• dr hab. Jacek Szczygieł
Fulfilling function: Zastępca Dyrektora Kierunku: Aquamatyka-interdyscyplinarne zarządzanie środowiskami wodnymi, Geologia, Geologia stosowana
Position: Prof.Uczelni
Unit: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adress: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Floor: IX
Room: 907
Phone: (32) 3689 255
E-mail: jacek.szczygiel@us.edu.pl
Publications list: Publications by CINiBA
Publications list: Publications by OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 55259647400
Publications from the Scopus database
2024
Sobczyk, A.; Worobiec, E.; Olkowicz, M.; Szczygieł, J.
In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 640, 2024, ISSN: 00310182, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85186078471,
title = {Mid-Miocene onset of the NE Bohemian Massif (SW Poland, Europe) growth, landscape evolution, and paleoenvironmental changes unraveled using paleokarst sediment palynology},
author = { A. Sobczyk and E. Worobiec and M. Olkowicz and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186078471&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2024.112107&partnerID=40&md5=90b11fd5e4694a21fbd24549a48054ae},
doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112107},
issn = {00310182},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
volume = {640},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Newly discovered paleokarst sediments with an abundant Miocene palynological record in the Eastern Sudetes bridge the gap in reconstructing the landscape and tectonic history of the NE Bohemian Massif during the Neogene. Palynological analysis performed for seven samples derived from the karst fissure allowed the examination of the sporomorph distribution (pollen grains and spores of plants) and nonpollen palynomorph content (algal and fungal microremains) in each layer. The results revealed the presence of numerous pre-Quaternary taxa, including “paleotropical” species, within the analyzed sediments. The pollen analysis results indicate a warm-temperate and humid climate during sedimentation of the Nowy Waliszów karst infill, along with the development of wetland vegetation (swamp forests; riparian forests; and shrub bogs) and mesophytic forests. Recorded taxa are typical for flat and hilly landscapes, predating growth of the present >1000-m relief mountainous topography and formation of the primary European triple drainage divide in the Śnieżnik Massif area. Paleokarst palynology strongly supports a mid-Miocene (∼15 ± 1.5 Ma) onset of environmental change in the Sudetes due to accelerated tectonic uplift of the Eastern Boundary Fault bounding the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben and Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome tectonic block. The data presented enhance our understanding of the pre-Pleistocene development of the NE Bohemian Massif, with a particular focus on the orogen-scale landscape evolution from flat, inland wetlands to hilly, mountainous topography. © 2023},
note = {1},
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Newly discovered paleokarst sediments with an abundant Miocene palynological record in the Eastern Sudetes bridge the gap in reconstructing the landscape and tectonic history of the NE Bohemian Massif during the Neogene. Palynological analysis performed for seven samples derived from the karst fissure allowed the examination of the sporomorph distribution (pollen grains and spores of plants) and nonpollen palynomorph content (algal and fungal microremains) in each layer. The results revealed the presence of numerous pre-Quaternary taxa, including “paleotropical” species, within the analyzed sediments. The pollen analysis results indicate a warm-temperate and humid climate during sedimentation of the Nowy Waliszów karst infill, along with the development of wetland vegetation (swamp forests; riparian forests; and shrub bogs) and mesophytic forests. Recorded taxa are typical for flat and hilly landscapes, predating growth of the present >1000-m relief mountainous topography and formation of the primary European triple drainage divide in the Śnieżnik Massif area. Paleokarst palynology strongly supports a mid-Miocene (∼15 ± 1.5 Ma) onset of environmental change in the Sudetes due to accelerated tectonic uplift of the Eastern Boundary Fault bounding the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben and Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome tectonic block. The data presented enhance our understanding of the pre-Pleistocene development of the NE Bohemian Massif, with a particular focus on the orogen-scale landscape evolution from flat, inland wetlands to hilly, mountainous topography. © 2023
Szczygieł, J.; Gradziński, M.; Grasemann, B.; Hercman, H.; Wróblewski, W.; Bella, P.; Littva, J.; Sala, P.
Tectonics or rebound: Pleistocene fault reactivation in the highest mountains of the Carpathians Journal Article
In: Tectonophysics, vol. 871, 2024, ISSN: 00401951, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85180369698,
title = {Tectonics or rebound: Pleistocene fault reactivation in the highest mountains of the Carpathians},
author = { J. Szczygieł and M. Gradziński and B. Grasemann and H. Hercman and W. Wróblewski and P. Bella and J. Littva and P. Sala},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180369698&doi=10.1016%2fj.tecto.2023.230171&partnerID=40&md5=3cb1bcb2d3210c0106efc9be1075a8f4},
doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2023.230171},
issn = {00401951},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Tectonophysics},
volume = {871},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {The steep morphology, highest elevation within the Carpathians, and distinct fault borders of the Tatra Mts. support the assumption of recent tectonic activity. However, for decades, the Quaternary tectonic activity of the Tatra Mts. has been poorly evidenced, and a late Pleistocene fault rupture was discovered recently. Using the protected environment of the caves, we have utilized 230Th/U dating of damaged speleothems to extend the record of Quaternary deformation of the Tatra Mts. up to 0.5 Ma. The results from ten caves reveal five periods of increased activity at 465–332, 280–260, 204.8–188.8, 127–86.6, and 29.5–10.11 ka ago. Three mechanisms of fault reactivation were identified through paleostress analysis of cave passage offsets: (1) gravitational sliding; (2) NNE–SSW transpression, likely associated with the Alps–Carpathians–Pannonian (ALCAPA) NNE motion; and (3) tectonic-driven SE-trending compression that reactivated the strike–slip and the gently dipping oblique lower-order faults. The geochronological data indicate that these three stress regimes operated during the late Pleistocene; however, our fault-slip data do not allow us to identify the dominant process. Herein, we suggest that the fault slip was caused by the isostatic response of the Tatra block to the unloading of mountain glaciers, coupled with sediment evacuation overlapping with regional-scale tectonic processes. These processes are locally obliterated by debuttressing. We also show that the distances between the caves and possible seismic sources (i.e.; the Sub-Tatric and Ružbachy faults) are sufficiently short to break speleothems in response to oscillation. Given that for most caves an earthquake of >Mw6.5 would be destructive, it seems co-seismic deformations in caves are highly likely considering the Mw > 7 potential of the Sub-Tatric Fault. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {2},
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The steep morphology, highest elevation within the Carpathians, and distinct fault borders of the Tatra Mts. support the assumption of recent tectonic activity. However, for decades, the Quaternary tectonic activity of the Tatra Mts. has been poorly evidenced, and a late Pleistocene fault rupture was discovered recently. Using the protected environment of the caves, we have utilized 230Th/U dating of damaged speleothems to extend the record of Quaternary deformation of the Tatra Mts. up to 0.5 Ma. The results from ten caves reveal five periods of increased activity at 465–332, 280–260, 204.8–188.8, 127–86.6, and 29.5–10.11 ka ago. Three mechanisms of fault reactivation were identified through paleostress analysis of cave passage offsets: (1) gravitational sliding; (2) NNE–SSW transpression, likely associated with the Alps–Carpathians–Pannonian (ALCAPA) NNE motion; and (3) tectonic-driven SE-trending compression that reactivated the strike–slip and the gently dipping oblique lower-order faults. The geochronological data indicate that these three stress regimes operated during the late Pleistocene; however, our fault-slip data do not allow us to identify the dominant process. Herein, we suggest that the fault slip was caused by the isostatic response of the Tatra block to the unloading of mountain glaciers, coupled with sediment evacuation overlapping with regional-scale tectonic processes. These processes are locally obliterated by debuttressing. We also show that the distances between the caves and possible seismic sources (i.e.; the Sub-Tatric and Ružbachy faults) are sufficiently short to break speleothems in response to oscillation. Given that for most caves an earthquake of >Mw6.5 would be destructive, it seems co-seismic deformations in caves are highly likely considering the Mw > 7 potential of the Sub-Tatric Fault. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Szczygieł, J.
The Tatra Mountains—Host of the Deepest Caves in the Carpathians Book Chapter
In: vol. Part F2267, pp. 289-299, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024, ISSN: 22132090.
@inbook{2-s2.0-85185952635,
title = {The Tatra Mountains—Host of the Deepest Caves in the Carpathians},
author = { J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185952635&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-45762-3_15&partnerID=40&md5=535efccd162ace6d00146cbe46de2b72},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-45762-3_15},
issn = {22132090},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {World Geomorphological Landscapes},
volume = {Part F2267},
pages = {289-299},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},
abstract = {The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain massif in the Carpathian range, hosting the deepest caves in the belt, reaching a depth of 824 m in the the Wielka Śnieżna Caves System. Cave evolution started at the end of the Miocene and is related to the Tatras’ asymmetrical upliftUplift and, during the Pleistocene, to the existence of mountain glaciersGlacier. Karst in the Tatras is strongly controlled by fold-and-thrustThrust, thrusting setting, which influences both underground flow pathways and cave passage morphology. Caves in the Tatras are the only alpine-type karst phenomena in the Western Carpathians and can be defined by containing deep, epigenic multi-level cave systems with proglacialCaveproglacialvadoseVadose avens, all in the high-relief area shaped by glaciers. Although surface forms are poorly developed, the underground karstic landscape is rich and diverse, with more than 175 km of cave passages. During over a century of research, Polish speleologists have made numerous discoveries, and several of them have become embedded in the global literature, such as the theory of proglacial cavesCaveproglacial. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.},
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}
The Tatra Mountains are the highest mountain massif in the Carpathian range, hosting the deepest caves in the belt, reaching a depth of 824 m in the the Wielka Śnieżna Caves System. Cave evolution started at the end of the Miocene and is related to the Tatras’ asymmetrical upliftUplift and, during the Pleistocene, to the existence of mountain glaciersGlacier. Karst in the Tatras is strongly controlled by fold-and-thrustThrust, thrusting setting, which influences both underground flow pathways and cave passage morphology. Caves in the Tatras are the only alpine-type karst phenomena in the Western Carpathians and can be defined by containing deep, epigenic multi-level cave systems with proglacialCaveproglacialvadoseVadose avens, all in the high-relief area shaped by glaciers. Although surface forms are poorly developed, the underground karstic landscape is rich and diverse, with more than 175 km of cave passages. During over a century of research, Polish speleologists have made numerous discoveries, and several of them have become embedded in the global literature, such as the theory of proglacial cavesCaveproglacial. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
2023
Hercman, H.; Gąsiorowski, M.; Szczygieł, J.; Bella, P.; Gradziński, M.; Błaszczyk, Mar.; Matoušková, S.; Pruner, P.; Bosák, P.
