• dr hab. Wiesława Krawczyk
Stanowisko: adiunkt
Jednostka: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adres: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Piętro: XV
Numer pokoju: 1508
Telefon: (32) 3689 319
E-mail: wieslawa.krawczyk@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 55878889900
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2016
Marsz, A. A.; Styszyńska, A.; Krawczyk, W. E.
In: Przeglad Geograficzny, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 295-316, 2016, ISSN: 00332143, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-84992047318,
title = {Long-term fluctuations of annual discharges of the main rivers in Poland and their association with the northern atlantic thermohaline circulation [Długookresowe wahania przepływów rocznych głównych rzek w Polsce i ich związek z cyrkulacją termohalinową Atlantyku Północnego]},
author = { A.A. Marsz and A. Styszyńska and W.E. Krawczyk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84992047318&doi=10.7163%2fPrzG.2016.3.1&partnerID=40&md5=1c373e53486acfbfe55c60110f35ade7},
doi = {10.7163/PrzG.2016.3.1},
issn = {00332143},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},
volume = {88},
number = {3},
pages = {295-316},
publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},
abstract = {In this paper it is the associations between mean annual discharges of the main rivers in Poland and the surface component of the Northern Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (NA THC) that are analysed. Relevant data derived from hydrometric profi les on the country’s main rivers, i.e. the Vistula at Tczew (years 1901-2015), the River Bug at Wyszków (1921-2015), the Oder at Gozdowice (1901-2015) and the Warta in Poznań (1822-2015). Use was also made of the time series for annual discharges of the Vistula at Toruń (1822-2000). Results show that, despite marked inter-annual variability to discharges in two periods (1921-2015 and 1822-2000), there is a common rhythm to long-term discharge fl uctuations (Table 1; Figure 1), with consecutive increases and decreases in annual discharges. The analysis shows that the changeability of annual discharges and variability in the NA THC are characterised by weak, but highly statistically signifi cant associations (Table 2). In periods in which the NA THC intensifi es (as indicated by the DG3L index), river discharges are found to decrease; whereas a fall in the intensity of NA THC is associated with an increase in the intensity of river discharges (Figs. 2; 3 and 4). While small, these differences do assume a high level of statistical significance (Fig. 4). Figs. 2, 3 and 4 also show how the occurrence of positive values for the NA THC (+DG3L) sees the degree of variability of annual discharges reduced in relation to that present when values for the NA THC are negative (–DG3L). Given that the variability characterising the DG3Lindex (NA THC) displays multi-decadal oscillations (Fig. 6), it is not surprising that such oscillations also occur where discharges from Poland’s main rivers are concerned. The differences between discharges occurring in the positive and negative phases of the NA THC (+DG3L and –DG3L amount to around 10%. The main reason for such an association is that variability in the NA THC (with which changes in the thermal state of the Northern Atlantic are connected) is what is known to regulate some aspects of atmospheric circulation. As a result; in the circumstances of positive values for the DG3L index; mean annual air temperature in Poland is higher (and in April; July and August significantly higher) than at times when a negative DG3L index is present. When positive values for the DG3L index arise; there are greater losses due to evaporation (or evapotranspiration) in the river catchments in Poland; with the result that discharges are reduced. No statistically significant relationships were found between the NA THC and precipitation in Poland. However; while there are no statistically significant relationships between mean annual discharges from the rivers in Poland and the AMO index; associations between discharges and the DG3L index –characterising the intensity of the thermohaline circulation in the Northern Atlantic – do achieve statistical significance. The results obtained suggest that the relationship between the intensity of the NA THC and the occurrence of droughts in Poland should be investigated. © 2016; Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper it is the associations between mean annual discharges of the main rivers in Poland and the surface component of the Northern Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (NA THC) that are analysed. Relevant data derived from hydrometric profi les on the country’s main rivers, i.e. the Vistula at Tczew (years 1901-2015), the River Bug at Wyszków (1921-2015), the Oder at Gozdowice (1901-2015) and the Warta in Poznań (1822-2015). Use was also made of the time series for annual discharges of the Vistula at Toruń (1822-2000). Results show that, despite marked inter-annual variability to discharges in two periods (1921-2015 and 1822-2000), there is a common rhythm to long-term discharge fl uctuations (Table 1; Figure 1), with consecutive increases and decreases in annual discharges. The analysis shows that the changeability of annual discharges and variability in the