@article{2-s2.0-85195203796,

title = {High-resolution soil sampling reveals the pattern of biological weathering and soil formation under trees},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and A. Gałązka and P. Gruba and A. Marzec-Grządziel and K. Szopa and D. Kupka and B. Buma and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85195203796&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2024.173725&partnerID=40&md5=f3b1e0359f9510f04bd829530fa9ea63},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173725},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {941},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Trees contribute to bedrock weathering in a variety of ways. However, evaluating their full impact is complicated by a lack of direct observation of unexposed root systems of individual trees, especially when the scale of the analysis goes down to the level of microbiomes. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of tree root systems to bioweathering and soil production at the macro- and microscale. Soil profiles developed under trees on granite bedrock were investigated in two parts of the Sudety Mountains, SW Poland: the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, and the Stołowe Mountains. Soil profiles were gradually excavated and soil samples collected from pre-defined positions of the root zone: 1) bulk soil, 2) rhizosphere, 3) cracks, 4) topsoil, and 5) control positions. In total, we analyzed 103 samples for soil chemistry and microbiological activity. In addition, we analyzed 19 samples using XRF (X-ray Fluorescence). Four parent rock samples, in the form of thin-sections, were the subject of mineralogical evaluation. Soil analyses included: total organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, soil pHH2O, soluble iron (Fed), and aluminum (Ald), non-crystalline (amorphous) iron (Feox), and aluminum (Alox). For microbiological analyses, we used a Biolog (EcoPlate) system to determine the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. We evaluated the results on soil chemistry and microbiological activity statistically by principal component analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). Differences between soil sampling positions were assessed using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) rank sum test and a post-hoc pairwise Dunn test. Trees developed different root architectures, likely shaped by the depth to bedrock and its pre-existing net of fractures and fissures. Tree roots were able to enter bedrock cracks at one study site (at Pstrążna, Stołowe Mountains). The soil profile was too deep for root system penetration at the second study site (Mt Jańska, Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, RJM). The rhizospheric soil along the roots had significantly different chemical properties compared to non-rhizospheric soil types. At Mt. Jańska, soil differed from the crack soil in terms of Alox (pHolm-adj. < 0.0006) and Feox (pHolm-adj. < 0.004), and from the bulk soil (pHolm-adj. < 0.02) and topsoil (pHolm-adj. < 0.007). In addition, at Pstrążna, the soil differed from the control soil in terms of C (pHolm-adj. < 0.009) and soil pHH2O (pHolm-adj. < 0.0008) and from the topsoil in terms of soil pHH2O. The highest metabolic activity was in cracks at Mt. Jańska and in control samples from Pstrążna. In general, the spatial distribution of soil microbial activity, and the weathering that results from that portion of the soil biome, is spatially heterogeneous and appears to be partially determined by the interaction of root growth and bedrock fracture patterns. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85194962284,

title = {Evaluation of the hillslope fine-scale morphology under forest cover with pit-mound topography - Integration of geomorphometry, geophysical methods, and soil features},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and M. Kasprzak and D. Ignatiuk and T. Głowacki and W.J. Milczarek and J. Kajdas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85194962284&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2024.109283&partnerID=40&md5=8e9aeedcaced15b9b46c6646688aea19},

doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109283},

issn = {0169555X},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Geomorphology},

volume = {460},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Forested hillslopes are zones of specific surface hydrology and geomorphic activity regimes. Their distinct properties, namely terrain microrelief (<10 m in diameter and height), are often a result of past disturbances that control forest stand conditions, soil formation processes, and superficial processes. A clear bioindicator of the past forest disturbance is pit-mound topography, which, however, is challenging to study because of its complexity and relatively small sizes of individual forms (usually <5 m in diameter). The present study analyzed the spatial representation, geomorphometric, and geophysical evaluation of the rare pit-mound topography in the Karkonosze Mountains National Park, SW Poland, Central Europe. For this task, two digital terrain models (DTMs) have been considered and were based on different quality point clouds collected during airborne and terrestrial laser scanning (ALS and TLS; respectively). The first data allowed the production of the DTM in 1 × 1 m spatial resolution, while the second data offered the DTM in 0.025 × 0.025 m resolution. Various geomorphometric derivatives (Terrain Ruggedness Index; Geomorphons; Topographic Wetness Index; Valley Depth; and Negative Openness) were applied and compared based on these models. In the further part of the study, we applied electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electromagnetic induction (EMI), assisted by shallow soil sampling and analyses to support the interpretation of geophysical models. Our TLS-based DTM offered higher-quality models and a better representation of pit-mound topography. The high-quality TLS-based DTM elevation model can support close-to-reality hydrological and geomorphic modeling. The geophysical investigation allowed us to isolate a critical difference between treethrow pits and mounds better represented by ERT models than shallow EMI models. The differences were partly supported by soil properties, namely lower electrical resistivity in treethrow pits were related to higher moisture conditions, organic matter, organic carbon, and silt content in pits. As a general property, pit-mound topography resulting from tree uprooting adds to the complexity of forested hillslope hydrology and geomorphic activity. The surficial heterogeneity in hillslope topography was also evident in soil properties with sharp changes in short distances between treethrow mounds and pits. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85182885497,

title = {The effects of geomorphology, soil and climate on the trajectory of aboveground biomass accumulation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at the southern range margin},

author = { F. Latterini and Ł. Pawlik and W. Stefanoni and M.K. Dyderski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182885497&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2023.107787&partnerID=40&md5=eda10f11ac02945fb0ec44d74abd00b5},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2023.107787},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {237},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Forest ecosystems are among the most important carbon sinks in the terrestrial biomes. Therefore, the estimation of aboveground biomass accumulation is of fundamental importance for understanding the contribution of forest stands to the global carbon budget. In this study, we proposed a modelling approach to estimate aboveground biomass of beech forests in the Central Apennine based on stand age, climatic variables, topographic features and soil parameters. Using forest inventory data from the local forest management plans, international databases, and mixed-effect linear model, we identified stand age as a major driver of beech forests aboveground biomass. Climatic variables had generally higher influence than soil and topographic features, probably as a consequence of the homogeneous calcareous substrate which favoured the development of soils which are highly suitable for the growth of beech. Temperature range and seasonality were the most important climatic variables. Interestingly, we found that the aboveground biomass in Apennine beech forests is strongly site-specific. Different management approaches during the past centuries, i.e. presence or absence of conversion interventions of the analysed stands, are probably responsible for the growing site's significant influence. By highlighting the ideal locations for allocating the functions of forest production or evaluating the value of ecosystem services that regulate the climate, this study will help to improve both the precision of carbon budget modelling and decision-making in nature conservation and forest management. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85191164804,

title = {Temporal change in channel form and hydraulic behaviour of a tropical river due to natural forcing and anthropogenic interventions},

author = { B. Sarkar and B.C. Das and A.H.M.H. Islam and D. Datta and Ł. Pawlik and A. Quesada-Roman},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85191164804&doi=10.1080%2f02723646.2024.2335740&partnerID=40&md5=a882ea95042e5e3b36abbde2e547fa41},

doi = {10.1080/02723646.2024.2335740},

issn = {02723646},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Physical Geography},

