• dr Jakub Słowiński
Position: samodzielny technik
Unit: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adress: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Floor:
Room: 816
Phone: (32) 3689 865
E-mail: jakub.slowinski@us.edu.pl
Publications list: Publications by CINiBA
Publications list: Publications by OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 57220899814
Publications from the Scopus database
2025
Zatoń, M.; Słowiński, J.
Enigmatic encrusting fossils from the middle Devonian of Morocco: A new epibiont or peculiarly preserved ascodictyid microproblematica? Journal Article
In: Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 231, 2025, ISSN: 1464343X, (0).
@article{2-s2.0-105010946779,
title = {Enigmatic encrusting fossils from the middle Devonian of Morocco: A new epibiont or peculiarly preserved ascodictyid microproblematica?},
author = { M. Zatoń and J. Słowiński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105010946779&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2025.105784&partnerID=40&md5=2d517947abd21ab28954911ba67f0266},
doi = {10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105784},
issn = {1464343X},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Journal of African Earth Sciences},
volume = {231},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Devonian was a special time during which the sea floors were covered by numerous hard substrates, which provided the settlement of various encrusting and boring organisms. Although many of them are well-recognized and have their representatives in younger systems, some have still unresolved taxonomic affinities and thus represent problematic taxa. Here we present intriguing microfossils encrusting a brachiopod shell derived from the Middle Devonian carbonates of the Mader Basin, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco, which haven't been reported so far. The fossils have elongated, ribbon-like morphologies with characteristic lateral, tubular branches and are preserved as Fe-oxides/hydroxides casts after pyrite. The best-preserved specimens alone could have easily been taken as some completely new encrusting taxa. However, their association with some ascodictyids, a group of incertae sedis encrusters, and the presence of similar, but much less well-preserved branches located nearby on the same shell or occurring on other shells may indicate that the fossils described, may in fact only represent a differently preserved ascodictyid. If so, the fossils described suggest, that the same encrusting taxon may produce different taphomorphs even on the same small-sized substrate. Thus, finding such fossils alone may unnecessarily increase the diversity of the hard substrate community unless detailed and critical comparisons are made. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd},
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Devonian was a special time during which the sea floors were covered by numerous hard substrates, which provided the settlement of various encrusting and boring organisms. Although many of them are well-recognized and have their representatives in younger systems, some have still unresolved taxonomic affinities and thus represent problematic taxa. Here we present intriguing microfossils encrusting a brachiopod shell derived from the Middle Devonian carbonates of the Mader Basin, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco, which haven't been reported so far. The fossils have elongated, ribbon-like morphologies with characteristic lateral, tubular branches and are preserved as Fe-oxides/hydroxides casts after pyrite. The best-preserved specimens alone could have easily been taken as some completely new encrusting taxa. However, their association with some ascodictyids, a group of incertae sedis encrusters, and the presence of similar, but much less well-preserved branches located nearby on the same shell or occurring on other shells may indicate that the fossils described, may in fact only represent a differently preserved ascodictyid. If so, the fossils described suggest, that the same encrusting taxon may produce different taphomorphs even on the same small-sized substrate. Thus, finding such fossils alone may unnecessarily increase the diversity of the hard substrate community unless detailed and critical comparisons are made. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd
Słowiński, J.; Clapham, M. E.; Zatoń, M.
The Upper Permian tubular fossils from South China and their possible affinity to sabellid polychaetes Journal Article
In: Historical Biology, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 702-708, 2025, ISSN: 08912963, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-86000372302,
title = {The Upper Permian tubular fossils from South China and their possible affinity to sabellid polychaetes},
author = { J. Słowiński and M.E. Clapham and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-86000372302&doi=10.1080%2F08912963.2024.2324448&partnerID=40&md5=32643ea5df27d3daf489a1af8b7f460e},
doi = {10.1080/08912963.2024.2324448},
issn = {08912963},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Historical Biology},
volume = {37},
number = {3},
pages = {702-708},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {This study analyses intriguing tubular fossils derived from the Upper Permian deposits of southern China. The fossils’ structure is diagenetically altered by silicification precluding an unambiguous systematic assignment. However, the general morphology and tube architecture strongly imply a relationship with tube-dwelling organisms of different affinity such as tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes. Due to the simple morphology of the tubes lacking any ornamentation, as well as the encrustation mode of some individuals, the investigated specimens most likely belong to early sabellids. Although calcareous sabellids persisted since the Middle Permian, their distribution and abundance during the Permian were confined to a single occurrence. If the fossils studied indeed represent sabellids, the global range and abundance of this group during the late Palaeozoic was likely more extensive than currently assumed. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {3},