NA THC are characterised by weak, but highly statistically signifi cant associations (Table 2). In periods in which the NA THC intensifi es (as indicated by the DG3L index), river discharges are found to decrease; whereas a fall in the intensity of NA THC is associated with an increase in the intensity of river discharges (Figs. 2; 3 and 4). While small, these differences do assume a high level of statistical significance (Fig. 4). Figs. 2, 3 and 4 also show how the occurrence of positive values for the NA THC (+DG3L) sees the degree of variability of annual discharges reduced in relation to that present when values for the NA THC are negative (–DG3L). Given that the variability characterising the DG3Lindex (NA THC) displays multi-decadal oscillations (Fig. 6), it is not surprising that such oscillations also occur where discharges from Poland’s main rivers are concerned. The differences between discharges occurring in the positive and negative phases of the NA THC (+DG3L and –DG3L amount to around 10%. The main reason for such an association is that variability in the NA THC (with which changes in the thermal state of the Northern Atlantic are connected) is what is known to regulate some aspects of atmospheric circulation. As a result; in the circumstances of positive values for the DG3L index; mean annual air temperature in Poland is higher (and in April; July and August significantly higher) than at times when a negative DG3L index is present. When positive values for the DG3L index arise; there are greater losses due to evaporation (or evapotranspiration) in the river catchments in Poland; with the result that discharges are reduced. No statistically significant relationships were found between the NA THC and precipitation in Poland. However; while there are no statistically significant relationships between mean annual discharges from the rivers in Poland and the AMO index; associations between discharges and the DG3L index –characterising the intensity of the thermohaline circulation in the Northern Atlantic – do achieve statistical significance. The results obtained suggest that the relationship between the intensity of the NA THC and the occurrence of droughts in Poland should be investigated. © 2016; Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.
2011
Polkowska, Ż.; Cichała-Kamrowska, K.; Ruman, M.; Kozioł, K.; Krawczyk, W. E.; Namieśnik, J.
Organic pollution in surface waters from the Fuglebekken basin in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 8910-8929, 2011, ISSN: 14248220, (42).
@article{2-s2.0-80053194548,
title = {Organic pollution in surface waters from the Fuglebekken basin in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic},
author = { Ż. Polkowska and K. Cichała-Kamrowska and M. Ruman and K. Kozioł and W.E. Krawczyk and J. Namieśnik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80053194548&doi=10.3390%2fs110908910&partnerID=40&md5=d55d625abe4fd4a78471544724de0f95},
doi = {10.3390/s110908910},
issn = {14248220},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {11},
number = {9},
pages = {8910-8929},
abstract = {The Fuglebekken basin is situated in the southern part of the island of Spitsbergen (Norwegian Arctic), on the Hornsund fjord (Wedel Jarlsberg Land). Surface water was collected from 24 tributaries (B1-B24) and from the main stream water in the Fuglebekken basin (25) between 10 July 2009 and 30 July 2009. The present investigation reveals the results of the analysis of these samples for their PAH and PCB content. Twelve of 16 PAHs and seven PCBs were determined in the surface waters from 24 tributaries and the main stream. Total PAH and PCB concentrations in the surface waters ranged from 4 to 600 ng/L and from 2 to 400 ng/L respectively. The highest concentrations of an individual PCB (138-308 ng/L and 123 ng/L) were found in samples from tributaries B9 and B5. The presence in the basin (thousands of kilometres distant from industrial centres) of PAHs and PCBs is testimony to the fact that these compounds are transported over vast distances with air masses and deposited in regions devoid of any human pressure. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {42},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Fuglebekken basin is situated in the southern part of the island of Spitsbergen (Norwegian Arctic), on the Hornsund fjord (Wedel Jarlsberg Land). Surface water was collected from 24 tributaries (B1-B24) and from the main stream water in the Fuglebekken basin (25) between 10 July 2009 and 30 July 2009. The present investigation reveals the results of the analysis of these samples for their PAH and PCB content. Twelve of 16 PAHs and seven PCBs were determined in the surface waters from 24 tributaries and the main stream. Total PAH and PCB concentrations in the surface waters ranged from 4 to 600 ng/L and from 2 to 400 ng/L respectively. The highest concentrations of an individual PCB (138-308 ng/L and 123 ng/L) were found in samples from tributaries B9 and B5. The presence in the basin (thousands of kilometres distant from industrial centres) of PAHs and PCBs is testimony to the fact that these compounds are transported over vast distances with air masses and deposited in regions devoid of any human pressure. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2008
Krawczyk, W. E.; Bartoszewski, S. A.; Siwek, K.