Delayed valley incision due to karst capture (Demänová Cave System, Western Carpathians, Slovakia) Journal Article
In: Geomorphology, vol. 437, 2023, ISSN: 0169555X, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85163862766,
title = {Delayed valley incision due to karst capture (Demänová Cave System, Western Carpathians, Slovakia)},
author = { H. Hercman and M. Gąsiorowski and J. Szczygieł and P. Bella and M. Gradziński and Mar. Błaszczyk and S. Matoušková and P. Pruner and P. Bosák},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163862766&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2023.108809&partnerID=40&md5=d30d6b5e8bcbe32f4a490fc46cd83ed8},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108809},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {437},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Karst systems can control the amount of water flowing on the surface and thus the fluvial erosional efficiency. Here, we used the ages of speleothems from the active cave system to determine the middle Pleistocene history of the entrenchment of the Demänová Valley. By referencing the vertical position of fluvially active and inactive cave passages to the valley bottom, we estimated the deceleration magnitude of the valley incision due to karst drainage through the Demänová Cave System. The well-developed karst system captures a significant volume of surface water and reduces surface erosion. This, in turn, causes a delay in the incision of the valley drained by the caves in comparison to the downstream positions (below the springs of sinking waters), where river-driven erosion dominates. Karst drainage has reduced the erosional efficiency in the inflow part of the Demänová Valley due to a hydraulic gradient among inputs and outputs of allochthonous waters, mostly during the middle and late Pleistocene. The cave level that contains the active underground segment of the Demänovka River, previously dated to ~350 ka, definitely existed earlier than 600 ka. The period from approximately 600 to 395 ± 5 kyr ago was characterized by relatively stable conditions with continuous deposition of flowstones, regardless of the climate episodes, including several glacial–interglacial cycles. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Karst systems can control the amount of water flowing on the surface and thus the fluvial erosional efficiency. Here, we used the ages of speleothems from the active cave system to determine the middle Pleistocene history of the entrenchment of the Demänová Valley. By referencing the vertical position of fluvially active and inactive cave passages to the valley bottom, we estimated the deceleration magnitude of the valley incision due to karst drainage through the Demänová Cave System. The well-developed karst system captures a significant volume of surface water and reduces surface erosion. This, in turn, causes a delay in the incision of the valley drained by the caves in comparison to the downstream positions (below the springs of sinking waters), where river-driven erosion dominates. Karst drainage has reduced the erosional efficiency in the inflow part of the Demänová Valley due to a hydraulic gradient among inputs and outputs of allochthonous waters, mostly during the middle and late Pleistocene. The cave level that contains the active underground segment of the Demänovka River, previously dated to ~350 ka, definitely existed earlier than 600 ka. The period from approximately 600 to 395 ± 5 kyr ago was characterized by relatively stable conditions with continuous deposition of flowstones, regardless of the climate episodes, including several glacial–interglacial cycles. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
2022
Szczygieł, J.; Baroň, I.; Melichar, R.; Plan, L.; Woodell, I. Mitrovic -; Kaminsky, E.; Scholz, D.; Grasemann, B.
Post-Miocene tectonics of the Northern Calcareous Alps Journal Article
In: Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, 2022, ISSN: 20452322, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85140404590,
title = {Post-Miocene tectonics of the Northern Calcareous Alps},
author = { J. Szczygieł and I. Baroň and R. Melichar and L. Plan and I. Mitrovic - Woodell and E. Kaminsky and D. Scholz and B. Grasemann},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140404590&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-022-22737-5&partnerID=40&md5=a95bdf42eb410a318f1ccfae2d43bfbd},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-22737-5},
issn = {20452322},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
publisher = {Nature Research},
abstract = {The Late Cretaceous orogeny followed by the Eocene collision of the Adriatic with the European plate dissected the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) by a number of well-studied strike-slip fault systems accommodating N-S shortening and E-W stretching. However, the post-Miocene fault activity is poorly constrained due to lack of Neogene faulted sediments, and glacial erosion of geomorphic indicators. Using the protected environment of caves, we fill the knowledge gap in the post-Miocene evolution of the NCA by paleostress analysis of 172 reactivated faults that offset passages in 28 caves near major faults. Constrained maximum age of caves, our results indicate that the NCA have been subjected to N to NE trending compression since Pliocene. Faulted speleothems dated with 230Th/U method, indicate that the recorded present-day stress state did not significantly change during the last 0.5 Ma. In contrast to the previously proposed post-Miocene N-S extension of NCA, but in agreement with what was observed in Vienna and Pannonian basins, we conclude that the eastward extrusion resulting from N-S convergence has continued despite a distinct slowdown of plate tectonic velocities in the late Miocene. The N-S extension affected only the Alpine front during Pliocene Molasse basin inversion, while at the scale of the Alpine orogen the NCA underwent successive N-S shortening and E-W stretching. © 2022, The Author(s).},
note = {3},
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The Late Cretaceous orogeny followed by the Eocene collision of the Adriatic with the European plate dissected the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) by a number of well-studied strike-slip fault systems accommodating N-S shortening and E-W stretching. However, the post-Miocene fault activity is poorly constrained due to lack of Neogene faulted sediments, and glacial erosion of geomorphic indicators. Using the protected environment of caves, we fill the knowledge gap in the post-Miocene evolution of the NCA by paleostress analysis of 172 reactivated faults that offset passages in 28 caves near major faults. Constrained maximum age of caves, our results indicate that the NCA have been subjected to N to NE trending compression since Pliocene. Faulted speleothems dated with 230Th/U method, indicate that the recorded present-day stress state did not significantly change during the last 0.5 Ma. In contrast to the previously proposed post-Miocene N-S extension of NCA, but in agreement with what was observed in Vienna and Pannonian basins, we conclude that the eastward extrusion resulting from N-S convergence has continued despite a distinct slowdown of plate tectonic velocities in the late Miocene. The N-S extension affected only the Alpine front during Pliocene Molasse basin inversion, while at the scale of the Alpine orogen the NCA underwent successive N-S shortening and E-W stretching. © 2022, The Author(s).
Szczygieł, J.; Sobczyk, A.; Maciejewski, M.; Fernández, O.
In: Geomorphology, vol. 415, 2022, ISSN: 0169555X.
@article{2-s2.0-85138510697,
title = {Variscan vs. Alpine structural controls: Karstic proto-conduit development within Palaeozoic marble post-conditioned by Alpine faulting (the Niedźwiedzia Cave, NE Bohemian Massif)},
author = { J. Szczygieł and A. Sobczyk and M. Maciejewski and O. Fernández},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85138510697&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2022.108423&partnerID=40&md5=6b8fe24dc2887908c196e1490a132a02},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108423},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {415},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Detailed geological mapping and structural analysis of Niedźwiedzia Cave (in the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome; NE Bohemian Massif; Central Europe) provides new insights into proto-conduit formation in karstic drainage. Mapping has allowed us to document the structure of Variscan-age foliation and non-outcropping, post-Variscan fault zones at meter-scale resolution. The resulting data has been used to build a detailed 3D model of the marble lens hosting the cave, allowing us to define the primary structural guidance trends. We observe that karst development has been controlled by WSW-ENE trending sub-vertical faults and fractures, with N-S to NNW-SSE steeply dipping foliation playing a subsidiary role. Based on micro-movement sensors in the cave and other neotectonic indicators, and the relationship between structural discontinuities and topography, we propose that structural discontinuities have only become favorable for karst development under Alpine stress conditions, with little or no influence of exhumation relaxation. Furthermore, Variscan foliation in the marble only appears to become relevant in karst guidance in mature stages of karst development, with foliation parting, and in the absence of significant faulting or fracturing. This pattern is only disrupted in the presence of tectonic brecciation or comminution along faults or fractures. Structural guidance in the development of the Niedźwedzia Cave has been further modulated by water-table evolution in the overlying Kleśnica river valley. The result is a cave with three distinct water-table controlled levels and a map pattern of passages that grades from a mature N-S dominated orientation in the south (upstream) to a grid-like arrangement in the younger northern segment of the cave (downstream). © 2022 The Author(s)},
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Detailed geological mapping and structural analysis of Niedźwiedzia Cave (in the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome; NE Bohemian Massif; Central Europe) provides new insights into proto-conduit formation in karstic drainage. Mapping has allowed us to document the structure of Variscan-age foliation and non-outcropping, post-Variscan fault zones at meter-scale resolution. The resulting data has been used to build a detailed 3D model of the marble lens hosting the cave, allowing us to define the primary structural guidance trends. We observe that karst development has been controlled by WSW-ENE trending sub-vertical faults and fractures, with N-S to NNW-SSE steeply dipping foliation playing a subsidiary role. Based on micro-movement sensors in the cave and other neotectonic indicators, and the relationship between structural discontinuities and topography, we propose that structural discontinuities have only become favorable for karst development under Alpine stress conditions, with little or no influence of exhumation relaxation. Furthermore, Variscan foliation in the marble only appears to become relevant in karst guidance in mature stages of karst development, with foliation parting, and in the absence of significant faulting or fracturing. This pattern is only disrupted in the presence of tectonic brecciation or comminution along faults or fractures. Structural guidance in the development of the Niedźwedzia Cave has been further modulated by water-table evolution in the overlying Kleśnica river valley. The result is a cave with three distinct water-table controlled levels and a map pattern of passages that grades from a mature N-S dominated orientation in the south (upstream) to a grid-like arrangement in the younger northern segment of the cave (downstream). © 2022 The Author(s)
Staneczek, D.; Szaniawski, R.; Szczygieł, J.
Transpression-driven deformations of the Chočské vrchy Mountains (Western Carpathians): Insights from magnetic fabric Journal Article
In: Geologica Carpathica, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 451-471, 2022, ISSN: 13350552.