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This study analyses intriguing tubular fossils derived from the Upper Permian deposits of southern China. The fossils’ structure is diagenetically altered by silicification precluding an unambiguous systematic assignment. However, the general morphology and tube architecture strongly imply a relationship with tube-dwelling organisms of different affinity such as tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes. Due to the simple morphology of the tubes lacking any ornamentation, as well as the encrustation mode of some individuals, the investigated specimens most likely belong to early sabellids. Although calcareous sabellids persisted since the Middle Permian, their distribution and abundance during the Permian were confined to a single occurrence. If the fossils studied indeed represent sabellids, the global range and abundance of this group during the late Palaeozoic was likely more extensive than currently assumed. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Vinn, O.; Słowiński, J.; Zatoń, M.; AlKahtane, A. A.; El-Hedeny, M. M. A.; Farraj, S. Al
Evolutionary palaeoecology of serpulid (Polychaeta, Annelida) symbiosis Journal Article
In: Historical Biology, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 100-112, 2025, ISSN: 08912963, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85180209082,
title = {Evolutionary palaeoecology of serpulid (Polychaeta, Annelida) symbiosis},
author = { O. Vinn and J. Słowiński and M. Zatoń and A.A. AlKahtane and M.M.A. El-Hedeny and S. Al Farraj},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85180209082&doi=10.1080%2F08912963.2023.2288619&partnerID=40&md5=493819d52ad0638e1a339d8a4eac89a4},
doi = {10.1080/08912963.2023.2288619},
issn = {08912963},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Historical Biology},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {100-112},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {Throughout their evolutionary history, serpulids, the calcareous tube-dwelling suspension-feeding polychaetes, formed symbiotic relationships with cnidarians (32 relationships), molluscs (six relationships), brachiopods (three relationships), bryozoans (two relationships), echinoderms (one relationship), foraminifers (one relationship) and worms (one relationship). The absolute majority of symbiotic relationships with serpulids had cnidarian partners (micropredators) in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. There is no observed escalation in the evolution of symbiotic relationships in serpulids. There may be an optimal frequency of symbiotic relationships for serpulid fauna and when that value was achieved in the Jurassic, it stayed constant during the entire evolution of the group. However, the number of serpulid genera involved in symbiosis increased from the Jurassic (six genera) to the Cretaceous (thirteen genera). It seems that the ability to form symbiotic relationships was in general a useful trait as it spread to various branches of the serpulid phylogenetic tree. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {4},
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Throughout their evolutionary history, serpulids, the calcareous tube-dwelling suspension-feeding polychaetes, formed symbiotic relationships with cnidarians (32 relationships), molluscs (six relationships), brachiopods (three relationships), bryozoans (two relationships), echinoderms (one relationship), foraminifers (one relationship) and worms (one relationship). The absolute majority of symbiotic relationships with serpulids had cnidarian partners (micropredators) in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. There is no observed escalation in the evolution of symbiotic relationships in serpulids. There may be an optimal frequency of symbiotic relationships for serpulid fauna and when that value was achieved in the Jurassic, it stayed constant during the entire evolution of the group. However, the number of serpulid genera involved in symbiosis increased from the Jurassic (six genera) to the Cretaceous (thirteen genera). It seems that the ability to form symbiotic relationships was in general a useful trait as it spread to various branches of the serpulid phylogenetic tree. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
2024
Słowiński, J.; Clapham, M. E.; Zatoń, M.
The Upper Permian tubular fossils from South China and their possible affinity to sabellid polychaetes Journal Article
In: Historical Biology, 2024, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85186860453,
title = {The Upper Permian tubular fossils from South China and their possible affinity to sabellid polychaetes},
author = { J. Słowiński and M.E. Clapham and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85186860453&doi=10.1080%2f08912963.2024.2324448&partnerID=40&md5=2d7a5d96e2284b6f00affae3492de5c7},
doi = {10.1080/08912963.2024.2324448},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Historical Biology},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {This study analyses intriguing tubular fossils derived from the Upper Permian deposits of southern China. The fossils’ structure is diagenetically altered by silicification precluding an unambiguous systematic assignment. However, the general morphology and tube architecture strongly imply a relationship with tube-dwelling organisms of different affinity such as tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes. Due to the simple morphology of the tubes lacking any ornamentation, as well as the encrustation mode of some individuals, the investigated specimens most likely belong to early sabellids. Although calcareous sabellids persisted since the Middle Permian, their distribution and abundance during the Permian were confined to a single occurrence. If the fossils studied indeed represent sabellids, the global range and abundance of this group during the late Palaeozoic was likely more extensive than currently assumed. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {1},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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This study analyses intriguing tubular fossils derived from the Upper Permian deposits of southern China. The fossils’ structure is diagenetically altered by silicification precluding an unambiguous systematic assignment. However, the general morphology and tube architecture strongly imply a relationship with tube-dwelling organisms of different affinity such as tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes. Due to the simple morphology of the tubes lacking any ornamentation, as well as the encrustation mode of some individuals, the investigated specimens most likely belong to early sabellids. Although calcareous sabellids persisted since the Middle Permian, their distribution and abundance during the Permian were confined to a single occurrence. If the fossils studied indeed represent sabellids, the global range and abundance of this group during the late Palaeozoic was likely more extensive than currently assumed. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Vinn, O.; Jäger, M.; Słowiński, J.; Zatoń, M.
Convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous tubeworms Journal Article
In: Palaeoworld, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 267-283, 2024, ISSN: 1871174X, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85158134687,
title = {Convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous tubeworms},
author = { O. Vinn and M. Jäger and J. Słowiński and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85158134687&doi=10.1016%2fj.palwor.2023.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=d272a02c35d7736cf60c914da1bb279c},
doi = {10.1016/j.palwor.2023.04.001},
issn = {1871174X},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Palaeoworld},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {267-283},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {In the present paper we trace the patterns of convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous polychaetes and tentaculitoids with respect to the morphology and function of their tubes. Both clades have morphologically similar tubes. Six of the eight basic morphotypes of encrusting tubeworms occur both in calcareous polychaetes and in tentaculitoids. All six encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworm morphotypes distinguished have analogues among serpulid and sabellid polychaetes. Both tentaculitoids and polychaetes with calcareous tubes have a similar plesiomorphic morphotype, which is characterized by substrate parallel, irregular growth away from the initial point of encrustation. Dominance of similarities in the order of evolution of morphotypes in the calcareous tubeworms indicates that despite genetic differences, ecological similarities (suspension feeding) and similarities in the tube material (calcareous), as well as body plan (worm-like) had a strong control over the evolution of calcareous tubeworms. The calcareous tubeworm life modes likely appeared in the order of increasing dependence on the type of substrate. In general, possible antipredatory strategies (spines; keels; cryptic and endobiotic mode of life) of calcareous tubeworms are evolutionarily old. The plesiomorphic general hard substrate encrusters are evolutionarily the most successful and have the longest stratigraphic range both in tube-dwelling polychaetes and tentaculitoids. Innovations, such as attachment of the tube by basal projections were developed in some microconchid tentaculitoids but not in calcareous polychaetes; budding tubes occur in both taxa, however, in microconchid tentaculitoids it was a brief evolutionary event, whereas in polychaetes such pseudocolonies have a long stratigraphic range. The ability to live in brackish and fresh waters by some tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes seems not to be associated with any particular tube morphotype. © 2023 Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS},
note = {3},
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In the present paper we trace the patterns of convergent evolution of encrusting calcareous polychaetes and tentaculitoids with respect to the morphology and function of their tubes. Both clades have morphologically similar tubes. Six of the eight basic morphotypes of encrusting tubeworms occur both in calcareous polychaetes and in tentaculitoids. All six encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworm morphotypes distinguished have analogues among serpulid and sabellid polychaetes. Both tentaculitoids and polychaetes with calcareous tubes have a similar plesiomorphic morphotype, which is characterized by substrate parallel, irregular growth away from the initial point of encrustation. Dominance of similarities in the order of evolution of morphotypes in the calcareous tubeworms indicates that despite genetic differences, ecological similarities (suspension feeding) and similarities in the tube material (calcareous), as well as body plan (worm-like) had a strong control over the evolution of calcareous tubeworms. The calcareous tubeworm life modes likely appeared in the order of increasing dependence on the type of substrate. In general, possible antipredatory strategies (spines; keels; cryptic and endobiotic mode of life) of calcareous tubeworms are evolutionarily old. The plesiomorphic general hard substrate encrusters are evolutionarily the most successful and have the longest stratigraphic range both in tube-dwelling polychaetes and tentaculitoids. Innovations, such as attachment of the tube by basal projections were developed in some microconchid tentaculitoids but not in calcareous polychaetes; budding tubes occur in both taxa, however, in microconchid tentaculitoids it was a brief evolutionary event, whereas in polychaetes such pseudocolonies have a long stratigraphic range. The ability to live in brackish and fresh waters by some tentaculitoids and tube-dwelling polychaetes seems not to be associated with any particular tube morphotype. © 2023 Elsevier B.V. and Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS
Słowiński, J.; Vinn, O.; Zatoń, M.
Ultrastructure of the Jurassic serpulid tubes–phylogenetic and paleoecological implications Journal Article
In: PeerJ, vol. 12, no. 5, 2024, ISSN: 21678359, (0).
@article{2-s2.0-85194741006,
title = {Ultrastructure of the Jurassic serpulid tubes–phylogenetic and paleoecological implications},
author = { J. Słowiński and O. Vinn and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85194741006&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.17389&partnerID=40&md5=421a5dfb0b40cdd2a926d705ddd23a51},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.17389},
issn = {21678359},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {PeerJ},
volume = {12},
number = {5},
publisher = {PeerJ Inc.},
abstract = {The ultrastructural diversity of the Middle and Late Jurassic serpulid tubes from the Polish Basin has been investigated. The inspection of 12 taxa representing the two major serpulid clades allowed for the identification of three ultrastructure types—irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP), spherulitic prismatic structure (SPHP), and simple prismatic structure (SP). Six of the studied species are single-layered and six species possess two distinct layers. Ultrastructural diversity corresponds to certain serpulid clades. The members of Filograninae have single-layered tube walls composed of possibly plesiomorphic, irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP). Two-layered tubes occur solely within the clade Serpulinae, where the external, denser layer is built of either the ordered spherulitic (SPHP) or simple prismatic microstructure (SP), and the internal layer is composed of irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP). Apart from phylogenetic signals provided by the tube ultrastructure, it can be used in analyzing paleoecological aspects of tube-dwelling polychaetes. Compared to the more primitive, irregularly oriented microstructures of Filograninae, the regularly oriented microstructures of Serpulinae need a higher level of biological control over biomineralization. The advent of the dense outer protective layer (DOL) in serpulids, as well as the general increase in ultrastructure diversity, was likely a result of the evolutionary importance of the tubes for serpulids. Such diversity of the tube ultrastructural fabrics allowed for maximizing functionality by utilizing a variety of morphogenetic programs. The biomineralization system of serpulids remains more complex compared to other tube-dwelling polychaetes. Physiologically more expensive tube formation allows for mechanical strengthening of the tube by building robust, strongly ornamented tubes and firm attachment to the substrate. Contrary to sabellids, which perform a fugitive strategy, an increased tube durability allows serpulids a competitive advantage over other encrusters. © 2024 PeerJ Inc.. All rights reserved.},
note = {0},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The ultrastructural diversity of the Middle and Late Jurassic serpulid tubes from the Polish Basin has been investigated. The inspection of 12 taxa representing the two major serpulid clades allowed for the identification of three ultrastructure types—irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP), spherulitic prismatic structure (SPHP), and simple prismatic structure (SP). Six of the studied species are single-layered and six species possess two distinct layers. Ultrastructural diversity corresponds to certain serpulid clades. The members of Filograninae have single-layered tube walls composed of possibly plesiomorphic, irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP). Two-layered tubes occur solely within the clade Serpulinae, where the external, denser layer is built of either the ordered spherulitic (SPHP) or simple prismatic microstructure (SP), and the internal layer is composed of irregularly oriented prismatic structure (IOP). Apart from phylogenetic signals provided by the tube ultrastructure, it can be used in analyzing paleoecological aspects of tube-dwelling polychaetes. Compared to the more primitive, irregularly oriented microstructures of Filograninae, the regularly oriented microstructures of Serpulinae need a higher level of biological control over biomineralization. The advent of the dense outer protective layer (DOL) in serpulids, as well as the general increase in ultrastructure diversity, was likely a result of the evolutionary importance of the tubes for serpulids. Such diversity of the tube ultrastructural fabrics allowed for maximizing functionality by utilizing a variety of morphogenetic programs. The biomineralization system of serpulids remains more complex compared to other tube-dwelling polychaetes. Physiologically more expensive tube formation allows for mechanical strengthening of the tube by building robust, strongly ornamented tubes and firm attachment to the substrate. Contrary to sabellids, which perform a fugitive strategy, an increased tube durability allows serpulids a competitive advantage over other encrusters. © 2024 PeerJ Inc.. All rights reserved.