Rain water chemistry at Calypsobyen, Svalbard Journal Article
In: Polish Polar Research, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 149-162, 2008, ISSN: 01380338, (13).
@article{2-s2.0-48749116999,
title = {Rain water chemistry at Calypsobyen, Svalbard},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and S.A. Bartoszewski and K. Siwek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-48749116999&partnerID=40&md5=afacbd9e4306dc02eabe7d2eca258671},
issn = {01380338},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Polish Polar Research},
volume = {29},
number = {2},
pages = {149-162},
abstract = {Measurements of pollutants scavenged from air masses over southern Svalbard in summer precipitation are presented. Rainfall was sampled in July and August 2002 at Calypsobyen, Bellsund. Specific conductivity (SpC) and pH were measured and ion concentrations were determined by ion chromatography. Ions of marine origin were subtracted, assuming that all chlorides were of marine origin. The FLEXTRA trajectory model was applied to discover the sources of air masses arriving at Svalbard and track the paths of pollutant transport. Average (v/w) rainfall pH was 4.94, mean SpC amounted to 34.8 μS cm-1. Total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) ranged from 12.6 to 67 mg L-1, with ions of marine origin (Cl-; Na+; Mg2+) prevailing. Rains with the highest percentage of marine salts occurred with winds from the East at above average velocities. Non-sea salt (nss) sulphate concentrations ranged from 0.5 μeq L-1 to 23 μeq L-1, (v/w) average was 17 μeq L-1. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 24 μeq L-1. The highest concentrations of nss-SO4 2- and NO3- were measured on 25 August, when the highest rainfall occurred (27 mm) and pH was the lowest (4.65). Rainfall at Calypsobyen deposited 194 kg km-2 of acidifying anions and 263 kg km-2 of base cations over the recording period. The polluted air masses were mostly from northern and central Europe. Rainfalls scavenging air masses formed over Greenland and Norwegian Seas displayed similar concentrations, being probably polluted by SOx and NOx from ship emissions.},
note = {13},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Measurements of pollutants scavenged from air masses over southern Svalbard in summer precipitation are presented. Rainfall was sampled in July and August 2002 at Calypsobyen, Bellsund. Specific conductivity (SpC) and pH were measured and ion concentrations were determined by ion chromatography. Ions of marine origin were subtracted, assuming that all chlorides were of marine origin. The FLEXTRA trajectory model was applied to discover the sources of air masses arriving at Svalbard and track the paths of pollutant transport. Average (v/w) rainfall pH was 4.94, mean SpC amounted to 34.8 μS cm-1. Total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) ranged from 12.6 to 67 mg L-1, with ions of marine origin (Cl-; Na+; Mg2+) prevailing. Rains with the highest percentage of marine salts occurred with winds from the East at above average velocities. Non-sea salt (nss) sulphate concentrations ranged from 0.5 μeq L-1 to 23 μeq L-1, (v/w) average was 17 μeq L-1. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0 to 24 μeq L-1. The highest concentrations of nss-SO4 2- and NO3- were measured on 25 August, when the highest rainfall occurred (27 mm) and pH was the lowest (4.65). Rainfall at Calypsobyen deposited 194 kg km-2 of acidifying anions and 263 kg km-2 of base cations over the recording period. The polluted air masses were mostly from northern and central Europe. Rainfalls scavenging air masses formed over Greenland and Norwegian Seas displayed similar concentrations, being probably polluted by SOx and NOx from ship emissions.