@article{2-s2.0-85144086271,
title = {Transpression-driven deformations of the Chočské vrchy Mountains (Western Carpathians): Insights from magnetic fabric},
author = { D. Staneczek and R. Szaniawski and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144086271&doi=10.31577%2fGeolCarp.73.5.4&partnerID=40&md5=d3f5f9c4709cb7c1c5d8b861cfa78dcc},
doi = {10.31577/GeolCarp.73.5.4},
issn = {13350552},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Geologica Carpathica},
volume = {73},
number = {5},
pages = {451-471},
publisher = {The Earth Science Institute of SAS},
abstract = {The Chočské vrchy Mts. are a part of the Tatra-Fatra Belt located in the Central Western Carpathians (Slovakia). We characterize the main Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic deformation events and the changing strain that formed the geological setting of the Chočské vrchy Mts. by applying the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility coupled with the Anisotropy of Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization and complemented by petromagnetic analyses. We analyse Lower Cretaceous marly limestones of the Mraznica Formation (Fm.), which is a part of the Krížna nappe, and the “post-thrusting” Eocene-Oligocene Huty Fm. Petromagnetic experiments reveal that paramagnetic minerals control the magnetic susceptibility, although a distinct contribution of ferromagnetics (magnetite; hematite and likely pyrrhotite) is also documented. The magnetic fabric in both the Mraznica and Huty fms. is generally sedimentary with minor tectonic imprint. The NNE-SSW orientation of the magnetic lineation in most of the Mraznica Fm. sites corresponds well with the local bedding strike as well as the calculated regional statistical fold axis for the Krížna nappe, but it deflects from the expected orientation considering the regional Cretaceous thrusting direction. Similarly oriented magnetic lineation is also documented in some Huty Fm. sites. Magnetic and structural results reveal the dip of the post-trusting Paleogene strata covering the Chočské vrchy Mts. horst block differs from both the dip of magnetic lineation and the dip of statistical fold axis from the Krížna nappe within this uplifted block, suggesting complex uplift-related deformations. We conclude that Krížna nappe folds together with AMS lineation, both formed during Late Cretaceous thrusting, have been later rotated by an angle of 20° as an effect of Neogene transpression, which also affected the magnetic fabric of the post-thrusting cover. © 2022 Sciendo. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Chočské vrchy Mts. are a part of the Tatra-Fatra Belt located in the Central Western Carpathians (Slovakia). We characterize the main Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic deformation events and the changing strain that formed the geological setting of the Chočské vrchy Mts. by applying the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility coupled with the Anisotropy of Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization and complemented by petromagnetic analyses. We analyse Lower Cretaceous marly limestones of the Mraznica Formation (Fm.), which is a part of the Krížna nappe, and the “post-thrusting” Eocene-Oligocene Huty Fm. Petromagnetic experiments reveal that paramagnetic minerals control the magnetic susceptibility, although a distinct contribution of ferromagnetics (magnetite; hematite and likely pyrrhotite) is also documented. The magnetic fabric in both the Mraznica and Huty fms. is generally sedimentary with minor tectonic imprint. The NNE-SSW orientation of the magnetic lineation in most of the Mraznica Fm. sites corresponds well with the local bedding strike as well as the calculated regional statistical fold axis for the Krížna nappe, but it deflects from the expected orientation considering the regional Cretaceous thrusting direction. Similarly oriented magnetic lineation is also documented in some Huty Fm. sites. Magnetic and structural results reveal the dip of the post-trusting Paleogene strata covering the Chočské vrchy Mts. horst block differs from both the dip of magnetic lineation and the dip of statistical fold axis from the Krížna nappe within this uplifted block, suggesting complex uplift-related deformations. We conclude that Krížna nappe folds together with AMS lineation, both formed during Late Cretaceous thrusting, have been later rotated by an angle of 20° as an effect of Neogene transpression, which also affected the magnetic fabric of the post-thrusting cover. © 2022 Sciendo. All rights reserved.
Sala, P.; Bella, P.; Szczygieł, J.; Wróblewski, W.; Gradziński, M.
Healed speleothems: A possible indicator of seismotectonic activity in karst areas Journal Article
In: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 430, 2022, ISSN: 00370738, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85125638691,
title = {Healed speleothems: A possible indicator of seismotectonic activity in karst areas},
author = { P. Sala and P. Bella and J. Szczygieł and W. Wróblewski and M. Gradziński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125638691&doi=10.1016%2fj.sedgeo.2022.106105&partnerID=40&md5=01881840baa86dc593af8eabb9354c0a},
doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2022.106105},
issn = {00370738},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Sedimentary Geology},
volume = {430},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Healed speleothems, sparsely mentioned in literature, have been noted in one of the side passages of the Demänová Cave System in Slovakia. Speleothem healing commonly proceeds in columns and flowstones after their brittle deformation. Crystallization of calcium carbonate in fractures and along their mouths results in formation of various outgrowths: subvertical ridges, subhorizontal ridges, and helictites. Morphology of the subvertical ridges and helictites indicates that they were supplied by water migrating through the fractures, while the subhorizontal ridges resulted from gravity-controlled water flow down the speleothem surface. Stable isotope composition of the outgrowths suggests that they crystallized as a result of CO2 degassing, like most speleothems. Since speleothem damages in the DCS are directly linked to fault reactivation, the healed speleothems appear to be advantageous objects for seismotectonic analysis of karst terrains. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Healed speleothems, sparsely mentioned in literature, have been noted in one of the side passages of the Demänová Cave System in Slovakia. Speleothem healing commonly proceeds in columns and flowstones after their brittle deformation. Crystallization of calcium carbonate in fractures and along their mouths results in formation of various outgrowths: subvertical ridges, subhorizontal ridges, and helictites. Morphology of the subvertical ridges and helictites indicates that they were supplied by water migrating through the fractures, while the subhorizontal ridges resulted from gravity-controlled water flow down the speleothem surface. Stable isotope composition of the outgrowths suggests that they crystallized as a result of CO2 degassing, like most speleothems. Since speleothem damages in the DCS are directly linked to fault reactivation, the healed speleothems appear to be advantageous objects for seismotectonic analysis of karst terrains. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Plan, L.; Unrecognized, X.; Kaminsky, E.; Koltai, G.; Racine, T. M. F.; Szczygieł, J.
Flow regime evolution of a major cave system in the Eastern Alps (Hirlatzhöhle, Dachstein) Journal Article
In: International Journal of Speleology, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 181-191, 2022, ISSN: 03926672, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85140370103,
title = {Flow regime evolution of a major cave system in the Eastern Alps (Hirlatzhöhle, Dachstein)},
author = { L. Plan and X. Unrecognized and E. Kaminsky and G. Koltai and T.M.F. Racine and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85140370103&doi=10.5038%2f1827-806X.51.3.2433&partnerID=40&md5=5c0f95ce0718321347bc983192a3232b},
doi = {10.5038/1827-806X.51.3.2433},
issn = {03926672},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Speleology},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {181-191},
publisher = {Societa Speleologica Italiana},
abstract = {The 116 km-long and 1560 m-deep Hirlatzhöhle is one of the major cave systems in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA; Austria). It is located in the NW part of the Dachstein, an extensive karst massif encompassing 576 km² with its highest point at 2995 m a.s.l. In contrast to most other caves in the NCA, Hirlatzhöhle comprises old (epi)phreatic passages located up to 1 km above the base level as well as two modern major drainage systems. The aim of this study is to define the palaeo-and the active flow conditions in combination with speleogenesis, and the age of the cave levels of Hirlatzhöhle. We use morphological as well as sedimentological studies and correlations with other caves. Another difference from cave systems in the NCA is that the majority of passages in Hirlatzhöhle are not developed within the so-called Giant Cave Level between 1200 and 1800 m a.s.l., but deeper between 800 and 1300 m. Most parts of Hirlatzhöhle developed under epiphreatic conditions as indicated by rills and condensation corrosion cupolas, which is the case for many other cave systems in the NCA. In contrast, paragenetic features like canyons and ceiling channels are relatively rare as are insoluble sediments. Elongated scallops indicate that flow velocities were high and abrasive sediments were abundant. Opposite to the nearby Dachstein-Mammuthöhle and other caves east of it that show a west-directed palaeo-flow, scallops in Hirlatzhöhle indicate a NE-directed palaeo-flow and an autogenic recharge. Modern drainage is autogenic and N-to NE-directed as well. Even though burial age dating did not give reasonable results for Hirlatzhöhle yet, the correlation with other adjacent caves suggests a Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age of the main palaeo-phreatic level. This is supported by an infinite U-Th age (>0.6 Ma) of a flowstone. © 2022, Societa Speleologica Italiana. All rights reserved.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The 116 km-long and 1560 m-deep Hirlatzhöhle is one of the major cave systems in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA; Austria). It is located in the NW part of the Dachstein, an extensive karst massif encompassing 576 km² with its highest point at 2995 m a.s.l. In contrast to most other caves in the NCA, Hirlatzhöhle comprises old (epi)phreatic passages located up to 1 km above the base level as well as two modern major drainage systems. The aim of this study is to define the palaeo-and the active flow conditions in combination with speleogenesis, and the age of the cave levels of Hirlatzhöhle. We use morphological as well as sedimentological studies and correlations with other caves. Another difference from cave systems in the NCA is that the majority of passages in Hirlatzhöhle are not developed within the so-called Giant Cave Level between 1200 and 1800 m a.s.l., but deeper between 800 and 1300 m. Most parts of Hirlatzhöhle developed under epiphreatic conditions as indicated by rills and condensation corrosion cupolas, which is the case for many other cave systems in the NCA. In contrast, paragenetic features like canyons and ceiling channels are relatively rare as are insoluble sediments. Elongated scallops indicate that flow velocities were high and abrasive sediments were abundant. Opposite to the nearby Dachstein-Mammuthöhle and other caves east of it that show a west-directed palaeo-flow, scallops in Hirlatzhöhle indicate a NE-directed palaeo-flow and an autogenic recharge. Modern drainage is autogenic and N-to NE-directed as well. Even though burial age dating did not give reasonable results for Hirlatzhöhle yet, the correlation with other adjacent caves suggests a Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene age of the main palaeo-phreatic level. This is supported by an infinite U-Th age (>0.6 Ma) of a flowstone. © 2022, Societa Speleologica Italiana. All rights reserved.
2021
Szczygieł, J.; Gradziński, M.; Bella, P.; Hercman, H.; Littva, J.; Mendecki, M. J.; Sala, P.; Wróblewski, W.