volume = {45},

number = {5},

pages = {483-517},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Assessing the degradation of river channels is crucial in the Anthropocene era, particularly in the deltaic areas worldwide. The present study aims to investigate the degradation of the Mathabhanga-Churni River giving emphasis on the temporal change of channel morphology and hydraulic behaviour and comparing the current situation with the historical past based on planform morphology and meander geometry of 118 meander loops, and width, depth, cross-sectional area, and hydraulic behaviour (velocity; discharge; stream power) at 47 cross-sections. The absence of lateral dynamicity, the static character of channel sinuosity during the last century (1913–2018), and the constant meander morphology reflects the static meander geometry and degradation of the river. The reduction of average channel width, depth, and cross-sectional area supports the falling trend of channel forms. Findings on hydraulic behaviour indicate declining discharge (~50% reduction during 1915–2018) that induces the present-day downscaled velocity and lowered stream power. Neotectonics (eastward tilting of the Bengal delta) and anthropogenic stressors such as stream crossings, agriculture on river beds, brickfields, and urbanisation have a severe impact on the hydromorphology of the channel, turning the active river into a stagnant and polluted channel. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85168730296,

title = {Weathering and soil production under trees growing on sandstones – The role of tree roots in soil formation},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Gruba and A. Gałązka and A. Marzec-Grządziel and D. Kupka and K. Szopa and B. Buma and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168730296&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2023.166002&partnerID=40&md5=b13337e027a154aaa473309e03197686},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166002},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {902},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Rock weathering drives both landform formation and soil production/evolution. The less studied biological component of weathering and soil production caused by tree root systems is the main focus of the present study. Weathering by trees, which likely has been important in soil formation since the first trees emerged in the middle and late Devonian, is accomplished through both physical and biological means, like acids excreted by plants and exudates from associated bacterial communities. However, these processes are relatively poorly known. We assessed the impact of tree roots and associated microbiota on the potential level of biological weathering. Three research plots were selected in two sandstone regions in Poland. Two plots were in the Stołowe Mountains (Złotno; Batorów), a tableland built of Cretaceous sandstones. The third plot (Żegiestów) was in the Sącz Beskidy Mountains, the Carpathians. Soil samples were taken from tree root zones of Norway spruces from predefined sampling positions. Soils from non-tree control positions were also sampled. Soil samples were a subject of laboratory analyses which included the content of Fe and Al (amorphous and labile forms), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and soil pH. The microbial functional diversity of soil microorganisms was determined using the Biolog (EcoPlate) system. Rock fragments were collected for mineralogical and a subject of optical microscopy and cathodoluminescence analyses in order to examine their mineralogical composition. Significant differences (pHolm-corrected < 0.05) between sample locations were found mostly for the Żegiestów plot: Soils at control positions differed from the crack and bulk soil sample positions in terms of C, N, C/N, and pH. Tree roots were able to develop a great variety of sizes and forms by following the existing net of bedrock discontinuities and hillslope microrelief. They developed along the most accessible surfaces, and caused rockcliff retreat and scree slope formation. These two features can be considered as initial stages of soil production. Trees add to the complexity of the soil system and allow formation of rhizospheric soils, and horizons rich in organic matter which are zones of a high microbial activity. However, as our study shows, rock cracks with roots cannot be considered as zones of microbial weathering. In addition, C content and microbial activity decreases with depth but can stay on a high level along living and dead roots. When entering rock fractures, they change the intensity of biomechanical weathering and soil properties. The highest biological activity of microorganisms was found in the control samples. Overall, tree roots do change the pattern of soil formation and explain the existing pattern of soil chemical properties, microbial activity, and potentially biological weathering intensity, and the intensity of those processes in correlation with root presence varies in space. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85153681498,

title = {Tree aboveground biomass increment and mortality in temperate mountain forests: Tracing dynamic changes along 25-year monitoring period},

author = { M.K. Dyderski and Ł. Pawlik and K. Chwistek and P. Czarnota},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85153681498&doi=10.1016%2fj.foreco.2023.121054&partnerID=40&md5=0bc11a371b14379a5cefa9955437102d},

doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121054},

issn = {03781127},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},

volume = {540},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Tree aboveground biomass and its increment are sensitive forest and landscape dynamics indicators. Although various methods can measure forest biomass dynamics, only in situ, direct monitoring can substantially reduce the uncertainty related to unknown or uncontrolled factors. Within the present study, we aimed to isolate drivers of tree biomass increment, mortality, and recruitment in the Gorce National Park (GNP), Outer Western Carpathians, Poland. We used a unique database consisting of information collected between 1992 and 2017 (in 5-year intervals) within 389 permanent monitoring plots regularly distributed in the GNP area. This allowed us to calculate tree biomass and its increments and model them using a set of explanatory variables: proportion of particular tree species, mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio11), mean precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), stand basal area (BA), diameter heterogeneity expressed by the coefficient of variation (DBH CV), and conservation regime. We applied generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs), assuming the beta distribution of response variables, i.e. biomass proportions of increment, recruitment, and mortality of three main tree species: Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst, European beech Fagus sylvatica L., and silver fir Abies alba Mill. In a large part of the GNP area, tree biomass increased. In the central and southern parts of the park, tree mortality was higher than in other parts, especially between 2002 and 2007, due to bark beetle outbreaks and intense wind damage. Stand dynamics of all species depended mainly on species proportion in stand biomass. The increment of Abies alba increased with TWI but decreased with BA and DBH CV. Recruitment decreased with BA and slope but increased with TWI and DBH CV, while mortality decreased with DBH CV and TWI. For Fagus sylvatica, increment increased with TWI but decreased with BA, elevation, and bio18, while recruitment decreased with BA and increased with TWI. Mortality decreased with DBH CV, bio11, and TWI but increased with BA. Picea abies increment increased with elevation but decreased with BA, slope, and DBH CV and weakly increased with bio11. Recruitment increased with TWI but decreased with BA and DBH CV, while mortality decreased with DBH CV, BA, and bio18. Water retention at the plot level, approximated by TWI, decreased mortality and increased recruitment of the studied species. Therefore, it can serve as an indicator of suitable microsites for their persistence. In addition, the increment was lower in strictly protected forests, while mortality was higher. Our study provided quantitative evidence of how climate, geomorphology, and forest stand characteristics modify stand dynamics. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85146167829,

title = {Trees as bioindicators of hillslope degradation by debris flows and dangerous rockfalls along the Lefthand Canyon, Colorado Front Range},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and B. Buma and M. Wistuba and I. Malik and A. Ślęzak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146167829&doi=10.1002%2fldr.4575&partnerID=40&md5=a467d49dc39e4cb6917e4fc9fc1bed05},

doi = {10.1002/ldr.4575},

issn = {10853278},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Land Degradation and Development},

volume = {34},

number = {6},

pages = {1869-1884},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Trees provide important ecosystem services such as hillslope stabilization from landslides and rockfall protection, and may also be useful indicators of likelihood of those events in the future. Anatomical changes of tree wood are caused by various physical and biological phenomena. There are several geomorphic processes that change tree-ring characteristics, including hillslope movement, and if detectable, these changes may be used as bioindicators of terrain surface stability. This type of proxy data is vital to places that lack systematic monitoring infrastructure. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of a heavy rainfall that happened on 11–13 September 2013 in the Colorado Front Range (CFR), which triggered more than 1300 debris flows. We intensely studied one large debris flow that was triggered in the region and the surrounding trees. We explored potential tree-based records of hillslope instability including compression wood and the method of eccentricity index of tree rings prior to the 2013 event. In addition, the response index was correlated with daily precipitation totals of the previous and current year in a moving window mode. We also evaluated rockfall patterns to explore the frequency and spatial distribution of tree-scar-based records. Our primarily goal was to test the method in dry climate conditions and to reconstruct possible soil instability episodes and rockfalls that led to hillslope degradation and tree mortality. In this study, we aimed to fill a significant knowledge gap on debris flows and rockfalls frequency in a dry montane forest system. We were able to distinguish 5 years of increased response index (>25% of trees recording slope instability): 1955 (30%), 1982 (27%), 2002 (27%), 2006 (31%), and 2009 (26%). A spring and early summer season daily precipitation totals of the previous year and summertime daily precipitation totals of the current year explained part of the response index variability. Significant correlation coefficients were up to 0.27. Almost 30 historical rockfall events were dated but only one coincided with an earthquake. In total 138 scars visible on growing trees were mapped. Some of them were found even 3.1 m above the ground level. We conclude that trees can be effective bioindicators of hillslope instability related to debris flows and rock falling. However, extreme climate events such as heavy rainfall causing a high number of debris flows can be difficult to predict based on the method adopted in the present study. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85141798526,