Zatoń, M.; Nawrot, R.; Król, J. J.; Zapalski, M. K.; Majchrzyk, A.; Jakubowicz, M.; Ernst, A.; Słowiński, J.; Berkowski, B.
Skeletobiosis on favositid corals: a case study from the Middle Devonian of the Mader Basin, Morocco Journal Article
In: Acta Geologica Polonica, vol. 74, no. 4, 2024, ISSN: 00015709, (0).
@article{2-s2.0-85217760826,
title = {Skeletobiosis on favositid corals: a case study from the Middle Devonian of the Mader Basin, Morocco},
author = { M. Zatoń and R. Nawrot and J.J. Król and M.K. Zapalski and A. Majchrzyk and M. Jakubowicz and A. Ernst and J. Słowiński and B. Berkowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85217760826&doi=10.24425%2fagp.2024.152655&partnerID=40&md5=c63ed5b9bd82a55d9aa46a2c9add1fa1},
doi = {10.24425/agp.2024.152655},
issn = {00015709},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Acta Geologica Polonica},
volume = {74},
number = {4},
publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},
abstract = {Zatoń, M., Nawrot, R., Król, J.J., Zapalski, M.K., Majchrzyk, A., Jakubowicz, M., Ernst, A., Słowiński, J. and Berkowski, B. 2024. Skeletobiosis on favositid corals: a case study from the Middle Devonian of the Mader Basin, Morocco. Acta Geologica Polonica, 74 (4), e30. Tabulate corals of the genus Favosites Lamarck, 1816 from the Middle Devonian of Madène el Mrakib (eastern Anti-Atlas; Morocco) were qualitatively and quantitatively studied with respect to their encrusting and boring organisms (skeletobionts). The assemblage, comprising 18 taxa, is numerically dominated by bryozoans, microconchid tubeworms, and auloporid tabulates. Although less diverse, the recognised Favosites-hosted skeletobiont fauna contains taxa described previously from co-occurring brachiopods. As evidenced by the lower mean abundance and density of the skeletobionts, in contrast to the brachiopod hosts, the favositid corals were, however, not preferred substrates for colonisation. Although the skeletobionts occur on both the upper and lower sides of the host colonies, the majority of colonisers thrived on the latter. Such a colonisation pattern may indicate that the favositids were colonised first on the surfaces devoid of the hosts’ soft tissue. The upper sides, in turn, were largely covered by polyps, so these areas might have been either colonised post mortem, or the larvae settled on those parts of the living hosts that were devoid of soft tissue. The lack of any skeletobiont group present exclusively on the lower sides indicates that none of the abundant taxa were obligate cryptobionts. The favositids lack any traces after parasitic endobionts, such as, e.g., Chaetosalpinx Sokolov, 1948 and allied cecidotaxa, which may either point to the general absence of such endobionts in the habitat, limited survival of their larvae, or an efficient immune system of the hosts, preventing their settlement. © 2024 M. Zatoń, R. Nawrot, J.J. Król, M.K. Zapalski, A. Majchrzyk, M. Jakubowicz, A. Ernst, J. Słowiński and B. Berkowski.},
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Zatoń, M., Nawrot, R., Król, J.J., Zapalski, M.K., Majchrzyk, A., Jakubowicz, M., Ernst, A., Słowiński, J. and Berkowski, B. 2024. Skeletobiosis on favositid corals: a case study from the Middle Devonian of the Mader Basin, Morocco. Acta Geologica Polonica, 74 (4), e30. Tabulate corals of the genus Favosites Lamarck, 1816 from the Middle Devonian of Madène el Mrakib (eastern Anti-Atlas; Morocco) were qualitatively and quantitatively studied with respect to their encrusting and boring organisms (skeletobionts). The assemblage, comprising 18 taxa, is numerically dominated by bryozoans, microconchid tubeworms, and auloporid tabulates. Although less diverse, the recognised Favosites-hosted skeletobiont fauna contains taxa described previously from co-occurring brachiopods. As evidenced by the lower mean abundance and density of the skeletobionts, in contrast to the brachiopod hosts, the favositid corals were, however, not preferred substrates for colonisation. Although the skeletobionts occur on both the upper and lower sides of the host colonies, the majority of colonisers thrived on the latter. Such a colonisation pattern may indicate that the favositids were colonised first on the surfaces devoid of the hosts’ soft tissue. The upper sides, in turn, were largely covered by polyps, so these areas might have been either colonised post mortem, or the larvae settled on those parts of the living hosts that were devoid of soft tissue. The lack of any skeletobiont group present exclusively on the lower sides indicates that none of the abundant taxa were obligate cryptobionts. The favositids lack any traces after parasitic endobionts, such as, e.g., Chaetosalpinx Sokolov, 1948 and allied cecidotaxa, which may either point to the general absence of such endobionts in the habitat, limited survival of their larvae, or an efficient immune system of the hosts, preventing their settlement. © 2024 M. Zatoń, R. Nawrot, J.J. Król, M.K. Zapalski, A. Majchrzyk, M. Jakubowicz, A. Ernst, J. Słowiński and B. Berkowski.