In: Tectonophysics, vol. 820, 2021, ISSN: 00401951, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85117771070,
title = {Quaternary faulting in the Western Carpathians: Insights into paleoseismology from cave deformations and damaged speleothems (Demänová Cave System, Low Tatra Mts)},
author = { J. Szczygieł and M. Gradziński and P. Bella and H. Hercman and J. Littva and M.J. Mendecki and P. Sala and W. Wróblewski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117771070&doi=10.1016%2fj.tecto.2021.229111&partnerID=40&md5=89ec67e80e6e233668d6712edc6052b2},
doi = {10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229111},
issn = {00401951},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Tectonophysics},
volume = {820},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Multiphase cave conduit offset and related speleothem damage in the Demänová Cave System (DCS; the Low Tatra Mts; Central Western Carpathians) were dated with U-series methods, revealing five events: (1) 570 (442)–417 ka, (2) 306–291 ka, (3) 184–130 ka, (4) ~19 ka, and (5) 2.56–2.3 ka. To decipher the cause of the damage, we combined geochronological data with structural, geomorphological, and seismological research. Gravity sliding as a probable source of damage is unlikely since the Demänová Valley has deepened only to a small extent for the past 550 ka and the steep fissure guiding the studied parts of the DCS extends below the recent valley. However, coseismic block sliding cannot be unambiguously excluded, as Newmark displacement analysis revealed that any >M7 earthquake in the 25 km range could have produced a 10-cm pseudostatic displacement. The studied offsets were accompanied by shaking, as inferred from fallen stalagmites and stalactites; hence, distant earthquakes are plausible damage sources. We applied ground-motion models and compared them with seismicity and scant prehistoric and historical data to identify and quantify the probable seismic source, which is most likely the Sub-Tatric Fault located 17.5 km from the cave. As inferred from the applied ground-motion models, a > M7 event on the Sub-Tatric Fault would generate a PGA >4 m/s2 in the cave despite the attenuation, which is above the threshold horizontal ground acceleration forcing the majority of speleothems to break. Although the mechanism that leads to cave passage offsets remains unclear we consider them as an off-fault damage caused by secondary faulting related to postseismic surface vertical movements, or less likely but not out of the realm of possibility distributed rupturing. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Multiphase cave conduit offset and related speleothem damage in the Demänová Cave System (DCS; the Low Tatra Mts; Central Western Carpathians) were dated with U-series methods, revealing five events: (1) 570 (442)–417 ka, (2) 306–291 ka, (3) 184–130 ka, (4) ~19 ka, and (5) 2.56–2.3 ka. To decipher the cause of the damage, we combined geochronological data with structural, geomorphological, and seismological research. Gravity sliding as a probable source of damage is unlikely since the Demänová Valley has deepened only to a small extent for the past 550 ka and the steep fissure guiding the studied parts of the DCS extends below the recent valley. However, coseismic block sliding cannot be unambiguously excluded, as Newmark displacement analysis revealed that any >M7 earthquake in the 25 km range could have produced a 10-cm pseudostatic displacement. The studied offsets were accompanied by shaking, as inferred from fallen stalagmites and stalactites; hence, distant earthquakes are plausible damage sources. We applied ground-motion models and compared them with seismicity and scant prehistoric and historical data to identify and quantify the probable seismic source, which is most likely the Sub-Tatric Fault located 17.5 km from the cave. As inferred from the applied ground-motion models, a > M7 event on the Sub-Tatric Fault would generate a PGA >4 m/s2 in the cave despite the attenuation, which is above the threshold horizontal ground acceleration forcing the majority of speleothems to break. Although the mechanism that leads to cave passage offsets remains unclear we consider them as an off-fault damage caused by secondary faulting related to postseismic surface vertical movements, or less likely but not out of the realm of possibility distributed rupturing. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
Sobczyk, A.; Szczygieł, J.
Paleostress reconstruction of faults recorded in the Niedźwiedzia Cave (Sudetes): insights into Alpine intraplate tectonic of NE Bohemian Massif Journal Article
In: International Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 833-847, 2021, ISSN: 14373254, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85101215043,
title = {Paleostress reconstruction of faults recorded in the Niedźwiedzia Cave (Sudetes): insights into Alpine intraplate tectonic of NE Bohemian Massif},
author = { A. Sobczyk and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101215043&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-021-01994-1&partnerID=40&md5=b791cfdffcd18882789d93b61684ac42},
doi = {10.1007/s00531-021-01994-1},
issn = {14373254},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},
volume = {110},
number = {3},
pages = {833-847},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},
abstract = {Brittle structures identified within the largest karstic cave of the Sudetes (the Niedźwiedzia Cave) were studied to reconstruct the paleostress driving post-Variscan tectonic activity in the NE Bohemian Massif. Individual fault population datasets, including local strike and dip of fault planes, striations, and Riedel shear, enabled us to discuss the orientation of the principal stresses tensor. The (meso) fault-slip data analysis performed both with Dihedra and an inverse method revealed two possible main opposing compressional regimes: (1) NE–SW compression with the formation of strike-slip (transpressional) faults and (2) WNW–ESE horizontal compression related to fault-block tectonics. The (older) NE-SW compression was most probably associated with the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene pan-regional basin inversion throughout Central Europe, as a reaction to ongoing African-Iberian-European convergence. Second WNW–ESE compression was active as of the Middle Miocene, at the latest, and might represent the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic regime of the NE Bohemian Massif. Exposed fault plane surfaces in a dissolution-collapse marble cave system provided insights into the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Earth’s uppermost crust in Central Europe, and were also identified as important guiding structures controlling the origin of the Niedźwiedzia Cave and the evolution of subsequent karstic conduits during the Late Cenozoic. © 2021, The Author(s).},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brittle structures identified within the largest karstic cave of the Sudetes (the Niedźwiedzia Cave) were studied to reconstruct the paleostress driving post-Variscan tectonic activity in the NE Bohemian Massif. Individual fault population datasets, including local strike and dip of fault planes, striations, and Riedel shear, enabled us to discuss the orientation of the principal stresses tensor. The (meso) fault-slip data analysis performed both with Dihedra and an inverse method revealed two possible main opposing compressional regimes: (1) NE–SW compression with the formation of strike-slip (transpressional) faults and (2) WNW–ESE horizontal compression related to fault-block tectonics. The (older) NE-SW compression was most probably associated with the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene pan-regional basin inversion throughout Central Europe, as a reaction to ongoing African-Iberian-European convergence. Second WNW–ESE compression was active as of the Middle Miocene, at the latest, and might represent the Neogene–Quaternary tectonic regime of the NE Bohemian Massif. Exposed fault plane surfaces in a dissolution-collapse marble cave system provided insights into the Meso-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Earth’s uppermost crust in Central Europe, and were also identified as important guiding structures controlling the origin of the Niedźwiedzia Cave and the evolution of subsequent karstic conduits during the Late Cenozoic. © 2021, The Author(s).
Szczygieł, J.; Sobczyk, A.; Hercman, H.; Mendecki, M. J.; Gąsiorowski, M.
Damaged Speleothems and Collapsed Karst Chambers Indicate Paleoseismicity of the NE Bohemian Massif (Niedźwiedzia Cave, Poland) Journal Article
In: Tectonics, vol. 40, no. 3, 2021, ISSN: 02787407, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-85101233095,
title = {Damaged Speleothems and Collapsed Karst Chambers Indicate Paleoseismicity of the NE Bohemian Massif (Niedźwiedzia Cave, Poland)},
author = { J. Szczygieł and A. Sobczyk and H. Hercman and M.J. Mendecki and M. Gąsiorowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101233095&doi=10.1029%2f2020TC006459&partnerID=40&md5=c0f692c911f7afabc1dae9ea87da1094},
doi = {10.1029/2020TC006459},
issn = {02787407},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Tectonics},
volume = {40},
number = {3},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
abstract = {Multiphase speleothem damage and passage collapse in Niedźwiedzia Cave (NE Bohemian Massif; Poland) were dated with U-series methods, revealing five events: (1) 320–306 ka, (2) 253–236 ka, (3) 162–158 ka, (4) 132–135 ka, and (5) >21 ka. Events 1, 3 and 4 are robustly constrained, and events 2 and 5 are less certain. Although we cannot unambiguously exclude other agents (frost or gravity collapses), the most likely trigger of damage in the cave was an earthquake, which is supported by timing (the damage occurred independently from climatic conditions in cold and warm periods) and deformation style (damage to the ceiling and walls as well as the passage floor). We applied ground motion models to determine the probable seismic source size, which is most likely the Sudetic Marginal Fault - one of the most pronounced tectonic structures in Central Europe. Located <20 km from the cave and with documented earthquakes of M > 6, the Sudetic Marginal Fault can produce peak ground acceleration values high enough to break speleothems. The other plausible seismic sources are faults in the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben located to the east and the Trzebieszowice-Biela Fault. Although there are sparse historical data that would allow estimating linked seismic hazards, the <8 km distance between the cave and faults should suffice to destroy the speleothems. Niedźwiedzia Cave shielded environmental earthquake effects from erosion. This study shows the advantage of employing speleoseismology in moderate seismic regions, where earthquake effects are rarely preserved in the geological record. © 2021. The Authors.},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Multiphase speleothem damage and passage collapse in Niedźwiedzia Cave (NE Bohemian Massif; Poland) were dated with U-series methods, revealing five events: (1) 320–306 ka, (2) 253–236 ka, (3) 162–158 ka, (4) 132–135 ka, and (5) >21 ka. Events 1, 3 and 4 are robustly constrained, and events 2 and 5 are less certain. Although we cannot unambiguously exclude other agents (frost or gravity collapses), the most likely trigger of damage in the cave was an earthquake, which is supported by timing (the damage occurred independently from climatic conditions in cold and warm periods) and deformation style (damage to the ceiling and walls as well as the passage floor). We applied ground motion models to determine the probable seismic source size, which is most likely the Sudetic Marginal Fault - one of the most pronounced tectonic structures in Central Europe. Located <20 km from the cave and with documented earthquakes of M > 6, the Sudetic Marginal Fault can produce peak ground acceleration values high enough to break speleothems. The other plausible seismic sources are faults in the Upper Nysa Kłodzka Graben located to the east and the Trzebieszowice-Biela Fault. Although there are sparse historical data that would allow estimating linked seismic hazards, the <8 km distance between the cave and faults should suffice to destroy the speleothems. Niedźwiedzia Cave shielded environmental earthquake effects from erosion. This study shows the advantage of employing speleoseismology in moderate seismic regions, where earthquake effects are rarely preserved in the geological record. © 2021. The Authors.
Błaszczyk, Mar.; Hercman, H.; Pawlak, J.; Szczygieł, J.