title = {Indicators of wind-driven forest disturbances – pit–mound topography, its automatic detection and significance},

author = { J. Godziek and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85141798526&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2022.106757&partnerID=40&md5=60a46b3314745bb805ca2dc22bceaa02},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2022.106757},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {221},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Pit-and-mound topography is a result of tree uprooting caused by hurricane-force wind events and hence can act as a bioindicator of forest disturbance. The occurrence and evolution of pit–mound topography can be analyzed using detailed elevation data, such as point clouds from Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys. The objective of this study was to develop an automatic method of pit–mound topography detection. We propose the usage of closed contour lines to extract the locations of pits and mounds. We performed analyses in two study areas (Markowa and Stonów) located on the Babia Góra Massif (southern Poland). We computed the digital elevation model (DEM), extracted contour lines, calculated the length of each contour line and selected only closed contours belonging to a specified length interval. Then, we created polygons from the outermost closed contour lines. We classified polygons into “pits” and “mounds” by investigating the location of the highest and lowest altitudes within the polygon. We tested 27 variants of our method using different DEM spatial resolutions, contour intervals and contour length intervals. To estimate the accuracy of our method, we created a validation dataset by performing manual recognition of pit–mound pairs based on the topographic position index (TPI). One of the highest accuracies, obtained for the 1st variant of our method, reached 96.9 % for pits, 93.8 % for mounds and 90.6 % for pit–mound pairs in the Stonów area. In the Markowa area, this variant achieved an accuracy of 95.2 % for pits, 90.5 % for mounds and 85.7 % for pit–mound pairs. Our method can be used as an important step in analyses conducted in forest ecology, geomorphology or soil science. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85144632770,

title = {Forest Damage by Extra-Tropical Cyclone Klaus-Modeling and Prediction},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and J. Godziek and Ł. Zawolik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144632770&doi=10.3390%2ff13121991&partnerID=40&md5=ee59a232f26a29436d4272f8196bfc1c},

doi = {10.3390/f13121991},

issn = {19994907},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Forests},

volume = {13},

number = {12},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Windstorms may have negative consequences on forest ecosystems, industries, and societies. Extreme events related to extra-tropical cyclonic systems remind us that better recognition and understanding of the factors driving forest damage are needed for more efficient risk management and planning. In the present study, we statistically modelled forest damage caused by the windstorm Klaus in south-west France. This event occurred on 24 January 2009 and caused severe damage to maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) forest stands. We aimed at isolating the best potential predictors that can help to build better predictive models of forest damage. We applied the random forest (RF) technique to find the best classifiers of the forest damage binary response variable. Five-fold spatial block cross-validation, repeated five times, and forward feature selection (FFS) were applied to the control for model over-fitting. In addition, variable importance (VI) and accumulated local effect (ALE) plots were used as model performance metrics. The best RF model was used for spatial prediction and forest damage probability mapping. The ROC AUC of the best RF model was 0.895 and 0.899 for the training and test set, respectively, while the accuracy of the RF model was 0.820 for the training and 0.837 for the test set. The FFS allowed us to isolate the most important predictors, which were the distance from the windstorm trajectory, soil sand fraction content, the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the wind exposure index (WEI). In general, their influence on the forest damage probability was positive for a wide range of the observed values. The area of applicability (AOA) confirmed that the RF model can be used to construct a probability map for almost the entire study area. © 2022 by the authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85136118555,

title = {Changing natural conditions and their impact on the Mt. Śnieżnica landscape, Outer Western Carpathians – Reconstruction of the Holocene environment based on geochemical indices and radiocarbon dating},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and D. Okupny and P. Kroh and P. Cybul and R. Stachowicz-Rybka and A. Sady-Bugajska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85136118555&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.158066&partnerID=40&md5=8e789016531803df65079b7bdaf8d10f},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158066},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {850},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Environmental changes during the Holocene impacted the development of all civilizations, and it is important to understand the power of this influence through, for instance, the reconstruction of these changes. However, when the climate and environmental conditions of the deep past are analyzed, researchers need to rely on various types of proxy data that are only approximations of the required information. In addition, this type of information is often absent or has several gaps (hiatuses). In the present study, we analyzed a 4.4-m deep core excavated from the fen formed within the landslide body on the northern side of Mt. Śnieżnica in the Wyspowy Beskidy Mountains, the Outer Western Carpathians, southern Poland. In total, we analyzed 405 samples in terms of 29 geochemical components (e.g.; nitrogen (N); carbon (C); sulfur (S); and the total organic carbon (TOC)) and physical properties, namely particle-size distribution, loss on ignition (LOI), and microcharcoal content. Additionally, to establish geochronology, we dated 27 samples of different biological materials using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon method. A detailed examination of plant macrodetritus and wood anatomy supported our interpretation based on the geochemical data. The Mt. Śnieżnica landslide probably formed ca. 14,000 cal BP in the first phase of the Allerød Interstadial. For almost 9000 years, there were no appropriate terrain conditions for the long-term accumulation of organo-mineral materials. At ca. 4400 cal BP, peat accumulation commenced. The beginning of peat accumulation correlates with the global 4.2 Bond event of cold climate conditions. After another ca. 2000 years, the core sediments were dominated by limnetic mud, suggesting aquatic conditions in the landslide depression. This sudden shift in the characteristics of sedimentation is loosely linked to the boundary between the Subboreal and Subatlantic phases (ca. 2500 cal BP). The apparent dichotomy of the depositional record agrees with the reconstructed climatic conditions during the second part of the Holocene. Up to 3000 cal BP, the regional climate was warm and humid, which allowed fast biomass production and hillslope stabilization by trees. Forest fires occurred only at the beginning and end of this period (4400–3000 cal BP). After 3000 cal BP, the regional climate became cool and dry. In this period, we found evidence of intensified erosion, but it was unrelated to forest fire activity. © 2022 The Authors},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85133918280,

title = {Fungal genetic biodiversity and metabolic activity as an indicator of potential biological weathering and soil formation – Case study of towards a better understanding of Earth system dynamics},

author = { A. Gałązka and A. Marzec-Grządziel and J. Grządziel and M. Varsadiya and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85133918280&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolind.2022.109136&partnerID=40&md5=6886b47d7c6c27ef0bf555746ed4d06c},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109136},

issn = {1470160X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Ecological Indicators},