2023
Słowiński, J.; Banasik, K.; Vinn, O.
In: Lethaia, vol. 56, no. 3, 2023, ISSN: 00241164.
@article{2-s2.0-85175430503,
title = {Insights into mineral composition and ultrastructure of Jurassic sabellid tubes (Annelida, Polychaeta): the evolution of sabellid calcification and its palaeoecological implications},
author = { J. Słowiński and K. Banasik and O. Vinn},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175430503&doi=10.18261%2flet.56.3.8&partnerID=40&md5=083d9579f8c98964a5d5a97dbf73ee11},
doi = {10.18261/let.56.3.8},
issn = {00241164},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Lethaia},
volume = {56},
number = {3},
publisher = {Universitetsforlaget AS},
abstract = {The mineral composition and tube ultrastructure of the Middle and Upper Jurassic cal-careous sabellid Glomerula gordialis (Schlotheim; 1820) from the Polish Basin have been assessed. In all cases, the Jurassic sabellid tubes studied were found to consist of low-Mg calcite, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy and supplementary SEM-EDS analyses. The tube of Glomerula gordialis is single-layered and its ultrastructure has been identified as a spherulitic prismatic structure (oriented prismatic structure), supporting earlier ultra-structural observations of calcareous sabellids. The ambient seawater chemistry largely influenced the formation and evolution of sabellid skeletal mineralogy, and their mineral composition at the times of their first appearance presumably corresponded to the Permian aragonitic seas. The earliest skeletons of each calcareous polychaete group are considered to have autonomously evolved according to the chemistry of the seawater at the time of their origin. The relatively simple biomineralization system of sabellids is similar to that of calcareous cirratulids and remains less complex compared to serpulids. Physiologically less expensive formation of the calcareous tube in sabellids implies their palaeoecological avoidance strategy, allowing for a faster dispersal over the substrate during potentially unfavourable conditions. © 2023 Author(s).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The mineral composition and tube ultrastructure of the Middle and Upper Jurassic cal-careous sabellid Glomerula gordialis (Schlotheim; 1820) from the Polish Basin have been assessed. In all cases, the Jurassic sabellid tubes studied were found to consist of low-Mg calcite, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy and supplementary SEM-EDS analyses. The tube of Glomerula gordialis is single-layered and its ultrastructure has been identified as a spherulitic prismatic structure (oriented prismatic structure), supporting earlier ultra-structural observations of calcareous sabellids. The ambient seawater chemistry largely influenced the formation and evolution of sabellid skeletal mineralogy, and their mineral composition at the times of their first appearance presumably corresponded to the Permian aragonitic seas. The earliest skeletons of each calcareous polychaete group are considered to have autonomously evolved according to the chemistry of the seawater at the time of their origin. The relatively simple biomineralization system of sabellids is similar to that of calcareous cirratulids and remains less complex compared to serpulids. Physiologically less expensive formation of the calcareous tube in sabellids implies their palaeoecological avoidance strategy, allowing for a faster dispersal over the substrate during potentially unfavourable conditions. © 2023 Author(s).
Zatoń, M.; Jakubowicz, M.; Król, J. J.; Zapalski, M. K.; Słowiński, J.; Rakociński, M.; Berkowski, B.
In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol. 612, 2023, ISSN: 00310182, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85146124978,
title = {Tiny inhabitants of a large Middle Devonian reef of northern Gondwana: Sclerobionts of the coral-stromatoporoid Aferdou el Mrakib buildup, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco},
author = { M. Zatoń and M. Jakubowicz and J.J. Król and M.K. Zapalski and J. Słowiński and M. Rakociński and B. Berkowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146124978&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2023.111392&partnerID=40&md5=47e2947e46b898e2dc0b6fb111fb0462},
doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111392},
issn = {00310182},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},
volume = {612},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {For the first time, a large number of macrofossils (rugose and tabulate corals; chaetetid sponges and brachiopods) collected from the deposits surrounding a large Middle Devonian (Givetian) reef at Aferdou el Mrakib (Mader Basin; eastern Anti-Atlas; Morocco) were inspected with respect to their sclerobiont assemblages. Although the preservation state of the hosts did not enable us to retrieve precise information on the abundance of the sclerobionts, their general diversity was deciphered and compared to a non-reefal assemblage from the Mader Basin and other reefal assemblages from elsewhere. The sclerobiont inhabitants of the Aferdou el Mrakib reef are diverse, represented by foraminifers, sponges (including stromatoporoids), microconchids, cornulitids, anticalyptraeids, crinoids, brachiopods, rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, hederelloids and enigmatic ascodictyids, as well as bioerosion traces after sponges (Clionolithes) and worm organisms (Trypanites borings). Evidently, the diversity of the epibionts is biased toward the robust skeletons, and delicate taxa, such as e.g., ascodictyids and foraminifers, were in most cases taphonomically erased. Additionally, the presence of malformations and bioclaustrations in some of the hosts point to their syn-vivo colonization by now unpreserved mineralized and non-mineralized sclerobionts. Although the sclerobiont assemblages are quite similar on the off-reef rugose corals and reef-front brachiopods, and less diverse on tabulates and chaetetids from the reef-core, when combined together, the whole assemblage shares some similarities with a coeval, non-reef community from the nearby locality of Madène el Mrakib. This pattern may indicate that the sclerobiont species pool was similar to some extent across the Givetian Mader Basin. Circular Oichnus borings, present on some of the brachiopod shells, additionally point to drilling predation and/or parasitism activities in the Aferdou el Mrakib reef habitats. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
