [Ocena zmiennosci opadow sladowych w rejonie Gornoslaskiego Okregu Przemyslowego]},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0028683004&partnerID=40&md5=4dff60b141c0dda966af4dae2b7c6331},
issn = {00459453},
year = {1994},
date = {1994-01-01},
journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},
volume = {65},
number = {1},
pages = {3-16},
abstract = {The estimation work visualizes the variability of vestigial precipitation in the Upper Silesian Industrial District. The estimation was made using a model of fluctuations in time, which allows us to determine the trend of precipitation, the annual rhythm of precipitation (seasonal fluctuations) and the influence of meteorological conditions in a given year on the mean annual distribution of precipitation (accidental fluctuations). The analysis takes also into account the mean perennial distribution of the days with vestigial precipitation and the seasons with the highest and lowest frequency of this sort of precipitation. -from English summary},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The estimation work visualizes the variability of vestigial precipitation in the Upper Silesian Industrial District. The estimation was made using a model of fluctuations in time, which allows us to determine the trend of precipitation, the annual rhythm of precipitation (seasonal fluctuations) and the influence of meteorological conditions in a given year on the mean annual distribution of precipitation (accidental fluctuations). The analysis takes also into account the mean perennial distribution of the days with vestigial precipitation and the seasons with the highest and lowest frequency of this sort of precipitation. -from English summary
1989
Czaja, S. W.; Radosz, J.
In: Czasopismo Geograficzne, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 177-189, 1989, ISSN: 00459453, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-0024783571,
title = {Variations of atmospheric precipitation in the area of the Katowice province in the years 1961-1980 [Zmiennosc opadow atmosferycznych na terenie wojewodztwa katowickiego w latach 1961-1980]},
author = { S.W. Czaja and J. Radosz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024783571&partnerID=40&md5=b5c2e7730b14c9f60d1aad2862b42b3e},
issn = {00459453},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},
volume = {60},
number = {2},
pages = {177-189},
abstract = {It has been shown that: the mean annual precipitation sums have markedly increased in the last hundred years; the increase of the mean annual precipitation sums was very high in the years 1961-1980, exceeding 30% in some regions of the province; in some regions of the province a negligible, mostly 4-6% decrease in the annual precipitation sums was recorded; the distribution of the seasonal values of variations in precipitation shows that the Upper Silesian conurbation exerts a certain influence, which is particularly evident in the distinctly diminishing amplitude of fluctuations in the zone surrounding the conurbation from the west and east; neither a positive nor a negative effect of random fluctuations on the mean annual precipitation sums was found. -from English summary},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
It has been shown that: the mean annual precipitation sums have markedly increased in the last hundred years; the increase of the mean annual precipitation sums was very high in the years 1961-1980, exceeding 30% in some regions of the province; in some regions of the province a negligible, mostly 4-6% decrease in the annual precipitation sums was recorded; the distribution of the seasonal values of variations in precipitation shows that the Upper Silesian conurbation exerts a certain influence, which is particularly evident in the distinctly diminishing amplitude of fluctuations in the zone surrounding the conurbation from the west and east; neither a positive nor a negative effect of random fluctuations on the mean annual precipitation sums was found. -from English summary
1988
Czaja, S. W.
In: Dokumentacja Geograficzna, vol. 4, pp. 65-77, 1988, ISSN: 00125032, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-0024155052,
title = {The impact of mining and industrialization on the regime of river run-off in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region on the example of the Brynica drainage area into river gauging station Sosnowiec [Wplyw gornictwa i uprzemyslowienia na rezim odplywu rzek w Gornoslaskim Okregu Przemyslowym na przykladzie zlewni Brynicy do profilu w Sosnowcu]},
author = { S.W. Czaja},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024155052&partnerID=40&md5=8dc3c4342be7d5e8ec694c5486d76061},
issn = {00125032},
year = {1988},
date = {1988-01-01},
journal = {Dokumentacja Geograficzna},
volume = {4},
pages = {65-77},
abstract = {Seasonal variation of run-off from the transformed drainage area is moderated by economic processes which are not subject to seasonal variation. The seasonal variation range in the quasi-natural drainage area amounts to 108 per cent, in the transformed drainage area to between 34 per cent and 20 per cent. The values of casual variation show that its role is big in the quasi-natural drainage area (A) and insignificant in the transformed drainage area (B). Casual variation in drainage area A accounted for 76 per cent, in drainage area B between 32 per cent and 25 per cent of the average run-off. In the natural drainage area the average annual run-off amounted to 7.85 l/s.km2, in the transformed one between 8.75 l/s.km2 and 36.6 l/s.km2. -from English summary},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Seasonal variation of run-off from the transformed drainage area is moderated by economic processes which are not subject to seasonal variation. The seasonal variation range in the quasi-natural drainage area amounts to 108 per cent, in the transformed drainage area to between 34 per cent and 20 per cent. The values of casual variation show that its role is big in the quasi-natural drainage area (A) and insignificant in the transformed drainage area (B). Casual variation in drainage area A accounted for 76 per cent, in drainage area B between 32 per cent and 25 per cent of the average run-off. In the natural drainage area the average annual run-off amounted to 7.85 l/s.km2, in the transformed one between 8.75 l/s.km2 and 36.6 l/s.km2. -from English summary