volume = {141},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Terrestrial plants act as ecosystem engineers modifying the flow of energy and matter and creating new habitats for other organisms. This vital concept also encompasses plants' effects on landforms and soils, crucial components of forested landscapes worldwide. In the present study, we investigate how trees through their roots and symbiotic organisms influence soil-weathering processes. The aim of the study was to answer one of the big questions in Earth sciences: how do biological agents, including fungi, acting at the critical interface between the biosphere and the abiotic environment, shape soil and landscape evolution? Within the present study we ask what is the level of fungal activity within root systems of trees and how can it influence biological weathering. The area of interest is in the Poprad River gorge in the southern part of the Sącz Beskidy Mountains, the Outer Western Carpathians. We applied the following analyses: 1) determination of the structural diversity of fungi (ITS1) and 2) assessment of the metabolic profile of soils (Biolog FFPlates). The highest average number of classified genera were fungi which simultaneously carried out pathotrophic, saprotrophic and symbiotrophic functions. Boletales, Agaricales, Cantharellales and Archaeorhizomycetales were the most abundant orders, but in one sample we also found a particularly high proportion of the order Mortierellales. The order Boletales and its family Boletaceae were significantly enriched in rock crack samples, whereas the highest number of differentially abundant taxa was observed in reference samples. The most frequently utilised substrates by fungi were: glycyl-L-glutamic acids, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, D-galacturonic acid, fumaric acids, D-saccharic acids, succinic acids and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Our study demonstrates that the fungal community in the root zone is geochemically active and the organic acids secreted by plant roots in oligotrophic conditions and nutrient limitations significantly affect soil weathering. © 2022},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85120620927,

title = {Modelling and prediction of wind damage in forest ecosystems of the Sudety Mountains, SW Poland},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and S.P. Harrison},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85120620927&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2021.151972&partnerID=40&md5=608f1bcc3a543c06a5fece8ad797d56f},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151972},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {815},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Windstorms are one of the most important disturbance factors in European forest ecosystems. An understanding of the major drivers causing observed changes in forests is essential to improve prediction models and as a basis for forest management. In the present study, we use machine learning techniques in combination with data sets on tree properties, bioclimatic and geomorphic conditions, to analyse the level of forest damage by windstorms in the Sudety Mountains over the period 2004–2010. We tested four scenarios under five classification model frameworks: logistic regression, random forest, support vector machines, neural networks, and gradient boosted modelling. Gradient boosted modelling and random forest have the best predictive power. Tree volume and age are the most important predictors of windstorm damage; climate and geomorphic variables are less important. Forest damage maps based on forest data from 2020 show lower probabilities of damage compared to the end of 20th and the beginning of 21st century. © 2021 The Authors},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85107045409,

title = {Drivers of forest aboveground biomass and its increments in the Tatra Mountains after 15 years},

author = { M.K. Dyderski and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107045409&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2021.105468&partnerID=40&md5=6dbb7ef8ddd66bd52e33db294ec654dd},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2021.105468},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {205},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The stands and soils of forest ecosystems are one of the most important carbon sinks in the terrestrial environment; thus, proper estimation of forest biomass increment is crucial to understand the rate of atmospheric CO2 sequestration. Here, we propose a biomass and biomass increment estimation methodology using forest inventory data from 1991 to 2006 from the Tatra National Park (TNP), Western Carpathians, Poland. Using machine learning techniques (random forest), we showed, for the first time, that stand age, the proportion of Abies alba, Picea abies, and Pinus mugo, and elevation are the most important predictors of aboveground stand biomass. Stand biomass increment is driven by the proportion of P. mugo, A. alba, and P. abies, stand age, elevation, and valley depth. Our results showed that the primary drivers of forest biomass (stand age and species composition) could be modified by the geomorphic properties of the terrain, indicating their importance in the mitigation of negative climate change trends in forest landscapes. Additionally, we showed that the biomass increment assessment using repeated measurements differed from trends of age-based biomass models, indicating the need to consider site-specific factors (e.g.; slope and aspect). The potential applicability of these results improves the accuracy of carbon budget modeling and supports decision-making in nature conservation and forest management. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85104278442,

title = {Recent advances on geomorphology of the gorce mountains, the outer western carpathians - state-of-the-art and future perspectives},

author = { P. Kroh and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85104278442&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.0193&partnerID=40&md5=58d195fd1bbccb8f217d88ed659579cb},

doi = {10.7163/GPol.0193},

issn = {00167282},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Geographia Polonica},

volume = {94},

number = {1},

pages = {47-67},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {The increase of geomorphological research during the last decades in the Gorce Mts. caused the need for state-of-art review papers. The Gorce Mountains were formed as an isolated massif with Mt Turbacz (1310 m a.s.l.) as the highest summit. River channels are remodeled by sudden and high-level floods with the critical impact of log jams. The main processes influencing hillslope relief were landsliding, run-off, and tree uprooting. The review suggests the following issues await for studies: A long-term landscape evolution, monitoring of morphogenetic processes, and origin of landslides with their contribution to denudation rates. Also, current biomorphodynamics (uprooting process) has not been sufficiently studied. © Paweł Kroh, Łukasz Pawlik.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85099803359,

title = {Post-landslide soil and vegetation recovery in a dry, montane system is slow and patchy},

author = { B. Buma and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099803359&doi=10.1002%2fecs2.3346&partnerID=40&md5=c5cb3afc9633f603d71afbcc582ca8b9},

doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3346},

issn = {21508925},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Ecosphere},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},

abstract = {Landslides are common disturbances in forests around the world, and a major threat to human life and property. Landslides are likely to become more common in many areas as storms intensify. Forest vegetation can improve hillslope stability via long, deep rooting across and through failure planes. In the U.S. Rocky Mountains, landslides are infrequent but widespread when they do occur. They are also extremely understudied, with little known about the basic vegetation recovery processes and rates of establishment which restabilize hills. This study presents the first evaluation of post-landslide vegetation recovery on forested landslides in the southern Rocky Mountains. Six years after a major landslide event, the surveyed sites have very little regeneration in initiation zones, even when controlling for soil coverage. Soils are shallower and less nitrogen rich in initiation zones as well. Rooting depth was similar between functional groups regardless of position on the slide, but deep-rooting trees are much less common in initiation zones. A lack of post-disturbance tree regeneration in these lower elevation, warm/dry settings, common across a variety of disturbance types, suggests that complete tree restabilization of these hillslopes is likely to be a slow or non-existent, especially as the climate warms. Replacement by grasses would protect against shallow instabilities but not the deeper mass movement events which threaten life and property. © 2021 The Authors.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85090751255,

title = {Indirect biogeomorphic and soil evolutionary effects of spruce bark beetle},

author = { P. Šamonil and J.D. Phillips and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090751255&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2020.103317&partnerID=40&md5=011c0676f49d802d30a0dc1b7891cd57},

doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103317},

issn = {09218181},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Global and Planetary Change},

volume = {195},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Outbreaks of bark beetles, for example Ips typographus L. in Eurasia or Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins in North America, have serious impacts on forest resources, biodiversity, and ecological dynamics, with economical and social ramifications. Moreover, many models predict increasing frequency and severity of such biotic disturbances due to ongoing climate change, and land use driven changes in forest structure and composition. Bark beetles are recognized as keystone species due to their strong and complex effects on ecosystem dynamics. However, due to the increasingly widely recognized biogeomorphic impacts of trees, bark beetles may have significant indirect biogeomorphic and pedogenetic impacts through their effects at scales ranging from individual trees to forest landscapes. These include: (1) Reduced uprooting, with associated impacts on topography, mass movements, regolith and soil formation, and slope hydrology; (2) Reductions in bioprotection via trapping of downslope sediment movement; (3) Hydrological impacts, including increased total runoff and increased proportion of subsurface flow; (4) Decreased microtopographic irregularity (and associated hydrological and pedological impacts); and (5) Changes in biochemical and biomechanical effects on soils, regolith, and hillslope morphology. Five separator factors (discriminators between different developmental trajectories) were revealed for the case of the central European region. These factors may determine the occurrence and severity of biogeomorphic impacts: First is whether the site is prone to potential uprooting or whether an spruce bark beetle (SBB) outbreak is initiated by a blowdown/uprooting event. Second is whether the site is dominated by mineral soils or Histosols. A third discriminating factor is whether the forest is managed or unmanaged, which determines the pre-attack tree species composition and coarse woody debris and disturbance regimes; and a fourth is the post-outbreak management. Finally, the fifth separator factor relates to slope thresholds that determine the significance of impacts on mass movements and erosion. These findings support the need, and provide guidelines, for research on geomorphic impacts of bark beetle infestations. Though we mainly restrict our consideration to bark beetles in Europe, both our approach and findings are likely to have broader relevance for biogeomorphic impacts of extensive tree mortality. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85087590009,