For the first time, a large number of macrofossils (rugose and tabulate corals; chaetetid sponges and brachiopods) collected from the deposits surrounding a large Middle Devonian (Givetian) reef at Aferdou el Mrakib (Mader Basin; eastern Anti-Atlas; Morocco) were inspected with respect to their sclerobiont assemblages. Although the preservation state of the hosts did not enable us to retrieve precise information on the abundance of the sclerobionts, their general diversity was deciphered and compared to a non-reefal assemblage from the Mader Basin and other reefal assemblages from elsewhere. The sclerobiont inhabitants of the Aferdou el Mrakib reef are diverse, represented by foraminifers, sponges (including stromatoporoids), microconchids, cornulitids, anticalyptraeids, crinoids, brachiopods, rugose and tabulate corals, bryozoans, hederelloids and enigmatic ascodictyids, as well as bioerosion traces after sponges (Clionolithes) and worm organisms (Trypanites borings). Evidently, the diversity of the epibionts is biased toward the robust skeletons, and delicate taxa, such as e.g., ascodictyids and foraminifers, were in most cases taphonomically erased. Additionally, the presence of malformations and bioclaustrations in some of the hosts point to their syn-vivo colonization by now unpreserved mineralized and non-mineralized sclerobionts. Although the sclerobiont assemblages are quite similar on the off-reef rugose corals and reef-front brachiopods, and less diverse on tabulates and chaetetids from the reef-core, when combined together, the whole assemblage shares some similarities with a coeval, non-reef community from the nearby locality of Madène el Mrakib. This pattern may indicate that the sclerobiont species pool was similar to some extent across the Givetian Mader Basin. Circular Oichnus borings, present on some of the brachiopod shells, additionally point to drilling predation and/or parasitism activities in the Aferdou el Mrakib reef habitats. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
Zatoń, M.; Słowiński, J.; Vinn, O.; Jakubowicz, M.
In: Historical Biology, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1112-1123, 2023, ISSN: 08912963, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85131404379,
title = {Middle Devonian microconchids and anticalyptraeids (Tentaculita) from the northern shelf of Gondwana (Morocco): palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications},
author = { M. Zatoń and J. Słowiński and O. Vinn and M. Jakubowicz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85131404379&doi=10.1080%2f08912963.2022.2077648&partnerID=40&md5=6ffc83220f908165d8de5b456b3f7d53},
doi = {10.1080/08912963.2022.2077648},
issn = {08912963},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Historical Biology},
volume = {35},
number = {7},
pages = {1112-1123},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {Microconchid and anticalyptraeid tubeworms from the Middle Devonian of Morocco are described for the first time. The assemblage, coming from the locality of Madène el Mrakib (Mader Basin; eastern Anti-Atlas), consists of one microconchid species, Palaeoconchus sanctacrucensis, and one new anticalyptraeid species, Anticalyptraea madenensis. Both species encrusted uppermost Eifelian/lowermost Givetian brachiopod shells. P. sanctacrucensis was hitherto only known from the upper Emsian–upper Eifelian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Thus, its presence in the shelf habitats of northern Gondwana implies its migration from the southern margin of Laurussia during the transgression associated with the late Eifelian Kačák Episode. The encrustation patterns of the brachiopod shells by the Moroccan microconchids indicate that the brachiopods only served as favourable hard substrate for colonisation by the microconchid larvae. However, the occupation of different valves of the same brachiopod by microconchids and Anticalyptraea may imply that both encrusters potentially avoided direct competition for suspended food particles. Characteristics and position of Oichnus borings present on a few microconchids and anticalyptraeids indicate that they were not necessarily formed syn vivo and produced by predatory organisms. It is likely that they were drilled by some tiny suspension-feeders and may represent non-predatory domichnia.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA095519-5E68-4EDA-B331-E3944F813412. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Microconchid and anticalyptraeid tubeworms from the Middle Devonian of Morocco are described for the first time. The assemblage, coming from the locality of Madène el Mrakib (Mader Basin; eastern Anti-Atlas), consists of one microconchid species, Palaeoconchus sanctacrucensis, and one new anticalyptraeid species, Anticalyptraea madenensis. Both species encrusted uppermost Eifelian/lowermost Givetian brachiopod shells. P. sanctacrucensis was hitherto only known from the upper Emsian–upper Eifelian of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Thus, its presence in the shelf habitats of northern Gondwana implies its migration from the southern margin of Laurussia during the transgression associated with the late Eifelian Kačák Episode. The encrustation patterns of the brachiopod shells by the Moroccan microconchids indicate that the brachiopods only served as favourable hard substrate for colonisation by the microconchid larvae. However, the occupation of different valves of the same brachiopod by microconchids and Anticalyptraea may imply that both encrusters potentially avoided direct competition for suspended food particles. Characteristics and position of Oichnus borings present on a few microconchids and anticalyptraeids indicate that they were not necessarily formed syn vivo and produced by predatory organisms. It is likely that they were drilled by some tiny suspension-feeders and may represent non-predatory domichnia.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA095519-5E68-4EDA-B331-E3944F813412. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
2022
Słowiński, J.; Vinn, O.; Jäger, M.; Zatoń, M.