2007
Krawczyk, W. E.; Pettersson, L. E.
Chemical denudation rates and carbon dioxide drawdown in an ice-free polar karst catchment: Londonelva, Svalbard Journal Article
In: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 337-350, 2007, ISSN: 10456740, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-37749025806,
title = {Chemical denudation rates and carbon dioxide drawdown in an ice-free polar karst catchment: Londonelva, Svalbard},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and L.E. Pettersson},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37749025806&doi=10.1002%2fppp.599&partnerID=40&md5=ec105f88e52fbc5975ab99bd77080fba},
doi = {10.1002/ppp.599},
issn = {10456740},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {337-350},
abstract = {Chemical denudation rates and carbon dioxide withdrawal were calculated for the Londonelva basin, an ice-free karst catchment on Svalbard. Runoff was recorded 12 June to 11 October 2000 and water samples were collected daily in August. The chemical denudation rate that month amounted to 2.2m3 km-2. The estimated chemical denudation rate for 2000 was 5.8 m3 km-2 yr-1 or 303 ∑ meq+ m-2 yr-1, but this rate may be unusually low because basin runoff was only 158 × 103 m3, the lowest since recording began in 1992. For other discharge years estimated chemical denudation rates range from 5.8 to 13.3 m3 k-2 yr-1 or 300-690 ∑ meq+ m-2 yr-1. The CO2 withdrawal in August 2000 amounted to 560 kg C km -2 and for the hydrological year 2000 it was 1560 kg C km -2 yr-1. In 1993, the highest recorded runoff year, withdrawal of CO2 may have reached 3800 kg C km -2 yr-1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Chemical denudation rates and carbon dioxide withdrawal were calculated for the Londonelva basin, an ice-free karst catchment on Svalbard. Runoff was recorded 12 June to 11 October 2000 and water samples were collected daily in August. The chemical denudation rate that month amounted to 2.2m3 km-2. The estimated chemical denudation rate for 2000 was 5.8 m3 km-2 yr-1 or 303 ∑ meq+ m-2 yr-1, but this rate may be unusually low because basin runoff was only 158 × 103 m3, the lowest since recording began in 1992. For other discharge years estimated chemical denudation rates range from 5.8 to 13.3 m3 k-2 yr-1 or 300-690 ∑ meq+ m-2 yr-1. The CO2 withdrawal in August 2000 amounted to 560 kg C km -2 and for the hydrological year 2000 it was 1560 kg C km -2 yr-1. In 1993, the highest recorded runoff year, withdrawal of CO2 may have reached 3800 kg C km -2 yr-1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Krawczyk, W. E.; Ford, D. C.
Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in gypsum karst waters Journal Article
In: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 612-620, 2007, ISSN: 01979337, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-34247241657,
title = {Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in gypsum karst waters},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and D.C. Ford},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247241657&doi=10.1002%2fesp.1409&partnerID=40&md5=16b324c4a12ff6c31c756197077f0301},
doi = {10.1002/esp.1409},
issn = {01979337},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {612-620},
abstract = {Modern digital conductivity meters are readily portable, robust, cheap, and give precisely reproducible values of specific electrical conductivity (SpC; in μS cm-1). Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the amounts of gypsum dissolved in waters collected in gypsum karst terrains, expressed as total hardness (TH) in mg L-1 of CaSO4·2H2O (GYP). Total dissolved solid concentrations (TDS) are also considered. Curves obtained with the program PHREEQC, for the dissolution of pure gypsum in water at 25°C, are compared with 574 comprehensive water chemical analyses selected from gypsum karst studies in Europe and the Americas. Principal common and foreign ions encountered are the BNC group (bicarbonates; nitrates; chlorides). It is found that GYP = 1.12.SpC + 62 where BNC < 33 % (Cl- < 5 %), with one standard error <5 % for waters with SpC > 2400 μS cm-1'; GYP = 0.74.SpC + 777 where BNC < 33% (5% ≤ Cl- < 15%), with one standard error <10% for waters with SpC > 3100 μScm-1; GYP = 0.97.SpC - 209 where BNC < 33% and Cl-≥ 15%, with one standard error <10% for samples with SpC > 4300 μS cm-1. There are similar results for the more complex waters found in gypsum karsts where much carbonate rock or salt is also present, to the limit of BNC < 50% for what may reasonably be defined as 'gypsum waters'. Values of R2 for linear correlations of different subsets of the water samples range from 0.69 to 0.96, the majority being >0.8. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Modern digital conductivity meters are readily portable, robust, cheap, and give precisely reproducible values of specific electrical conductivity (SpC; in μS cm-1). Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the amounts of gypsum dissolved in waters collected in gypsum karst terrains, expressed as total hardness (TH) in mg L-1 of CaSO4·2H2O (GYP). Total dissolved solid concentrations (TDS) are also considered. Curves obtained with the program PHREEQC, for the dissolution of pure gypsum in water at 25°C, are compared with 574 comprehensive water chemical analyses selected from gypsum karst studies in Europe and the Americas. Principal common and foreign ions encountered are the BNC group (bicarbonates; nitrates; chlorides). It is found that GYP = 1.12.SpC + 62 where BNC < 33 % (Cl- < 5 %), with one standard error <5 % for waters with SpC > 2400 μS cm-1'; GYP = 0.74.SpC + 777 where BNC < 33% (5% ≤ Cl- < 15%), with one standard error <10% for waters with SpC > 3100 μScm-1; GYP = 0.97.SpC - 209 where BNC < 33% and Cl-≥ 15%, with one standard error <10% for samples with SpC > 4300 μS cm-1. There are similar results for the more complex waters found in gypsum karsts where much carbonate rock or salt is also present, to the limit of BNC < 50% for what may reasonably be defined as 'gypsum waters'. Values of R2 for linear correlations of different subsets of the water samples range from 0.69 to 0.96, the majority being >0.8. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2006
Fabiańska, M. J.; Skręt, U.; Krawczyk, W. E.
SPE and GC-MS investigation of organic contaminants in atmospheric precipitation Journal Article
In: Acta Chromatographica, no. 17, pp. 328-334, 2006, ISSN: 12332356, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-33846050066,
title = {SPE and GC-MS investigation of organic contaminants in atmospheric precipitation},
author = { M.J. Fabiańska and U. Skręt and W.E. Krawczyk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846050066&partnerID=40&md5=e5921931d2693f3c9d77df1b8587e362},
issn = {12332356},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Acta Chromatographica},
number = {17},
pages = {328-334},
abstract = {The seasonal and regional variability of organic contaminants in atmospheric precipitation has been investigated in the Sosnowiec region (Upper Silesia; southern Poland) for a twelve-month period during 2002 and 2003. Contaminants were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare the chemical composition of organic contamination and the semi-quantitative content of selected compound groups. During the heating season, the dominating source of pollution is coal combusted in the region. Characteristics of organic contamination in precipitation sampled after the heating season indicate they are related to traffic emission. Regional differences between organic pollutant content suggest that the low emitters, for example individual house fires, are important source of organic contamination in the Upper Silesia agglomeration.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The seasonal and regional variability of organic contaminants in atmospheric precipitation has been investigated in the Sosnowiec region (Upper Silesia; southern Poland) for a twelve-month period during 2002 and 2003. Contaminants were isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare the chemical composition of organic contamination and the semi-quantitative content of selected compound groups. During the heating season, the dominating source of pollution is coal combusted in the region. Characteristics of organic contamination in precipitation sampled after the heating season indicate they are related to traffic emission. Regional differences between organic pollutant content suggest that the low emitters, for example individual house fires, are important source of organic contamination in the Upper Silesia agglomeration.