title = {Spatial distribution of tree species in mountain national parks depends on geomorphology and climate},

author = { M.K. Dyderski and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087590009&doi=10.1016%2fj.foreco.2020.118366&partnerID=40&md5=a8747cff341cfd6ab81e868f951a3322},

doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118366},

issn = {03781127},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},

volume = {474},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {During changing climates, tree species distribution and productivity are subject of dynamic changes. However, two other factors can play a role in forest development: human impact and terrain properties. Furthermore, terrain properties can frequently modify climatic limitation of tree species growth both positively and negatively. Here, we chose to study five national parks in southern Poland. We tested the impact of climate, soil type and geomorphic indices on the occurrence and biomass of tree species using random forest models. We assumed that despite the presence of human impact, fundamental relationships between landscape properties and climate were still detectable in the selected parks. Elevation and valley depth were the most important individual predictors of tree species distribution; site-specificity was an additional important factor. In addition to the strong age-dependency of aboveground biomass (mainly for Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst and European beech Fagus sylvatica L.), elevation negatively impacted the productivity of all tree species. Additionally, the topographic wetness index negatively affected the biomass of F. sylvatica, while the slope positively influenced its biomass. Using partial dependence plots, we described how geomorphic variables modify climate-dependent elevational patterns of species studied distributions and biomass. Due to protection and preservation of these sites as provided by the national park system, we could separate the effects of particular variables on tree species studied. Our results broaden understanding of the influence of geomorphological variability on species distributions under similar climatic and soil conditions. This allows for predicting sites with a higher probability of species persistence under changing climates. Therefore, our results might be used to identify sites less vulnerable to climate change, therefore important for conservation prioritization. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85084492323,

title = {Impact of trees and forests on the Devonian landscape and weathering processes with implications to the global Earth's system properties - A critical review},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and B. Buma and P. Šamonil and J. Kvaček and A. Gałązka and P. Kohout and I. Malik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084492323&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2020.103200&partnerID=40&md5=8562e63fb5eae7e84d2200643128b465},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103200},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {205},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Evolution of terrestrial plants, the first vascular plants, the first trees, and then whole forest ecosystems had far reaching consequences for Earth system dynamics. These innovations are considered important moments in the evolution of the atmosphere, biosphere, and oceans, even if the effects might have lagged by hundreds of thousands or millions of years. These fundamental changes in the Earth's history happened in the Paleozoic: from the Ordovician, the time of the first land plants, to the Carboniferous, dominated by forest ecosystems. The Devonian Plant Hypothesis (DPH) was the first concept to offer a full and logical explanation of the many environmental changes associated with the evolution of trees/forests that took place during this time period. The DPH highlighted the impact of deep-rooted vascular plants, particularly trees on weathering processes, pedogenesis, nutrient transport, CO2 cycling, organic and inorganic carbon deposition, and suggests further possible consequences on the marine realm (oceanic anoxia and extinction during the Late Devonian). Here we attempt to combine the DPH and the related expansion in biodiversity, the Devonian Plant Explosion (DePE), with the Biogeomorphic Ecosystem Engineering (BEE) concept. This idea connects tree growth and activity with initiation and/or alteration of geomorphic processes, and therefore the creation or deterioration of geomorphic landforms. We focus on trees and forest ecosystems, as the assumed dominant driver of plant-initiated change. We find that whereas there is a broad evidence of trees as important biogeomorphic ecosystem engineers, addressing the DPH is difficult due to limited, difficult to interpret, or controversial data. However, we argue the concept of BEE does shed new light on DPH and suggest new data sources that should be able to answer our main question: were Devonian trees Biogeomorphic Ecosystem engineers? © 2020 The Author(s)},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85079874759,

title = {Soil, regolith, and weathered rock: Theoretical concepts and evolution in old-growth temperate forests, Central Europe},

author = { P. Šamonil and J.D. Phillips and P. Daněk and V. Beneš and Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079874759&doi=10.1016%2fj.geoderma.2020.114261&partnerID=40&md5=393e23142b675f589bd15d9b22b45991},

doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114261},

issn = {00167061},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geoderma},

volume = {368},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Evolution of weathering profiles (WP) is critical for landscape evolution, soil formation, biogeochemical cycles, and critical zone hydrology and ecology. Weathering profiles often include soil or solum (O; A; E; and B horizons), non-soil regolith (including soil C horizons; saprolite), and weathered rock. Development of these is a function of weathering at the bedrock weathering front to produce weathered rock; weathering at the boundary between regolith and weathered rock to produce saprolite, and pedogenesis to convert non-soil regolith to soil. Relative thicknesses of soil (Ts), non-soil regolith (Tr) and weathered rock (Tw) can provide insight into the relative rates of these processes at some sites with negligible surface removals or deposition. Scenarios of weathering profile development based on these are developed in current study. We investigated these with ground penetrating radar, electrical resistance tomography, and seismic profiling at three old growth forest sites in the Czech Republic, on gneiss, granite, and flysch bedrock. We found that the geophysical methods – which generated thousands of separate measurements of Ts, Tr, Tw – to produce good estimates. The weathered rock layer (sensu lato) was generally the thickest of the weathering profile layers. Mean soil thicknesses were about 0.64–0.75 m at the three sites, with typical maxima around 1.5 m. Non-soil regolith thicknesses averaged about 2.5 m on the gneiss site and 1.2–1.4 at the other sites. Weathered rock had a mean thickness of 7 m at the gneiss site (up to 10.3), 4.6 at the granite site, and 3.4 on flysch. Results indicate that weathering at the bedrock weathering front is more rapid than conversion of weathered rock to regolith, which is in turn more rapid than saprolite-to-soil conversion by pedogenesis on all three bedrock types. No evidence was found of steady-state soil, non-soil regolith, or weathered rock thicknesses or evolution toward steady-state. Steady-state would require that weathering rates at the bedrock and/or regolith weathering fronts decline to negligible rates as profiles thicken, but the relative thicknesses at our study sites do not indicate this is the case. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85070676900,

title = {Weathering fronts},

author = { J.D. Phillips and Ł. Pawlik and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85070676900&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2019.102925&partnerID=40&md5=6c24124904aaa2003f96abe631e12d86},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102925},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {198},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {A distinct boundary between unweathered and weathered rock that moves downward as weathering proceeds—the weathering front—is explicitly or implicitly part of landscape evolution concepts of etchplanation, triple planation, dynamic denudation, and weathering- and supply-limited landscapes. Weathering fronts also figure prominently in many models of soil, hillslope, and landscape evolution, and mass movements. Clear transitions from weathered to unweathered material, increasing alteration from underlying bedrock to the surface, and lateral continuity of weathering fronts are ideal or benchmark conditions. Weathered to unweathered transitions are often gradual, and weathering fronts may be geometrically complex. Some weathering profiles contain pockets of unweathered rock, and highly modified and unmodified parent material at similar depths in close proximity. They also reflect mass fluxes that are more varied than downward-percolating water and slope-parallel surface processes. Fluxes may also be upward, or lateral along lithological boundaries, structural features, and textural or weathering-related boundaries. Fluxes associated with roots, root channels, and faunal burrows may potentially occur in any direction. Just as pedology has broadened its traditional emphasis on top-down processes to incorporate various lateral fluxes, studies of weathering profiles are increasingly recognizing and incorporating multidirectional mass fluxes. Examples from karst systems may also be useful, where concepts of laterally continuous weathering fronts, rock-regolith boundaries, and water tables; and an assumption of dominantly diffuse downward percolation are generally inapplicable. We also question the idea of a single weathering front, and of a two-stage process of weathering rock to regolith, and transforming regolith to soil. In many cases there appears to be three stages involving conversion of bedrock to weathered rock, weathered rock to regolith, and regolith to soil. © 2019},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85061796526,