Paleoclimatic reconstruction in the Tatra Mountains of the western Carpathians during MIS 9-7 inferred from a multiproxy speleothem record Journal Article
In: Quaternary Research (United States), vol. 99, pp. 290-304, 2021, ISSN: 00335894, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85099759693,
title = {Paleoclimatic reconstruction in the Tatra Mountains of the western Carpathians during MIS 9-7 inferred from a multiproxy speleothem record},
author = { Mar. Błaszczyk and H. Hercman and J. Pawlak and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099759693&doi=10.1017%2fqua.2020.69&partnerID=40&md5=1fceb00186a2efdb6f415d9121347fdb},
doi = {10.1017/qua.2020.69},
issn = {00335894},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Research (United States)},
volume = {99},
pages = {290-304},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
abstract = {The SC-3 speleothem from Szczelina Chochoowska Cave, located in the Tatra Mountains, was studied in detail. U-series dating and age-depth modeling allowed us to constrain the period of speleothem growth to between approximately 330 and 200 ka, that is, during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 9-7. The complementary use of stable isotope analyses, petrographic studies, and trace element analyses allowed the identification of warm and wet climatic conditions that were favorable for speleothem growth during MIS 9e and MIS 9c. Unfavorable climatic periods included the cold glacial conditions of MIS 8 and the MIS 9/MIS 8 transition. The breaks in the growth of the SC-3 stalagmite were most likely connected with a reduction in precipitation in MIS 9a and extreme hydrologic events during MIS 8. Comparisons with other European records suggest that the climatic variability recorded in the speleothem from the Tatra Mountains is not only a record of local environmental conditions but can also be linked to European climatic patterns during both interglacial and glacial intervals. This makes our study the northernmost paleoclimatic record for the whole Carpathian range and one of the very few records from those periods worldwide. Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The SC-3 speleothem from Szczelina Chochoowska Cave, located in the Tatra Mountains, was studied in detail. U-series dating and age-depth modeling allowed us to constrain the period of speleothem growth to between approximately 330 and 200 ka, that is, during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 9-7. The complementary use of stable isotope analyses, petrographic studies, and trace element analyses allowed the identification of warm and wet climatic conditions that were favorable for speleothem growth during MIS 9e and MIS 9c. Unfavorable climatic periods included the cold glacial conditions of MIS 8 and the MIS 9/MIS 8 transition. The breaks in the growth of the SC-3 stalagmite were most likely connected with a reduction in precipitation in MIS 9a and extreme hydrologic events during MIS 8. Comparisons with other European records suggest that the climatic variability recorded in the speleothem from the Tatra Mountains is not only a record of local environmental conditions but can also be linked to European climatic patterns during both interglacial and glacial intervals. This makes our study the northernmost paleoclimatic record for the whole Carpathian range and one of the very few records from those periods worldwide. Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2020.
2020
Szczygieł, J.; Wróblewski, W.; Mendecki, M. J.; Hercman, H.; Bosák, P.
Soft-sediment deformation structures in cave deposits and their possible causes (Kalacka Cave, Tatra Mts., Poland) Journal Article
In: Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 140, 2020, ISSN: 01918141, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85090228480,
title = {Soft-sediment deformation structures in cave deposits and their possible causes (Kalacka Cave, Tatra Mts., Poland)},
author = { J. Szczygieł and W. Wróblewski and M.J. Mendecki and H. Hercman and P. Bosák},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090228480&doi=10.1016%2fj.jsg.2020.104161&partnerID=40&md5=b3d3d4bef9a3e979c5dc0a32234dac40},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104161},
issn = {01918141},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Structural Geology},
volume = {140},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Clastic deposits in Kalacka Cave in the Tatra Mts. Show soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) rare for a cave environments. The poorly sorted allochthonous sediments were deposited within a cave sump under a fluvial regime, likely due to glacially initiated back-flooding during the Last Glacial. The structures include small-scale faults (normal and reverse), folds (upright symmetric anticlines; low-amplitude open folds; W-vergent folds and fault-propagation folds), and water-escape structures. A laboratory experiment is used to assess the possibile liquefaction of a thin soft-sediment filling in a limestone tube, including calculation of the site effects of resonance frequency and amplification coefficient and the site vulnerability index Kg. The calculations indicate that seismic waves can be amplified up to 10 times and the expected resonance frequency is ~17.05 Hz. We argue that the observed SSDS formed in two stages. First, brittle and ductile deformation structures developed due to gravity-induced slumping. Next, liquefaction produced water-escape structures. The studied SSDS were likely seismically triggered. Favorable conditions occurred during the withdrawal of the last glacier (MIS 2) when the sediments were oversaturated and the Tatra Mts. experienced a strong earthquake (M7.0). Alternatively, high-frequency microearthquakes could have been triggered by slope failure cutting into Kalacka Cave. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Clastic deposits in Kalacka Cave in the Tatra Mts. Show soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) rare for a cave environments. The poorly sorted allochthonous sediments were deposited within a cave sump under a fluvial regime, likely due to glacially initiated back-flooding during the Last Glacial. The structures include small-scale faults (normal and reverse), folds (upright symmetric anticlines; low-amplitude open folds; W-vergent folds and fault-propagation folds), and water-escape structures. A laboratory experiment is used to assess the possibile liquefaction of a thin soft-sediment filling in a limestone tube, including calculation of the site effects of resonance frequency and amplification coefficient and the site vulnerability index Kg. The calculations indicate that seismic waves can be amplified up to 10 times and the expected resonance frequency is ~17.05 Hz. We argue that the observed SSDS formed in two stages. First, brittle and ductile deformation structures developed due to gravity-induced slumping. Next, liquefaction produced water-escape structures. The studied SSDS were likely seismically triggered. Favorable conditions occurred during the withdrawal of the last glacier (MIS 2) when the sediments were oversaturated and the Tatra Mts. experienced a strong earthquake (M7.0). Alternatively, high-frequency microearthquakes could have been triggered by slope failure cutting into Kalacka Cave. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Szczygieł, J.; Hercman, H.; Hoke, G.; Gąsiorowski, M.; Błaszczyk, Mar.; Sobczyk, A.
No valley deepening of the tatra mountains (western Carpathians) during the past 300 ka Journal Article
In: Geology, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1006-1011, 2020, ISSN: 00917613, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-85090203420,
title = {No valley deepening of the tatra mountains (western Carpathians) during the past 300 ka},
author = { J. Szczygieł and H. Hercman and G. Hoke and M. Gąsiorowski and Mar. Błaszczyk and A. Sobczyk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090203420&doi=10.1130%2fG47635.1&partnerID=40&md5=035fab78649d5d8f67036a326a198767},
doi = {10.1130/G47635.1},
issn = {00917613},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Geology},
volume = {48},
number = {10},
pages = {1006-1011},
publisher = {Geological Society of America},
abstract = {Wet-based mountain glaciers are efficient agents of erosion, which leads to the assumption that each glacial episode results in successive valley deepening. The tendency of subsequent glaciations to obscure evidence of previous events makes it difficult to study the work done by past glacial episodes. Epiphreatic and paleophreatic caves that developed at or under the water table and dried out in response to valley deepening can serve as recorders of the valley incision history. U-series data from speleothems in the cave networks at the base of the present-day valleys in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) consistently yield the oldest ages of ca. 325 ka. While speleothem ages are typically phreatic-vadose transition minimum ages, they nonetheless unequivocally demonstrate that neither glacial valley deepening nor fluvial incision occurred over the past 300 ka, unlike the successive valley deepening over the same period in the adjacent Alps. © 2020 Geological Society of America.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wet-based mountain glaciers are efficient agents of erosion, which leads to the assumption that each glacial episode results in successive valley deepening. The tendency of subsequent glaciations to obscure evidence of previous events makes it difficult to study the work done by past glacial episodes. Epiphreatic and paleophreatic caves that developed at or under the water table and dried out in response to valley deepening can serve as recorders of the valley incision history. U-series data from speleothems in the cave networks at the base of the present-day valleys in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) consistently yield the oldest ages of ca. 325 ka. While speleothem ages are typically phreatic-vadose transition minimum ages, they nonetheless unequivocally demonstrate that neither glacial valley deepening nor fluvial incision occurred over the past 300 ka, unlike the successive valley deepening over the same period in the adjacent Alps. © 2020 Geological Society of America.
Mendecki, M. J.; Szczygieł, J.; Lizurek, G.; Teper, L.
Mining-triggered seismicity governed by a fold hinge zone: The Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland Journal Article
In: Engineering Geology, vol. 274, 2020, ISSN: 00137952, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85086733900,
title = {Mining-triggered seismicity governed by a fold hinge zone: The Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland},
author = { M.J. Mendecki and J. Szczygieł and G. Lizurek and L. Teper},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85086733900&doi=10.1016%2fj.enggeo.2020.105728&partnerID=40&md5=6d431788f251ef168e1576565724ce95},
doi = {10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105728},
issn = {00137952},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Engineering Geology},
volume = {274},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Mining tremor mechanisms and principal stress directions were analysed in order to compare characteristics of seismic events and stress regimes with tectonic settings in the Bytom Syncline, located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The results of seismic moment tensor inversion calculated for 41 events with magnitudes > M2.0 were used to trace changes in types of mechanism (normal; strike-slip; reverse) with the progress of mining from Panel 3, coal seam 503, Bobrek Mine. The data was sourced from the IS-EPOS Platform, an open data infrastructure for the study of anthropogenic hazards linked to georesource exploitation. The foci were located below the seam and followed a longwall excavation. The computed mechanisms and distribution of spatial-temporal events enabled three clusters representing three different stages of stress regimes to be distinguished. The calculated principal stress axes indicated the main stress directions present in the studied area, enabling a local model of the derivative pattern of neotectonic deformation to be described. The regime changed from horizontal extension in the syncline limb (first cluster) to transpression (second cluster) to dominating compression in the hinge (third cluster), resulting in reverse fault production. Finally, the results revealed the causes of seismicity in the studied area and showed that the studied events had been mostly triggered. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mining tremor mechanisms and principal stress directions were analysed in order to compare characteristics of seismic events and stress regimes with tectonic settings in the Bytom Syncline, located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The results of seismic moment tensor inversion calculated for 41 events with magnitudes > M2.0 were used to trace changes in types of mechanism (normal; strike-slip; reverse) with the progress of mining from Panel 3, coal seam 503, Bobrek Mine. The data was sourced from the IS-EPOS Platform, an open data infrastructure for the study of anthropogenic hazards linked to georesource exploitation. The foci were located below the seam and followed a longwall excavation. The computed mechanisms and distribution of spatial-temporal events enabled three clusters representing three different stages of stress regimes to be distinguished. The calculated principal stress axes indicated the main stress directions present in the studied area, enabling a local model of the derivative pattern of neotectonic deformation to be described. The regime changed from horizontal extension in the syncline limb (first cluster) to transpression (second cluster) to dominating compression in the hinge (third cluster), resulting in reverse fault production. Finally, the results revealed the causes of seismicity in the studied area and showed that the studied events had been mostly triggered. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
Szaniawski, R.; Ludwiniak, M.; Mazzoli, S.; Szczygieł, J.; Jankowski, L.