Krawczyk, W. E.; Ford, D. C.
Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters Journal Article
In: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 221-234, 2006, ISSN: 01979337, (44).
@article{2-s2.0-32544456448,
title = {Correlating specific conductivity with total hardness in limestone and dolomite karst waters},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and D.C. Ford},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-32544456448&doi=10.1002%2fesp.1232&partnerID=40&md5=20315074df2c8d0eb3aa810bce5ae5a5},
doi = {10.1002/esp.1232},
issn = {01979337},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Earth Surface Processes and Landforms},
volume = {31},
number = {2},
pages = {221-234},
abstract = {Under field conditions modern digital conductivity meters give standardized, rapid and reproducible measurements. Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the composition of karst waters, as total hardness (TH; as mg/L CaCO3) for limestone and dolomite. These are the fundamental measures of process in carbonate karst geomorphology. PHREEQC theoretical curves for the dissolution of pure calcite/aragonite and dolomite in water at 25 °C are compared with water analyses from karst studies worldwide. Other principal ions encountered are sulphates, nitrates and chlorides (the 'SNC' group). From carbonate karsts, 2309 spring, well and stream samples were divided into uncontaminated (SNC < 10%), moderately contaminated (10 < SNC < 20%), and contaminated (SNC > 20%) classes. Where specific conductivity (SpC) is less than 600 μS/cm, a clear statistical distinction can be drawn between waters having little contamination and substantially contaminated waters with SNC > 20%. As sometimes claimed in manufacturers' literature, in 'clean' limestone waters TH is close to 1/2SpC, with a standard error of 2-3 mg/L. The slope of the best-fit line for 1949 samples covering all SNC classes where SpC < 600 μS/cm is 1·86, very close to the 1·88 obtained for clean limestone waters; however, the value of the intercept is ten times higher. The regression line for clean limestone waters where SpC > 600 μS/cm helps to distinguish polluted waters from clean waters with possible endogenic sources of CO2. In the range 250 < SpC < 600 μS/cm, dolomite waters can be readily distinguished from limestone waters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},
note = {44},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Under field conditions modern digital conductivity meters give standardized, rapid and reproducible measurements. Here we investigate the accuracy of their estimates of the composition of karst waters, as total hardness (TH; as mg/L CaCO3) for limestone and dolomite. These are the fundamental measures of process in carbonate karst geomorphology. PHREEQC theoretical curves for the dissolution of pure calcite/aragonite and dolomite in water at 25 °C are compared with water analyses from karst studies worldwide. Other principal ions encountered are sulphates, nitrates and chlorides (the 'SNC' group). From carbonate karsts, 2309 spring, well and stream samples were divided into uncontaminated (SNC < 10%), moderately contaminated (10 < SNC < 20%), and contaminated (SNC > 20%) classes. Where specific conductivity (SpC) is less than 600 μS/cm, a clear statistical distinction can be drawn between waters having little contamination and substantially contaminated waters with SNC > 20%. As sometimes claimed in manufacturers' literature, in 'clean' limestone waters TH is close to 1/2SpC, with a standard error of 2-3 mg/L. The slope of the best-fit line for 1949 samples covering all SNC classes where SpC < 600 μS/cm is 1·86, very close to the 1·88 obtained for clean limestone waters; however, the value of the intercept is ten times higher. The regression line for clean limestone waters where SpC > 600 μS/cm helps to distinguish polluted waters from clean waters with possible endogenic sources of CO2. In the range 250 < SpC < 600 μS/cm, dolomite waters can be readily distinguished from limestone waters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2005
Krawczyk, W. E.; Skręt, U.
Organic compounds in rainfall at Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen: Qualitative results Journal Article
In: Polish Polar Research, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 65-76, 2005, ISSN: 01380338, (10).