title = {Geomorphic edge effects in response to abiotic and anthropogenic disturbances in forest ecosystems of the Gorce Mountains, Western Carpathians},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Šamonil and I. Malik and P. Kroh and A. Ślęzak and P. Daněk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061796526&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2019.02.013&partnerID=40&md5=2036dfa586f01d16f17ef961a3e79cd1},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2019.02.013},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {177},

pages = {134-148},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {In the present paper we report on the only known example of a hummocky meadow in Poland. The area of the Hala Długa in the Gorce Mountains is a hotspot of complex geomorphic edge effects that have been widely studied in relation to human impacts and forest disturbances. Applying an interdisciplinary approach, we aimed to study the geomorphic activity in edge conditions between two contrasting ecosystems, a high-mountain meadow and a forest. Several methods were applied: geomorphic mapping, radiocarbon dating, soil analysis, geomorphometry, wood anatomy, and investigations of historical maps. These methods enabled us to reconstruct the history of the Hala Długa over the past ca 300 years, and to evaluate geomorphic activity and soil dynamics in this area. The treethrow pit-mound microtopography (hummocky meadow; Buckelwiese) of this area was formed under forest conditions, but due to long-term human impacts linked to sheep grazing and mowing, was preserved as a distinct topography for at least 100 years. While this topography was still clearly visible in the 1950s, when it was first reported, it is currently gradually disappearing under trees that have formed a belt around the study area. Soils of the study site were disturbed by tree uprooting, with many key features identified during the soil profile analysis: spots of coarse partly oriented sandstone fragments in pits, patches of organic matter in the metamorphic B horizon, and a large number of root remnants and pieces of charcoal in different parts of treethrow mounds and pits. We suggest a non-linear or even polygenetic soil evolution due to altered vegetation and disturbance regimes. The evaluation of wood remnants revealed that the majority of uprooted tree species were Picea abies (L.) H. Karst and Larix decidua Mill. We conclude that in the Gorce Mountains geomorphic edge effects can form hotspots of geomorphic activity driven by human impacts, natural disturbances, and the specific hydrological regime in the highest parts of the massif. © 2019},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85055269062,

title = {A study of the wood anatomy of Picea abies roots and their role in biomechanical weathering of rock cracks},

author = { I. Malik and Ł. Pawlik and A. Ślęzak and M. Wistuba},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055269062&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2018.10.018&partnerID=40&md5=bdb01373475d2a81619f8c32d47c8d15},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.018},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {173},

pages = {264-275},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Our study of the wood anatomy of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) growing in fractured bedrock reveals widening of bedrock cracks. Analysis, under a transmitted-light microscope of 30 micro-sections of three roots from two trees, shows that the most common anatomical features of roots growing in fractured bedrock are the blocking of radial growth, multi-directional uneven radial growth and fan-shaped deformation of cell rows. Crack widening is indicated by a sequence of features: normal growth followed by blocking of radial growth, then reappearance of radial growth. Changes in crack shape are shown by formation of traumatic resin ducts followed by radial growth eccentricity or multidirectional uneven growth. Eccentricity and radial growth release and an abrupt decrease in cell size imply increasing space for root growth and root exposure. We found inconclusive evidence of crack widening due to pressure from increasing root size (biomechanical weathering). Nevertheless, root anatomy indicates sudden crack widening, with other possible causes including tree-trunk flexing of roots by strong winds, mass-movement or freeze-thaw processes. © 2018},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85044040565,

title = {Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044040565&doi=10.1007%2fs11104-018-3622-9&partnerID=40&md5=8bc5df3280ff4785c2094a87ed8e0eaf},

doi = {10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9},

issn = {0032079X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Plant and Soil},

volume = {426},

number = {1-2},

pages = {109-134},

publisher = {Springer International Publishing},

abstract = {Background and aims: The changing soils is a never-ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a critical role in forested landscapes by having a large imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent development pathways, leading to a decrease or an increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local changes in soil complexity (convergence; divergence; or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically controlled by regionally predominating soil formation processes. Methods: To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve; Poland), Entic Podzols (Žofínský Prales Reserve; Czech Republic) and Albic Podzols (Upper Peninsula; Michigan; USA). Soil profiles under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the laboratory for 20 physical and chemical properties. In total, we analyzed 116 soil samples. The age of trees and time of tree death were determined using the radiometry (14C), dendrochronology and repeated tree censuses. To process the data, we used multivariate statistics, namely, redundancy analyses (RDAs) and principal component analyses (PCAs). The statistical significance of variables was tested using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and permutation tests. To reach the main aims of the present study, we examined the dataset at three levels of data complexity: 1) soil regions, 2) microsite (i.e., tree stump versus control site), and 3) soil horizon. Results: Living tree roots and empty or infilled root channels were the most important pedogenic factors that affected the dimensions of soil horizons and the moisture in the root zone under tree stumps. Microsites explained almost 6% of the soil variability (p < 0.001},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85044743069,

title = {Soil creep: The driving factors, evidence and significance for biogeomorphic and pedogenic domains and systems – A critical literature review},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85044743069&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2018.01.008&partnerID=40&md5=86c2c4b6abaff94c816e7ed498aa1bcc},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.008},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {178},

pages = {257-278},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Soil and regolith creep have been analyzed for at least the last 140 years, using many methodological configurations and temporal and spatial scales. The general concept of creeping soil and its mechanism, first proposed by W.M. Davis and G.K. Gilbert at the end of the 19th century, evolved since the 1940s towards theoretical models and precise short- and long-term field measurements. This fruitful epoch continued with results enhanced at the turn of the 20th century by the application of new research methods (e.g. radiometry) and a redefinition of the term soil creep to encompass the sum of stochastic shallow subsurface and near-surface processes causing net downslope movement of soil or regolith. Simultaneously, another possibility of creep detection was noticed in dendrochronology, and since the 1970s, in the formally defined discipline of dendrogeomorphology, indirect evaluations of creep activity were performed based on tree-ring analyses of bent trees. This method found many followers, but was also heavily criticized as imprecise and lacking in evidence of which kind of tree trunk curvature (e.g. “pistol-butt”- like deformation; S-shape curvature) could be ascribed to creep movement. From the beginning, soil creep was associated with the activity of living organisms on hillslopes. However, this aspect of creep studies has never been fully developed, in spite of the solid foundations and directions of potential studies pointed out by Charles Darwin at the end of the 19th century. In this paper we focus on the historical context of soil creep studies, and highlight forest ecosystems as probably the most active environment of biogenic creep, mainly due to tree uprooting and other biomechanical effects of living and dead trees (root channel infilling; tree root mounding etc.) that are a factors in biotransport. In the final sections the position of biogenic creep in the structure of biogeomorphic systems is discussed in relation to such important conceptual frameworks as the biogeomorphic ecosystem, biogeomorphic feedback window and ecosystem engineering. We also describe several hypotheses that should be carefully tested in the future, and propose several research methods that have the ability to further our knowledge about soil creep: radiometry, laser scanning and soil micromorphology. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {37},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85033574714,