Middle and Late Jurassic tube-dwelling polychaetes from the Polish Basin: diversity, palaeoecology and comparisons with other assemblages Journal Article
In: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 827-864, 2022, ISSN: 05677920, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85147594151,
title = {Middle and Late Jurassic tube-dwelling polychaetes from the Polish Basin: diversity, palaeoecology and comparisons with other assemblages},
author = { J. Słowiński and O. Vinn and M. Jäger and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147594151&doi=10.4202%2fapp.01006.2022&partnerID=40&md5=1327cd03716ef234e1614bf47a23949d},
doi = {10.4202/app.01006.2022},
issn = {05677920},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Acta Palaeontologica Polonica},
volume = {67},
number = {4},
pages = {827-864},
publisher = {Instytut Paleobiologii PAN},
abstract = {This study describes diverse assemblages of serpulid and sabellid polychaetes from various Middle and Upper Jurassic (upper Bajocian to lower Kimmeridgian) deposits of the Polish Basin. Twenty four taxa are reported in total, including two new species (Cementula radwanskae sp. nov. and Filogranula spongiophila sp. nov.). Abundance, distribution, and colonization patterns of serpulids and sabellids significantly depended on many palaeoenvironmental variables including the nature of the colonized substrate and its overall shape, food supply, and hydrodynamism. The most diverse assemblages have been noted on the Middle Jurassic shells inhabiting soft muddy substrates, on hardgrounds and oncoids, whereas the lowest biodiversity levels have been found on the Middle Jurassic hiatus concretions and Kimmeridgian oyster shell beds. Some species are clearly associated with certain substrate types, whereas stratigraphic interval is not that important. Middle Jurassic mobile rockgrounds (hiatus concretions and oncoids) and hardgrounds are characterized by the most similar species associations, while Middle Jurassic shelly substrates from soft-bottom environments and Upper Jurassic shell beds and sponge build-ups are most dissimilar with respect to the colonizing tube dwelling polychaete taxa. Among the diverse assemblages of the encrusting faunas, serpulid and sabellid tubeworms are the most abundant constituents in the majority of settings, what is explained by their opportunism and ability to effectively outcompete other contenders. In the majority of locations, the most abundant tube-dwelling polychaete is the ubiquitous sabellid Glomerula gordialis, followed by the serpulid species Propomatoceros lumbricalis. The dominance of these species is congruent with many other serpulid and sabellid communities inhabiting various Jurassic palaeoenvironments. Copyright © 2022 J. Słowiński et al.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study describes diverse assemblages of serpulid and sabellid polychaetes from various Middle and Upper Jurassic (upper Bajocian to lower Kimmeridgian) deposits of the Polish Basin. Twenty four taxa are reported in total, including two new species (Cementula radwanskae sp. nov. and Filogranula spongiophila sp. nov.). Abundance, distribution, and colonization patterns of serpulids and sabellids significantly depended on many palaeoenvironmental variables including the nature of the colonized substrate and its overall shape, food supply, and hydrodynamism. The most diverse assemblages have been noted on the Middle Jurassic shells inhabiting soft muddy substrates, on hardgrounds and oncoids, whereas the lowest biodiversity levels have been found on the Middle Jurassic hiatus concretions and Kimmeridgian oyster shell beds. Some species are clearly associated with certain substrate types, whereas stratigraphic interval is not that important. Middle Jurassic mobile rockgrounds (hiatus concretions and oncoids) and hardgrounds are characterized by the most similar species associations, while Middle Jurassic shelly substrates from soft-bottom environments and Upper Jurassic shell beds and sponge build-ups are most dissimilar with respect to the colonizing tube dwelling polychaete taxa. Among the diverse assemblages of the encrusting faunas, serpulid and sabellid tubeworms are the most abundant constituents in the majority of settings, what is explained by their opportunism and ability to effectively outcompete other contenders. In the majority of locations, the most abundant tube-dwelling polychaete is the ubiquitous sabellid Glomerula gordialis, followed by the serpulid species Propomatoceros lumbricalis. The dominance of these species is congruent with many other serpulid and sabellid communities inhabiting various Jurassic palaeoenvironments. Copyright © 2022 J. Słowiński et al.
Zatoń, M.; Vinn, O.; Toom, U.; Słowiński, J.