In: Journal of the Geological Society, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 509-522, 2020, ISSN: 00167649, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85084521134,
title = {Paleomagnetic and magnetic fabric data from lower triassic redbeds of the central western carpathians: New constraints on the paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the carpathian region},
author = { R. Szaniawski and M. Ludwiniak and S. Mazzoli and J. Szczygieł and L. Jankowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084521134&doi=10.1144%2fjgs2018-232&partnerID=40&md5=6b71855e8da6c9e5cf3d6290e51b8194},
doi = {10.1144/jgs2018-232},
issn = {00167649},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Journal of the Geological Society},
volume = {177},
number = {3},
pages = {509-522},
publisher = {Geological Society of London},
abstract = {In the Central Western Carpathians (CWC), most published paleomagnetic results from Permo-Mesozoic rocks document extensive remagnetizations and come from thin-skinned thrust units that have undergone multistage deformation.We present results from lower Triassic redbeds from the autochthonous cover overlying the basement that carry a primary magnetization. Petromagnetic results indicate that the dominant ferromagnetic carrier is hematite, while magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy are controlled by both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals. Magnetic fabrics document weak deformation related to Late Cretaceous shortening. The directions of the high unblocking temperature remanence components pass both reversal and fold tests, attesting to their primary nature. Paleomagnetic inclinations are flatter than expected from reference datasets, suggesting small latitudinal separation between the CWC and stable Europe. Paleomagnetic declinations are mostly clustered within individual mountain massifs, implying their tectonic coherence. They show only minor differences between the massifs, indicating a lack of significant vertical-axis tectonic rotations within the studied central parts of the CWC. The paleomagnetic declinations are therefore representative of the whole of the CWC in terms of regional paleogeographic interpretations, and imply moderate counterclockwise rotations (c. 26°) of the region with respect to stable Europe since the Early Triassic. © 2020 The Author(s).},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the Central Western Carpathians (CWC), most published paleomagnetic results from Permo-Mesozoic rocks document extensive remagnetizations and come from thin-skinned thrust units that have undergone multistage deformation.We present results from lower Triassic redbeds from the autochthonous cover overlying the basement that carry a primary magnetization. Petromagnetic results indicate that the dominant ferromagnetic carrier is hematite, while magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy are controlled by both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic minerals. Magnetic fabrics document weak deformation related to Late Cretaceous shortening. The directions of the high unblocking temperature remanence components pass both reversal and fold tests, attesting to their primary nature. Paleomagnetic inclinations are flatter than expected from reference datasets, suggesting small latitudinal separation between the CWC and stable Europe. Paleomagnetic declinations are mostly clustered within individual mountain massifs, implying their tectonic coherence. They show only minor differences between the massifs, indicating a lack of significant vertical-axis tectonic rotations within the studied central parts of the CWC. The paleomagnetic declinations are therefore representative of the whole of the CWC in terms of regional paleogeographic interpretations, and imply moderate counterclockwise rotations (c. 26°) of the region with respect to stable Europe since the Early Triassic. © 2020 The Author(s).
2019
Mendecki, M. J.; Szczygieł, J.
Physical constraints on speleothem deformations caused by earthquakes, seen from a new perspective: Implications for paleoseismology Journal Article
In: Journal of Structural Geology, vol. 126, pp. 146-155, 2019, ISSN: 01918141, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-85067084102,
title = {Physical constraints on speleothem deformations caused by earthquakes, seen from a new perspective: Implications for paleoseismology},
author = { M.J. Mendecki and J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067084102&doi=10.1016%2fj.jsg.2019.06.008&partnerID=40&md5=692cab475bd5b6d0c4c58605bf0d1e1b},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.008},
issn = {01918141},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Structural Geology},
volume = {126},
pages = {146-155},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Fractured speleothems, important earthquake environmental effects used in paleoseismological studies worldwide, are particularly effective for dating. Here, we discuss physical phenomena that can damage caves. We supplement the discussion with information (frequency characteristics and ground-motion parameters) from areas of mine openings threatened by induced seismicity, as analogs of cave conduits, as both, from a physical point of view, are underground voids affected by oscillations. Theoretical considerations indicate the use of bulk (P-wave) and shear (S-wave) moduli instead of Young's modulus, depending on the type of seismic wave affecting a given speleothem. Application of P-wave and shear moduli enables the calculation of a speleothem's natural frequency, based on measured P- and S-wave velocities as well as on the height and diameter of the speleothem. The relationship between the natural frequency, the acceleration causing speleothem failure, and the height and diameter of speleothems has been determined. Moreover, this acceleration value was compared to expected PGA values in order to find similarities between the two acceleration values. We highlight a phenomenon not previously considered in relation to cave environments, i.e., tunnel waves, which can appear in cave walls. This effect significantly changes oscillation characteristics in a cave, which can result in damage to speleothems which had not been expected to fail. Finally, we present the potential for estimating the minimum magnitude required to damage a cave at a given distance from its source. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fractured speleothems, important earthquake environmental effects used in paleoseismological studies worldwide, are particularly effective for dating. Here, we discuss physical phenomena that can damage caves. We supplement the discussion with information (frequency characteristics and ground-motion parameters) from areas of mine openings threatened by induced seismicity, as analogs of cave conduits, as both, from a physical point of view, are underground voids affected by oscillations. Theoretical considerations indicate the use of bulk (P-wave) and shear (S-wave) moduli instead of Young's modulus, depending on the type of seismic wave affecting a given speleothem. Application of P-wave and shear moduli enables the calculation of a speleothem's natural frequency, based on measured P- and S-wave velocities as well as on the height and diameter of the speleothem. The relationship between the natural frequency, the acceleration causing speleothem failure, and the height and diameter of speleothems has been determined. Moreover, this acceleration value was compared to expected PGA values in order to find similarities between the two acceleration values. We highlight a phenomenon not previously considered in relation to cave environments, i.e., tunnel waves, which can appear in cave walls. This effect significantly changes oscillation characteristics in a cave, which can result in damage to speleothems which had not been expected to fail. Finally, we present the potential for estimating the minimum magnitude required to damage a cave at a given distance from its source. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Szczygieł, J.; Mendecki, M. J.; Hercman, H.; Wróblewski, W.; Glazer, M.
Relict landslide development as inferred from speleothem deformation, tectonic data, and geoelectrics Journal Article
In: Geomorphology, vol. 330, pp. 116-128, 2019, ISSN: 0169555X, (19).
@article{2-s2.0-85060711040,
title = {Relict landslide development as inferred from speleothem deformation, tectonic data, and geoelectrics},
author = { J. Szczygieł and M.J. Mendecki and H. Hercman and W. Wróblewski and M. Glazer},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85060711040&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2019.01.017&partnerID=40&md5=3ae1125ce1a11492c33636c046d4aa6b},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.01.017},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {330},
pages = {116-128},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {The direct dating of pre- and postfaulting dislocated calcite speleothems afforded new insight into slope failure in the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland. A multi-approach study of the karstic Kalacka Cave (non-crevasse type) enabled us to infer the slope deformation structure, which had been poorly preserved in ground surface topography, using combined methods including geomorphological and structural mapping of cave and ground surfaces, paleostress analysis, near-surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization methods (IP), uranium series dating ( 234 U/ 230 Th), calcite microtexture analysis, and stable isotope (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) analysis. Here, slope deformation began with dilation between 280 ± 7 ka and 265 ± 8 ka and proceeded as deep-seated gravitational slope deformations. The final stage consisted of dilation rejuvenation and rockfall during the latest Pleistocene or Holocene (post 35 ± 4 ka). Additionally, some dilations are evident beyond the extent of the landslide detected by ERT, indicating further progradation of slope failure. Since this failure was initiated during the climatic transition from MIS 9 to MIS 8, stable isotope analysis of calcite flowstone layers was applied to test climate factors. The correlation of calcite microtexture and δ 18 O and δ 13 C compositional changes with the interval of dilation activity indicates that regional environment factors, chiefly an increase in precipitation, probably contributed to slope destabilization. © 2019},
note = {19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The direct dating of pre- and postfaulting dislocated calcite speleothems afforded new insight into slope failure in the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland. A multi-approach study of the karstic Kalacka Cave (non-crevasse type) enabled us to infer the slope deformation structure, which had been poorly preserved in ground surface topography, using combined methods including geomorphological and structural mapping of cave and ground surfaces, paleostress analysis, near-surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization methods (IP), uranium series dating ( 234 U/ 230 Th), calcite microtexture analysis, and stable isotope (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) analysis. Here, slope deformation began with dilation between 280 ± 7 ka and 265 ± 8 ka and proceeded as deep-seated gravitational slope deformations. The final stage consisted of dilation rejuvenation and rockfall during the latest Pleistocene or Holocene (post 35 ± 4 ka). Additionally, some dilations are evident beyond the extent of the landslide detected by ERT, indicating further progradation of slope failure. Since this failure was initiated during the climatic transition from MIS 9 to MIS 8, stable isotope analysis of calcite flowstone layers was applied to test climate factors. The correlation of calcite microtexture and δ 18 O and δ 13 C compositional changes with the interval of dilation activity indicates that regional environment factors, chiefly an increase in precipitation, probably contributed to slope destabilization. © 2019
2018
Szczygieł, J.; Golicz, M.; Hercman, H.; Lynch, E.
Geological constraints on cave development in the plateau-gorge karst of South China (Wulong, Chongqing) Journal Article
In: Geomorphology, vol. 304, pp. 50-63, 2018, ISSN: 0169555X, (17).