title = {Regolith properties under trees and the biomechanical effects caused by tree root systems as recognized by electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and M. Kasprzak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033574714&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2017.10.002&partnerID=40&md5=77dd16da974f0b5e59f76cdf86e44912},

doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.10.002},

issn = {0169555X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geomorphology},

volume = {300},

pages = {1-12},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Following previous findings regarding the influence of vascular plants (mainly trees) on weathering, soil production and hillslope stability, in this study, we attempted to test a hypothesis regarding significant impacts of tree root systems on soil and regolith properties. Different types of impacts from tree root system (direct and indirect) are commonly gathered under the key term of “biomechanical effects”. To add to the discussion of the biomechanical effects of trees, we used a non-invasive geophysical method, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), to investigate the profiles of four different configurations at three study sites within the Polish section of the Outer Western Carpathians. At each site, one long profile (up to 189 m) of a large section of a hillslope and three short profiles (up to 19.5 m), that is, microsites occupied by trees or their remnants, were made. Short profiles included the tree root zone of a healthy large tree, the tree stump of a decaying tree and the pit-and-mound topography formed after a tree uprooting. The resistivity of regolith and bedrock presented on the long profiles and in comparison with the short profiles through the microsites it can be seen how tree roots impact soil and regolith properties and add to the complexity of the whole soil/regolith profile. Trees change soil and regolith properties directly through root channels and moisture migration and indirectly through the uprooting of trees and the formation of pit-and-mound topography. Within tree stump microsites, the impact of tree root systems, evaluated by a resistivity model, was smaller compared to microsites with living trees or those with pit-and-mound topography but was still visible even several decades after the trees were windbroken or cut down. The ERT method is highly useful for quick evaluation of the impact of tree root systems on soils and regolith. This method, in contrast to traditional soil analyses, offers a continuous dataset for the entire microsite and at depths not normally reached by standard soil excavations. The non-invasive nature of ERT studies is especially important for protected areas as it was shown in the present study. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84991736874,

title = {Domination of hillslope denudation by tree uprooting in an old-growth forest},

author = { J.D. Phillips and P. Šamonil and Ł. Pawlik and J. Trochta and P. Daněk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991736874&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2016.10.006&partnerID=40&md5=ee9c94846234fb8265bddef8725d80e3},

doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.006},

issn = {0169555X},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Geomorphology},

volume = {276},

pages = {27-36},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Razula forest preserve in the Carpathian Mountains of the Czech Republic is an unmanaged forest that has not been logged or otherwise anthropically disturbed for at least 83 years, preceded by only infrequent selective logging. We examined this 25 ha area to determine the dominant geomorphological processes on the hillslope. Tree uprooting displaces about 2.9 m3 of soil and regolith per year, representing about 1.5 uprooted trees ha− 1 yr− 1, based on forest inventory records dating back to 1972, and contemporary measurements of displaced soil and pit-mound topography resulting from uprooting. Pits and mounds occupy > 14% of the ground surface. Despite typical slope gradients of 0.05 mm− 1, and up to 0.41, little evidence of mass wasting (e.g.; slump or flow scars or deposits; colluvial deposits) was noted in the field, except in association with pit-mound pairs. Small avalanche and ravel features are common on the upslope side of uproot pits. Surface runoff features were rare and poorly connected, but do include stemwash erosion associated with stemflow. No rills or channels were found above the valley bottom area, and only small, localized areas of erosion and forest litter debris indicating overland flow. Where these features occurred, they either disappeared a short distance downslope (indicating infiltration), or indicate flow into tree throw pits. Surface erosion is also inhibited by surface armoring of coarse rock fragments associated with uprooting, as well as by the nearly complete vegetation and litter cover. These results show that the combination of direct and indirect impacts of tree uprooting can dominate slope processes in old-growth, unmanaged forests. The greater observed expression of different hillslope processes in adjacent managed forests (where tree uprooting dynamics are blocked by management activities) suggests that human interventions can change the slope process regime in forest ecosystems. © 2016},

note = {41},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84973866788,

title = {Roots, rock, and regolith: Biomechanical and biochemical weathering by trees and its impact on hillslopes-A critical literature review},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and J.D. Phillips and P. Šamonil},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84973866788&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2016.06.002&partnerID=40&md5=186780d895911fbef38cbc36e4998c3c},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.002},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {159},

pages = {142-159},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The role of trees and forests as a critical component of the biosphere and critical zone, and of the Earth system more generally, is widely appreciated. Less known and acknowledged are the geomorphological functions of tree roots, although their importance has been widely referred to in soil studies, paleopedology, and paleobotany. Tree roots and their impact on weathering processes and soil production were incorporated in the Devonian plant hypothesis and tree root casts served as a key evidence of recognition of past soils in geology, sedimentology, and paleopedology. However, knowledge of biomechanical and biochemical weathering induced by vascular plant roots (mainly trees) has been rarely utilized in geomorphic studies. Biogeomorphic and pedologic studies in recent decades have highlighted the importance of tree uprooting, in which roots play a primary role, in soil development, regolith disturbance and bedrock mining. Other important functions of roots were also recognized, e.g., soil displacement by growing roots, infilling of stump holes and root cavities, root groove development, direct and indirect effects taking place in the rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere (mainly biochemical weathering of minerals; support by microbial communities and symbiotic fungi), and changes in porosity, permeability, and hydrology of soils in the root zone. However, further studies are urgently needed because many aspects of biochemical and biomechanical weathering are not well understood. This is especially true with respect to taxa-specific impacts. Variations in root architectures, edaphic settings, ecological relationships, and geographic ranges result in substantially different biogeomorphic impacts of different tree species. Additionally, the same species in different environmental settings may have different effects. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {87},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84992307231,

title = {Local- and regional-scale biomorphodynamics due to tree uprooting in semi-natural and managed montane forests of the Sudetes Mountains, Central Europe},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Migoń and M. Szymanowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992307231&doi=10.1002%2fesp.3950&partnerID=40&md5=42db407cbbc20e39836dbdb4bb8a3db1},

doi = {10.1002/esp.3950},

issn = {01979337},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},

volume = {41},

number = {9},

pages = {1250-1265},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {In this work, direct and indirect geomorphic consequences of wind-related tree uprooting are examined, using an extensive dataset from the mountain range of the Sudetes, Poland. The role of local conditions in influencing the geomorphic efficacy of tree uprooting is examined, as well as issues of upscaling individual observations from experimental sites. This problem is approached at a range of spatial and observational scales, from monitoring of root plate degradation over time through to examination of wind effects at a slope scale and region-wide analysis. In our study area the mean root plate volume is between 0.4 and 4.2 m3 for spruce and 2.4 m3 for beech, and their degradation may last tens of years. The density of relict pit-and-mound microtopography varies from 2.7 up to 40 pairs per hectare and the maximum coverage of terrain is 4.7%. The volume of treethrow mounds varies from 0.5 to 3.1 m3 and mounds seem to outlive the pits formed in the same episode of disturbance. However, in specific lithological and topographic conditions, pit-and-mound topography does not form. The maximum biogenic transport attributable to a single windstorm event is c. 80 m3 ha−1, while soil turnover times are calculated in the order of 1000–10 000 years. Rock fragment ‘mining’ is an important biogeomorphic process, both in terms of impact on hillslope surfaces and on soil properties. Gravel armours and small-scale stepped topography may form instead of typical pit–mound associations in specific circumstances. Managed forests appear more prone to wind damage and associated geomorphic consequences. In the Sudetes Mountains, the variable role of tree uprooting in local and regional hillslope denudation is governed by forest stand structure, topography and regolith properties, with the former significantly influenced by human activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},