New encrusting tentaculitoids from the Silurian of Estonia and taxonomic status of Anticalyptraea Quenstedt, 1867 Journal Article
In: GFF, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 111-117, 2022, ISSN: 11035897, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85129225834,
title = {New encrusting tentaculitoids from the Silurian of Estonia and taxonomic status of Anticalyptraea Quenstedt, 1867},
author = { M. Zatoń and O. Vinn and U. Toom and J. Słowiński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85129225834&doi=10.1080%2f11035897.2022.2042378&partnerID=40&md5=2364744c9e49b66832d0abb8a7caa731},
doi = {10.1080/11035897.2022.2042378},
issn = {11035897},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {GFF},
volume = {144},
number = {2},
pages = {111-117},
publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},
abstract = {A new genus and species of encrusting tentaculitoid, Lindstroemiella eichwaldi, from the Silurian (Ludfordian Stage; Ludlow) of Saaremaa Island in Estonia, is described. This tentaculitoid shares common structural features (inwardly directed pseudopunctae and vesicles) with Anticalyptraea, but differs from the latter in having a spirally coiled, microconchid-like shell with a variously oriented aperture, thin and sharp transverse ridges and lacking an inverted cone-like morphology. Unlike other tentaculitoids (microconchids; trypanoporids; cornulitids), these encrusters, unique with respect to morphology and shell structure, have so far not been taxonomically classified at the ordinal level. Now, taking into account that such tentaculitoids are taxonomically and morphologically more diverse than previously assumed, we propose to include them in a separate order Anticalyptraeida. Unlike microconchids and cornulitids, anticalyptraeids are the least studied group of tentaculitoids and thus poorly recognized. In part, this may be due to their misidentification with associated spirally coiled microconchids, to which anticalyptraeids are very similar at juvenile stages. http://www.zoobank.org/lsid:zoobank.org:act:C1E9D9A4-555E-4F5A-BEDC-8046CCA58BD9. © 2022 Geologiska Föreningen.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new genus and species of encrusting tentaculitoid, Lindstroemiella eichwaldi, from the Silurian (Ludfordian Stage; Ludlow) of Saaremaa Island in Estonia, is described. This tentaculitoid shares common structural features (inwardly directed pseudopunctae and vesicles) with Anticalyptraea, but differs from the latter in having a spirally coiled, microconchid-like shell with a variously oriented aperture, thin and sharp transverse ridges and lacking an inverted cone-like morphology. Unlike other tentaculitoids (microconchids; trypanoporids; cornulitids), these encrusters, unique with respect to morphology and shell structure, have so far not been taxonomically classified at the ordinal level. Now, taking into account that such tentaculitoids are taxonomically and morphologically more diverse than previously assumed, we propose to include them in a separate order Anticalyptraeida. Unlike microconchids and cornulitids, anticalyptraeids are the least studied group of tentaculitoids and thus poorly recognized. In part, this may be due to their misidentification with associated spirally coiled microconchids, to which anticalyptraeids are very similar at juvenile stages. http://www.zoobank.org/lsid:zoobank.org:act:C1E9D9A4-555E-4F5A-BEDC-8046CCA58BD9. © 2022 Geologiska Föreningen.
2020
Słowiński, J.; Surmik, D.; Duda, P.; Zatoń, M.
Assessment of serpulid-hydroid association through the Jurassic: A case study from the Polish Basin Journal Article
In: PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 12 December, 2020, ISSN: 19326203, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85097840539,
title = {Assessment of serpulid-hydroid association through the Jurassic: A case study from the Polish Basin},
author = { J. Słowiński and D. Surmik and P. Duda and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097840539&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0242924&partnerID=40&md5=044fa35c9895ec4524847cf394eebc64},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0242924},
issn = {19326203},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {15},
number = {12 December},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {The coexistence of sessile, tube-dwelling polychaetes (serpulids) and hydroids, has been investigated. Serpulid tubes bearing traces after hydroids are derived from different stratigraphic intervals spanning the Middle and Upper Jurassic, the rocks of which represent the diverse paleoenvironments of the Polish Basin. Although fossil colonial hydroids classified under the species Protulophila gestroi are a commonly occurring symbiont of these polychaetes during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, they seem to be significantly less frequent during the Jurassic and limited to specific paleoenvironments. The hydroids described here are represented by traces after a thin stolonal network with elongated polyp chambers that open to the outer polychaete tube’s surface with small, more or less subcircular apertures. Small chimney-like bulges around openings are an effect of the incorporation of the organism by in vivo embedment (bioclaustration) within the outer layers of the calcareous tube of the serpulid host. Considering the rich collection of well-preserved serpulid tubes (>3000 specimens), the frequency of bioclaustrated hydroids is very low, with an infestation percentage of only 0.6% (20 cases). It has been noticed that only specimens of the genus Propomatoceros from the Upper Bajocian, Lower Bathonian, Middle Bathonian, and Callovian have been found infested. However, the majority of bioclaustrated hydroids (17 cases) have been recorded in the Middle Bathonian serpulid species Propomatoceros lumbricalis coming from a single sampled site. Representatives of other genera are not affected, which is congruent with previous reports indicating that Protulophila gestroi was strongly selective in the choice of its host. A presumably commensal relationship is compared with the recent symbiosis between the hydroids of the genus Proboscidactyla and certain genera of sabellid polychaetes. © 2020 Słowiński et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The coexistence of sessile, tube-dwelling polychaetes (serpulids) and hydroids, has been investigated. Serpulid tubes bearing traces after hydroids are derived from different stratigraphic intervals spanning the Middle and Upper Jurassic, the rocks of which represent the diverse paleoenvironments of the Polish Basin. Although fossil colonial hydroids classified under the species Protulophila gestroi are a commonly occurring symbiont of these polychaetes during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, they seem to be significantly less frequent during the Jurassic and limited to specific paleoenvironments. The hydroids described here are represented by traces after a thin stolonal network with elongated polyp chambers that open to the outer polychaete tube’s surface with small, more or less subcircular apertures. Small chimney-like bulges around openings are an effect of the incorporation of the organism by in vivo embedment (bioclaustration) within the outer layers of the calcareous tube of the serpulid host. Considering the rich collection of well-preserved serpulid tubes (>3000 specimens), the frequency of bioclaustrated hydroids is very low, with an infestation percentage of only 0.6% (20 cases). It has been noticed that only specimens of the genus Propomatoceros from the Upper Bajocian, Lower Bathonian, Middle Bathonian, and Callovian have been found infested. However, the majority of bioclaustrated hydroids (17 cases) have been recorded in the Middle Bathonian serpulid species Propomatoceros lumbricalis coming from a single sampled site. Representatives of other genera are not affected, which is congruent with previous reports indicating that Protulophila gestroi was strongly selective in the choice of its host. A presumably commensal relationship is compared with the recent symbiosis between the hydroids of the genus Proboscidactyla and certain genera of sabellid polychaetes. © 2020 Słowiński et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.