@article{2-s2.0-85039798412,
title = {Geological constraints on cave development in the plateau-gorge karst of South China (Wulong, Chongqing)},
author = { J. Szczygieł and M. Golicz and H. Hercman and E. Lynch},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85039798412&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2017.12.033&partnerID=40&md5=7f76ddaad0cb708b843fb99e159c74e1},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.12.033},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {304},
pages = {50-63},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {The Houping Tiankeng cluster is a part of the South China Karst UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site. Within the distinctive Wulong plateau-gorge karst, > 200 km of cave passages have been documented to date. This paper focuses on detailed tectonic and morphological research on the Luo Shui Kong cave, enriched with U-series dating of speleothems and complemented by morphometric analysis of the San Wang Dong and Er Wang Dong caves. All of these caves exhibit three regional levels of cave development: 1) 1040–1020 m a.s.l.; 2) 900–840 m a.s.l.; and 3) 740–660 m a.s.l. The Houping Tiankeng area is a carbonate rock sequence several hundred meters thick, overlain by the less soluble Lower Ordovician strata, limiting recharge points to faults exposing underlying easily soluble formations. This leads to the domination of concentrated, high-volume inflow and thus results in caves of large volume in the plateau-gorge karst. Shafts connecting the surface with cave passages located underneath formed along faults, changing the hydrogeological pattern through karst water capture and remodeling of existing conduits, albeit mainly by increasing their overall dimensions rather than by deepening them. The most favorable structures for cave-level development are two sets of joints conjugated with gently inclined bedding. Since these joints are characterized by a small vertical extent, downward development is limited. Hence, most of the passages are wide but not deep canyons and typical of a water-table cave pattern. Places where the fault plane is eroded from the surface and where, at the same time, an underneath cave chamber ceiling expands upwards are particularly predisposed to the formation of a tiankeng. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {17},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Houping Tiankeng cluster is a part of the South China Karst UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site. Within the distinctive Wulong plateau-gorge karst, > 200 km of cave passages have been documented to date. This paper focuses on detailed tectonic and morphological research on the Luo Shui Kong cave, enriched with U-series dating of speleothems and complemented by morphometric analysis of the San Wang Dong and Er Wang Dong caves. All of these caves exhibit three regional levels of cave development: 1) 1040–1020 m a.s.l.; 2) 900–840 m a.s.l.; and 3) 740–660 m a.s.l. The Houping Tiankeng area is a carbonate rock sequence several hundred meters thick, overlain by the less soluble Lower Ordovician strata, limiting recharge points to faults exposing underlying easily soluble formations. This leads to the domination of concentrated, high-volume inflow and thus results in caves of large volume in the plateau-gorge karst. Shafts connecting the surface with cave passages located underneath formed along faults, changing the hydrogeological pattern through karst water capture and remodeling of existing conduits, albeit mainly by increasing their overall dimensions rather than by deepening them. The most favorable structures for cave-level development are two sets of joints conjugated with gently inclined bedding. Since these joints are characterized by a small vertical extent, downward development is limited. Hence, most of the passages are wide but not deep canyons and typical of a water-table cave pattern. Places where the fault plane is eroded from the surface and where, at the same time, an underneath cave chamber ceiling expands upwards are particularly predisposed to the formation of a tiankeng. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2015
Szczygieł, J.
Quaternary faulting in the Tatra Mountains, evidence from cave morphology and fault-slip analysis Journal Article
In: Geologica Carpathica, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 245-254, 2015, ISSN: 13350552, (13).
@article{2-s2.0-84938069617,
title = {Quaternary faulting in the Tatra Mountains, evidence from cave morphology and fault-slip analysis},
author = { J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938069617&doi=10.1515%2fgeoca-2015-0023&partnerID=40&md5=ee994805eea08831ea4c25afff0fa079},
doi = {10.1515/geoca-2015-0023},
issn = {13350552},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Geologica Carpathica},
volume = {66},
number = {3},
pages = {245-254},
abstract = {Tectonically deformed cave passages in the Tatra Mts (Central Western Carpathians) indicate some fault activity during the Quaternary. Displacements occur in the youngest passages of the caves indicating (based on previous U-series dating of speleothems) an Eemian or younger age for those faults, and so one tectonic stage. On the basis of stress analysis and geomorphological observations, two different mechanisms are proposed as responsible for the development of these displacements. The first mechanism concerns faults that are located above the valley bottom and at a short distance from the surface, with fault planes oriented sub-parallel to the slopes. The radial, horizontal extension and vertical σ1 which is identical with gravity, indicate that these faults are the result of gravity sliding probably caused by relaxation after incision of valleys, and not directly from tectonic activity. The second mechanism is tilting of the Tatra Mts. The faults operated under WNW-ESE oriented extension with σ1 plunging steeply toward the west. Such a stress field led to normal dip-slip or oblique-slip displacements. The faults are located under the valley bottom and/or opposite or oblique to the slopes. The process involved the pre-existing weakest planes in the rock complex: (i) in massive limestone mostly faults and fractures, (ii) in thin-bedded limestone mostly inter-bedding planes. Thin-bedded limestones dipping steeply to the south are of particular interest. Tilting toward the N caused the hanging walls to move under the massif and not toward the valley, proving that the cause of these movements was tectonic activity and not gravity. © Geologica Carpathica 2015.},
note = {13},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Tectonically deformed cave passages in the Tatra Mts (Central Western Carpathians) indicate some fault activity during the Quaternary. Displacements occur in the youngest passages of the caves indicating (based on previous U-series dating of speleothems) an Eemian or younger age for those faults, and so one tectonic stage. On the basis of stress analysis and geomorphological observations, two different mechanisms are proposed as responsible for the development of these displacements. The first mechanism concerns faults that are located above the valley bottom and at a short distance from the surface, with fault planes oriented sub-parallel to the slopes. The radial, horizontal extension and vertical σ1 which is identical with gravity, indicate that these faults are the result of gravity sliding probably caused by relaxation after incision of valleys, and not directly from tectonic activity. The second mechanism is tilting of the Tatra Mts. The faults operated under WNW-ESE oriented extension with σ1 plunging steeply toward the west. Such a stress field led to normal dip-slip or oblique-slip displacements. The faults are located under the valley bottom and/or opposite or oblique to the slopes. The process involved the pre-existing weakest planes in the rock complex: (i) in massive limestone mostly faults and fractures, (ii) in thin-bedded limestone mostly inter-bedding planes. Thin-bedded limestones dipping steeply to the south are of particular interest. Tilting toward the N caused the hanging walls to move under the massif and not toward the valley, proving that the cause of these movements was tectonic activity and not gravity. © Geologica Carpathica 2015.
Szczygieł, J.
Cave development in an uplifting fold-and-thrust belt: Case study of the tatra mountains, Poland Journal Article
In: International Journal of Speleology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 341-359, 2015, ISSN: 03926672, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-84943264879,
title = {Cave development in an uplifting fold-and-thrust belt: Case study of the tatra mountains, Poland},
author = { J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84943264879&doi=10.5038%2f1827-806X.44.3.10&partnerID=40&md5=c990f5fb59a5cd47246653993b4f1a47},
doi = {10.5038/1827-806X.44.3.10},
issn = {03926672},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Speleology},
volume = {44},
number = {3},
pages = {341-359},
publisher = {Societa Speleologica Italiana},
abstract = {Detailed structural analysis and geomorphological observations supplemented by the analysis of the distribution of karst conduit directions have been performed in 23 morphologically diverse caves in the Tatra Mountains. Based on these studies, a development scheme of vadose cave passages has been proposed for the most common geological settings in the fold-and-thrust-belt: (1) single-plain faults, (2) multiple fault cores, (3) bedding plane fractures and (4) hinge zones of recumbent folds. Results indicate that the dynamics of the massif (local gravity sliding in the nearby slope zone and regional stress fields), along with the structural pattern, influences the predisposition of structural and stratigraphic discontinuities to karst drainage. Constant tectonic stress fields affected the massif during the entire speleogenesis. This led to the rejuvenation of the same displacements in successive tectonic events, which resulted in promoting this reactivated structures in successive speleogenetic phases. Structures along which older cave levels had developed were also utilized later by vadose and phreatic drainage, leading to the intersection of the vadose passages with elevated paleo-phreatic cave levels. Independently, formation of entirely vadose caves, guided by the same group of weak and rejuvenated planes, was enabled. In the Tatras, the concentric and recumbent geometry of the main folds resulted in steep dipping of the bedding planes over a distance up to a few hundred meters which makes the bedding plane fractures subject to karst water circulation in these geologic and geodynamic settings. © 2015, Societa Speleologica Italiana. All rights reserved.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Detailed structural analysis and geomorphological observations supplemented by the analysis of the distribution of karst conduit directions have been performed in 23 morphologically diverse caves in the Tatra Mountains. Based on these studies, a development scheme of vadose cave passages has been proposed for the most common geological settings in the fold-and-thrust-belt: (1) single-plain faults, (2) multiple fault cores, (3) bedding plane fractures and (4) hinge zones of recumbent folds. Results indicate that the dynamics of the massif (local gravity sliding in the nearby slope zone and regional stress fields), along with the structural pattern, influences the predisposition of structural and stratigraphic discontinuities to karst drainage. Constant tectonic stress fields affected the massif during the entire speleogenesis. This led to the rejuvenation of the same displacements in successive tectonic events, which resulted in promoting this reactivated structures in successive speleogenetic phases. Structures along which older cave levels had developed were also utilized later by vadose and phreatic drainage, leading to the intersection of the vadose passages with elevated paleo-phreatic cave levels. Independently, formation of entirely vadose caves, guided by the same group of weak and rejuvenated planes, was enabled. In the Tatras, the concentric and recumbent geometry of the main folds resulted in steep dipping of the bedding planes over a distance up to a few hundred meters which makes the bedding plane fractures subject to karst water circulation in these geologic and geodynamic settings. © 2015, Societa Speleologica Italiana. All rights reserved.
Szczygieł, J.; Gaidzik, K.; Kicińska, D.
Tectonic control of cave development: A case study of the bystra valley in the tatra mts., poland Journal Article
In: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 387-404, 2015, ISSN: 02089068, (9).