note = {24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84884394945,

title = {The role of trees in the geomorphic system of forested hillslopes - A review},

author = { Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84884394945&doi=10.1016%2fj.earscirev.2013.08.007&partnerID=40&md5=adf85d8e63e9c2706a645ceb4e3aa33b},

doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.08.007},

issn = {00128252},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},

volume = {126},

pages = {250-265},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Forested hillslopes form a special geoecosystem, an environment of geomorphic processes that depend strongly on forest ecology, including the growth and decay of trees, changes in structure, disturbances and other fluctuations. Hence, the following various functions of trees are reviewed here: their role in both biomechanical and biochemical weathering, as well as their importance for the hillslope geomorphic subsystem and for transport of soil material via tree uprooting and root growth. Special attention is paid to tree uprooting, a process considered the most efficient and most frequent biogeomorphological indicator of bio-physical activity within forest in complex terrain. Trees have varied implications for soil formation in different environments (boreal to tropical forests) and altitudes. In this paper an attempt has been made to emphasize how trees not only modulate geomorphic processes, but also how they act as a direct or indirect agent of microrelief formation, the most striking example of which being widespread and long-lasting pit-and-mound microtopography. Based on the analyzed literature it seems that some problems attributed to forest ecology can have a fundamental effect on forested hillslope dynamics, a relationship which points to the need for its integration and interpretation within the field of geomorphology. The biology of individual trees has a key influence on the development of e.g. rock faces, weathering front migration and changes in the soil biomantle within upper and lower forest belts. Additionally, forms and sediments depend largely on the horizontal and vertical extent, volume and structure of root systems, as well as on active processes taking place in the root zone and rhizosphere. Furthermore, although trees to a large extent stabilize slope surfaces, their presence can also have a dual effect on slope stability due to tree uprooting, a process which in some circumstances can trigger mass movements (e.g. debris avalanches). So far, several attempts at quantifying the influence of trees on slopes have been made via the use of mathematical equations, enabling researchers to calculate: 1) the root plate volume of uprooted trees, 2) the amount of soil displacement due to tree root growth, and 3) rates of erosion, sedimentation and soil creep. In light of the reviewed literature, the most urgent issue appears to be the need for a thorough study of the interactions and feedbacks occurring between trees and geomorphic systems (e.g. soil mixing and biotransport by trees) in different climate zones, altitudes and time frames, especially in terms of the development of forest ecosystems during the Holocene. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {71},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84879204282,

title = {Surface processes and interactions with forest vegetation on a steep mudstone slope, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland},

author = { Ł. Pawlik and P. Migoń and P. Owczarek and A. Kacprzak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879204282&doi=10.1016%2fj.catena.2013.03.011&partnerID=40&md5=ce9828559a0b6b7ae4848cef9ba98c17},

doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2013.03.011},

issn = {03418162},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Catena},

volume = {109},

pages = {203-216},

abstract = {In this study we recognize complex physical biotic-abiotic interactions on a steep forested slope in the moderately elevated mountain terrain of the Sudetes, Central Europe, using geomorphological, pedological, and dendrochronological methods. On the forested hillslopes of Mt Rogowa Kopa the evidence of disturbance in natural systems is widespread. In the geomorphic subsystem its most obvious manifestation is the origin and disappearance of pit-and-mound microtopography resulting from tree uprooting. 82 pit-and-mound associations have been mapped on a test slope, providing quantitative data for calculating sediment flux. The flux is around 2×10-4m3m-1year-1, hence less than suggested in the literature but within the same order of magnitude. Nevertheless, in the long term such a transport rate is comparable with the one typical for creep, while it affects a greater thickness of hillslope regolith. Tree bending and abrupt changes in tree ring width are indicators of disturbed tree growth, causally linked to soil creep of mudstone-derived regolith. Eccentric growth is best recorded in wet years and in younger trees, which have to adapt to the pre-existing pit-and-mound surface topography. We offer a conceptual model that links biotic and abiotic factors and discuss implications of the widespread tree uprooting. We suggest that veneers of angular clasts and occasional larger boulders are not necessarily residuals of washed Pleistocene solifluction mantles but may result from root plate degradation after uprooting. Recent catastrophic wind events may, through tree uprooting, lead to structural changes in cover deposits so that they lose their inherited, periglacial signatures. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84861586439,

title = {Forest damage in the Sudety Mts. Caused by the Kyrill storm (18-19.01.2007) - historic and regional implications [Zniszczenia w lasach sudeckich pod wpływem orkanu cyryl (18-19.01.2007 r.) - implikacje historyczne i regionalne]},

author = { Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861586439&doi=10.7163%2fprzg.2012.1.3&partnerID=40&md5=d9c6b06191c20bf2c627f57de6dfc9a3},

doi = {10.7163/przg.2012.1.3},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {84},

number = {1},

pages = {53-75},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-78650606965,

title = {Map of geomorphological threats arising out of floods along a mountain river: (As exemplified by the lower ścinawka, middle Sudety Mts., Poland) [Mapa zagrożeń geomorfologicznych wywołanych wezbraniem rzeki górskiej: (Na przykładzie dolnej czéści doliny ścinawki, Sudety środkowe)]},

author = { Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650606965&doi=10.7163%2fprzg.2010.3.3&partnerID=40&md5=020141a103fe7e5c0301e99241c08f13},

doi = {10.7163/przg.2010.3.3},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {82},

number = {3},

pages = {367-387},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-83255186494,

title = {Importance of tree uprooting in shaping of slope relief [Znaczenie saltacji wykrotowej w kształtowaniu rzeźby stoku]},

author = { Ł. Pawlik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-83255186494&partnerID=40&md5=ea5e39490bd6481d6de1f20d0665df4f},

issn = {00459453},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Czasopismo Geograficzne},

volume = {80},

number = {3},

pages = {130-146},

publisher = {Polish Geographical Society},

abstract = {A review of the available literature indicates tree uprooting as an important process of slope modeling. It appears as an effect of a selective tree decay due to different reasons, but a catastrophic wind that causes large scale windthrows is the most common cause. Tree uprooting has a significant direct and indirect effects on soils (mixing; soil profile inversion) and pedogenesis through biomechanical factors, transport of sediments, creation of a pit-and-mound microtopography and changes in forest ecosystems. As a morphodynamic factor tree uprooting is also known as a dominant mechanism of mass movement. The intensity of tree uprooting depends on either characteristics of trees itself (e.g. age; root habit and anchoring; wood strength) and external factors i.e. slope surface features and frequency of a wind speed. In the tree uprooting analysis mostly the geomorphic research methods are used but many invaluable information can be ob - tained through the methods of soils analysis. A pit-and-mound morphology consists of pits and mounds oval in shape in most cases. Their amplitude can differ remarkably in terms of a slope inclination, root-plate size, a rate of mound degradation through erosion and pit infilling by the material falling from root plates and upper parts of a slope. The recognition of tree uprooting is important due to tendency for a misinterpretation of a given remnants of pit-and-mound pair. In some cases the evidence of past uprooting events (e.g. gravel armors) were wrongly interpreted as an effect of periglacial frost processes during the Pleistocene. In Poland studies of tree uprooting process have had a limited scope so far [Gerlach 1960; Kotarba 1970; Hasiński 1971]. Nevertheless, it is likely to have had an important influence on the mountain slope evolution in the Holocene through shaping their relief, modifying soil formation processes and changing levels of denudation.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}