@article{2-s2.0-84937153429,
title = {Tectonic control of cave development: A case study of the bystra valley in the tatra mts., poland},
author = { J. Szczygieł and K. Gaidzik and D. Kicińska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937153429&doi=10.14241%2fasgp.2015.015&partnerID=40&md5=210b4d5fe01b231d7f8dd38e9c9b45ce},
doi = {10.14241/asgp.2015.015},
issn = {02089068},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {387-404},
publisher = {Geological Society of Poland},
abstract = {Tectonic research and morphological observations were carried out in six caves (Kalacka; Goryczkowa; Kasprowa Nizna; Kasprowa Srednia; Kasprowa Wyznia and Magurska) in the Bystra Valley, in the Tatra Mountains. There are three cave levels, with the youngest active and the other two inactive, reflecting development partly under epiphreatic and partly under phreatic conditions. These studies demonstrate strong control of the cave pattern by tectonic features, including faults and related fractures that originated or were rejuvenated during uplift, lasting from the Late Miocene. In a few local cases, the cave passages are guided by the combined influence of bedding, joints and fractures in the hinge zone of a chevron anticline. That these cave passages are guided by tectonic structures, irrespective of lithological differences, indicates that these proto-conduits were formed by “tectonic inception”. Differences in the cave pattern between the phreatic and epiphreatic zones at a given cave level may be a result of massif relaxation. Below the bottom of the valley, the effect of stress on the rock mass is related to the regional stress field and only individual faults extend below the bottom of the valley. Thus in the phreatic zone, the flow is focused and a single conduit becomes enlarged. The local extension is more intense in the epiphreatic zone above the valley floor and more fractures have been sufficiently extended to allow water to flow. The water migrates along a network of fissures and a maze could be forming. Neotectonic displacements (of up to 15 cm), which are more recent than the passages, were also identified in the caves. Neotectonic activity is no longer betieved to have as great an impact on cave morphology as previously was thought. Those faults with displacements of several metres, described as younger than the cave by other authors, should be reclassified as older faults, the surfaces of which have been exposed by speleogenesis. The possible presence of neotectonic faults with greater displacements is not excluded, but they would have had a much greater morphological impact than the observed features suggest. © 2015, Geological Society of Poland. All rights reserved.},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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Tectonic research and morphological observations were carried out in six caves (Kalacka; Goryczkowa; Kasprowa Nizna; Kasprowa Srednia; Kasprowa Wyznia and Magurska) in the Bystra Valley, in the Tatra Mountains. There are three cave levels, with the youngest active and the other two inactive, reflecting development partly under epiphreatic and partly under phreatic conditions. These studies demonstrate strong control of the cave pattern by tectonic features, including faults and related fractures that originated or were rejuvenated during uplift, lasting from the Late Miocene. In a few local cases, the cave passages are guided by the combined influence of bedding, joints and fractures in the hinge zone of a chevron anticline. That these cave passages are guided by tectonic structures, irrespective of lithological differences, indicates that these proto-conduits were formed by “tectonic inception”. Differences in the cave pattern between the phreatic and epiphreatic zones at a given cave level may be a result of massif relaxation. Below the bottom of the valley, the effect of stress on the rock mass is related to the regional stress field and only individual faults extend below the bottom of the valley. Thus in the phreatic zone, the flow is focused and a single conduit becomes enlarged. The local extension is more intense in the epiphreatic zone above the valley floor and more fractures have been sufficiently extended to allow water to flow. The water migrates along a network of fissures and a maze could be forming. Neotectonic displacements (of up to 15 cm), which are more recent than the passages, were also identified in the caves. Neotectonic activity is no longer betieved to have as great an impact on cave morphology as previously was thought. Those faults with displacements of several metres, described as younger than the cave by other authors, should be reclassified as older faults, the surfaces of which have been exposed by speleogenesis. The possible presence of neotectonic faults with greater displacements is not excluded, but they would have had a much greater morphological impact than the observed features suggest. © 2015, Geological Society of Poland. All rights reserved.
2014
Szczygieł, J.; Borowska, U.; Jaglarz, P.
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 349-355, 2014, ISSN: 00332151, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-84907227925,
title = {Geological structure of the Ciemniak Massif on the basis of data from the Mala Cave inMulowa (Western TatraMts.) [Budowa geologiczna masywu Ciemniaka na podstawie danych z Jaskini Malej w Mulowej (Tatry Zachodnie)]},
author = { J. Szczygieł and U. Borowska and P. Jaglarz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907227925&partnerID=40&md5=b552afcf1d9eb015f70979a3b23d9b91},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {62},
number = {7},
pages = {349-355},
publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},
abstract = {The Mala Cave in Mulowa has been explored to a depth of 555 m at the beginning of the 21th century. It makes a good opportunity to review the knowledge on the geological structure of the Ciemniak Massif. The geological research was performed in two main conduits of the cave. The Mala Cave in Mulowa developed in Lower and Middle Triassic carbonates belonging to the Zdziary Unit (CzerwoneWierchy Nappe - part of the High-Tatric Allochthon), as well as in marly shales of the Zabijak Formation and limestones of the Wysoka Turnia Limestone Formation belonging to the High-Tatric Autochthon. The cave is the second outcrop of the lower limb of the main syncline of the Zdziary Unit. It follows that the Zdziary Unit in the Ciemniak area is represented by a recumbent, open syncline with completely preserved both limbs. This syncline is open northtoward . The fold axes are subhorizontal and the axis surface is inclined ̃37o N. From a depth of 300 m (below the entrance), the cave was formed at the contact of Cretaceous rocks belonging to the autochthonous cover and Triassic rocks of the Zdziary Unit. Copyright © 2014 Panstwowy Instytut Geologiczny - PIB.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Mala Cave in Mulowa has been explored to a depth of 555 m at the beginning of the 21th century. It makes a good opportunity to review the knowledge on the geological structure of the Ciemniak Massif. The geological research was performed in two main conduits of the cave. The Mala Cave in Mulowa developed in Lower and Middle Triassic carbonates belonging to the Zdziary Unit (CzerwoneWierchy Nappe - part of the High-Tatric Allochthon), as well as in marly shales of the Zabijak Formation and limestones of the Wysoka Turnia Limestone Formation belonging to the High-Tatric Autochthon. The cave is the second outcrop of the lower limb of the main syncline of the Zdziary Unit. It follows that the Zdziary Unit in the Ciemniak area is represented by a recumbent, open syncline with completely preserved both limbs. This syncline is open northtoward . The fold axes are subhorizontal and the axis surface is inclined ̃37o N. From a depth of 300 m (below the entrance), the cave was formed at the contact of Cretaceous rocks belonging to the autochthonous cover and Triassic rocks of the Zdziary Unit. Copyright © 2014 Panstwowy Instytut Geologiczny - PIB.
2012
Szczygieł, J.
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 232-238, 2012, ISSN: 00332151, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-84862739464,
title = {Subsurface geological structure of upper part of the Kraków Gorge based on studies of the Wysoka - Za Siedmiu Progami Cave, West Tatra Mts [Wgłebna budowa geologiczna górnej cześci Wawozu Kraków w świetle badań Jaskini Wysokiej - Za Siedmiu Progami, Tatry Zachodnie]},
author = { J. Szczygieł},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84862739464&partnerID=40&md5=161409372d6dd3fddcb9c57b5e46c3c5},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {60},
number = {4},
pages = {232-238},
abstract = {Structural evolution of the autochtonous Tatric sedimentary cover is discussed on the basis of results of structural studies on the Wysoka - Za Siedmiu Progami Cave and 3D modeling of subsurface geo-logical structure of upper part of the Kraków Gorge in the Western Tatra Mts. The studies showed presence of three faults. The oldestfault was formed during the Late Cretaceous and rejuvenated in subsequent phases ofdeformations, as evidenced by multi-stage mineralization. Strike of that fault is meridian and of the two others - latitudinal. Dislocations and collapses corridors, and normal-slip movement parallel to the slope proves their activity during the Quaternary. The course of the Malmian-Neocomian and Urgonian boundary was also defined. On the west side of the studied area, the bedding is shaped in crest-like inverted syncline. Axis of the syncline plunges toward the north at the angle of 55° to its crossing with the meridian fault. In lower limb of the root-hinge and at western side of the meridian fault the layers are arranged in the form of a wide anticline.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Structural evolution of the autochtonous Tatric sedimentary cover is discussed on the basis of results of structural studies on the Wysoka - Za Siedmiu Progami Cave and 3D modeling of subsurface geo-logical structure of upper part of the Kraków Gorge in the Western Tatra Mts. The studies showed presence of three faults. The oldestfault was formed during the Late Cretaceous and rejuvenated in subsequent phases ofdeformations, as evidenced by multi-stage mineralization. Strike of that fault is meridian and of the two others - latitudinal. Dislocations and collapses corridors, and normal-slip movement parallel to the slope proves their activity during the Quaternary. The course of the Malmian-Neocomian and Urgonian boundary was also defined. On the west side of the studied area, the bedding is shaped in crest-like inverted syncline. Axis of the syncline plunges toward the north at the angle of 55° to its crossing with the meridian fault. In lower limb of the root-hinge and at western side of the meridian fault the layers are arranged in the form of a wide anticline.
Kafel, A.; Nowak, A.; Bembenek, J.; Szczygieł, J.; Nakonieczny, M.; Świergosz-Kowalewska, R.
The localisation of HSP70 and oxidative stress indices in heads of Spodoptera exigua larvae in a cadmium-exposed population Journal Article
In: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 78, pp. 22-27, 2012, ISSN: 01476513, (32).
@article{2-s2.0-84857440067,
title = {The localisation of HSP70 and oxidative stress indices in heads of Spodoptera exigua larvae in a cadmium-exposed population},
author = { A. Kafel and A. Nowak and J. Bembenek and J. Szczygieł and M. Nakonieczny and R. Świergosz-Kowalewska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857440067&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecoenv.2011.10.024&partnerID=40&md5=3bc04f13cdef21578e60fc5462187bf1},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.10.024},
issn = {01476513},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
volume = {78},
pages = {22-27},
abstract = {The effects of cadmium toxicity may vary between animals with different history of metal exposure. The aim of our study was to examine HSP70, protein carbonyl levels, catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity in the heads of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae originated from undergoing 1- and 44-generational cadmium treatment and in control (those that were not exposed to cadmium). We also measured the cadmium concentration and DNA damage level in the larvae.We observed higher level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the heads of larvae derived from multi-generational metal treatment than in the heads of those from one-generational treatment (derived from the control rearing). Analysis of HSP localisation in the larval brain suggests that these changes could be important for protecting the neural function of larval mushroom bodies for animals selected during multigenerational metal exposure. Animals from one-generational treatment had, in turn, higher total antioxidant capacity than animals from multigenerational treatment. Anyway, animals from one- and 44-generational metal treatments did not differ in metal accumulation in the heads and the whole larval bodies, catalase activity or DNA damage level. All these measurements were higher than for control larvae and cadmium accumulation in the heads was much lower than in the whole bodies. © 2011 .},
note = {32},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of cadmium toxicity may vary between animals with different history of metal exposure. The aim of our study was to examine HSP70, protein carbonyl levels, catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity in the heads of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae originated from undergoing 1- and 44-generational cadmium treatment and in control (those that were not exposed to cadmium). We also measured the cadmium concentration and DNA damage level in the larvae.We observed higher level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the heads of larvae derived from multi-generational metal treatment than in the heads of those from one-generational treatment (derived from the control rearing). Analysis of HSP localisation in the larval brain suggests that these changes could be important for protecting the neural function of larval mushroom bodies for animals selected during multigenerational metal exposure. Animals from one-generational treatment had, in turn, higher total antioxidant capacity than animals from multigenerational treatment. Anyway, animals from one- and 44-generational metal treatments did not differ in metal accumulation in the heads and the whole larval bodies, catalase activity or DNA damage level. All these measurements were higher than for control larvae and cadmium accumulation in the heads was much lower than in the whole bodies. © 2011 .