@article{2-s2.0-16344361896,
title = {Organic compounds in rainfall at Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen: Qualitative results},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and U. Skręt},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-16344361896&partnerID=40&md5=d57a5f1342a7559e8804a199516d5c22},
issn = {01380338},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Polish Polar Research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {65-76},
abstract = {Research on the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in the Hornsund region of Svalbard has been extended by analysis of the organic contents. In rainfall samples collected in September 2003, the organics were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE), eluted and analysed on gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector (GC/MS). Rainfall pH was in the range 4.72-5.45, the low values suggesting possible pollution. Concentrations of inorganic ions, expressed as total dissolved salts (TDS), were 5.40-13.18 mg L-1. Non-sea-salt (nss) sulphates were in the range 5-11 μeq L-1. In all samples, long-chain alkanes with chain length up to C36, and their methyl derivatives were detected. Among aromatic compounds biphenyl, dibenzofuran and its methyl derivatives were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were represented by naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene and pyrene. There were no PAHs with higher numbers of rings. The synoptic meteorological conditions in September 2003 indicate that all organic and inorganic pollutants were of local origin.},
note = {10},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Research on the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in the Hornsund region of Svalbard has been extended by analysis of the organic contents. In rainfall samples collected in September 2003, the organics were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE), eluted and analysed on gas chromatograph coupled to a mass selective detector (GC/MS). Rainfall pH was in the range 4.72-5.45, the low values suggesting possible pollution. Concentrations of inorganic ions, expressed as total dissolved salts (TDS), were 5.40-13.18 mg L-1. Non-sea-salt (nss) sulphates were in the range 5-11 μeq L-1. In all samples, long-chain alkanes with chain length up to C36, and their methyl derivatives were detected. Among aromatic compounds biphenyl, dibenzofuran and its methyl derivatives were found. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were represented by naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene and pyrene. There were no PAHs with higher numbers of rings. The synoptic meteorological conditions in September 2003 indicate that all organic and inorganic pollutants were of local origin.
2003
Krawczyk, W. E.; Lefauconnier, B.; Pettersson, L. E.
Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva Catchment, Svalbard, in the Fall of 2000 Journal Article
In: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 28, no. 28-32, pp. 1257-1271, 2003, ISSN: 14747065, (32).
@article{2-s2.0-0242286656,
title = {Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva Catchment, Svalbard, in the Fall of 2000},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk and B. Lefauconnier and L.E. Pettersson},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0242286656&doi=10.1016%2fj.pce.2003.08.054&partnerID=40&md5=b6242b0ffe9b5126ddb3b70c9e4824a0},
doi = {10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.054},
issn = {14747065},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-01-01},
journal = {Physics and Chemistry of the Earth},
volume = {28},
number = {28-32},
pages = {1257-1271},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The runoff of the Bayelva River discharging Austre and Vestre Brøggerbreen, Brøggerhalvøya, NW Spitsbergen (79°N 12°E) has been recorded since 1989, the longest glacier hydrological time series in Svalbard. Estimates of chemical denudation rates in the basin have been amplified by addition of data from the Fall of 2000, a season not normally considered in denudation research in Arctic basins. In the Fall of 2000 chemical denudation rates were: 11.6 t km-2 or 4.6 m3 km-2 or 203 Σ+ meq m-2; this was approximately 38% of the denudation estimated for the complete year. The runoff in Bayelva in 2000 was 27.16 × 106 m3, the lowest value recorded for the period 1989-2001. The 2000 cation denudation rate 574 Σ+ meq m-2a-1 is 22% and 15% greater than rates published for 1991 and 1992, respectively, by [Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 25 (2000) 1447]. This indicates that extrapolations of data obtained only for the part of the hydrologically active period may lead to substantial underestimates. Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva basin indicate that Austre Brøggerbreen and Vestre Brøggerbreen are not completely cold-based as has been reported earlier. The polythermal structure of both glaciers is also supported by the occurrence of subglacial outflows found in 2000. Hysteresis effects in SpC=f(Q) relationships and chemical composition also indicate the existence of distributed drainage systems within both glaciers. Dividing the cation denudation rate (Σ+ meq m-2) by specific annual runoff (m) provides a new chemical weathering intensity index, expressed as Σ+ meq m-3 or μeq/l, enabling comparisons between basins with different runoff regimes. The estimated sequestration of CO2 during chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks in the Fall of 2000 was 768-826 kg C km-2, and for the complete year was 2865 kg C km-2. From other pools of organic carbon (bacteria, algae, fungi) detected in polar catchments it cannot be assumed that all of this carbon was derived from atmospheric CO2. Partitioning of the CO2 removed from the atmosphere and biotic environment shows that around 18% is derived from silicate weathering and 82% from carbonate weathering. The 18% for silicate weathering is probably a lower estimate because silHCO3 - was extrapolated from the sum of *Na+ and *K+ only, neglecting possible, but as yet unknown, silicate sources of *Ca2+ and *Mg2+. These representative concentrations from Bayelva for the Fall period of declining discharge (disrupted in this instance by a sudden increase of air temperature coupled with high rainfall) are higher than all other data used as inputs for modelling CO2 changes during the LGM, suggesting that the data sets used to determine the impact of the Quaternary ice sheets on atmospheric CO2 concentrations need to be revised and extended. One can imagine that similar conditions of increased glacier melting caused by increasing temperatures and rainfall would also have existed at the end of the LGM and similar times when the large ice sheets were retreating. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
note = {32},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The runoff of the Bayelva River discharging Austre and Vestre Brøggerbreen, Brøggerhalvøya, NW Spitsbergen (79°N 12°E) has been recorded since 1989, the longest glacier hydrological time series in Svalbard. Estimates of chemical denudation rates in the basin have been amplified by addition of data from the Fall of 2000, a season not normally considered in denudation research in Arctic basins. In the Fall of 2000 chemical denudation rates were: 11.6 t km-2 or 4.6 m3 km-2 or 203 Σ+ meq m-2; this was approximately 38% of the denudation estimated for the complete year. The runoff in Bayelva in 2000 was 27.16 × 106 m3, the lowest value recorded for the period 1989-2001. The 2000 cation denudation rate 574 Σ+ meq m-2a-1 is 22% and 15% greater than rates published for 1991 and 1992, respectively, by [Earth Surf. Process. Landforms 25 (2000) 1447]. This indicates that extrapolations of data obtained only for the part of the hydrologically active period may lead to substantial underestimates. Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva basin indicate that Austre Brøggerbreen and Vestre Brøggerbreen are not completely cold-based as has been reported earlier. The polythermal structure of both glaciers is also supported by the occurrence of subglacial outflows found in 2000. Hysteresis effects in SpC=f(Q) relationships and chemical composition also indicate the existence of distributed drainage systems within both glaciers. Dividing the cation denudation rate (Σ+ meq m-2) by specific annual runoff (m) provides a new chemical weathering intensity index, expressed as Σ+ meq m-3 or μeq/l, enabling comparisons between basins with different runoff regimes. The estimated sequestration of CO2 during chemical weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks in the Fall of 2000 was 768-826 kg C km-2, and for the complete year was 2865 kg C km-2. From other pools of organic carbon (bacteria, algae, fungi) detected in polar catchments it cannot be assumed that all of this carbon was derived from atmospheric CO2. Partitioning of the CO2 removed from the atmosphere and biotic environment shows that around 18% is derived from silicate weathering and 82% from carbonate weathering. The 18% for silicate weathering is probably a lower estimate because silHCO3 - was extrapolated from the sum of *Na+ and *K+ only, neglecting possible, but as yet unknown, silicate sources of *Ca2+ and *Mg2+. These representative concentrations from Bayelva for the Fall period of declining discharge (disrupted in this instance by a sudden increase of air temperature coupled with high rainfall) are higher than all other data used as inputs for modelling CO2 changes during the LGM, suggesting that the data sets used to determine the impact of the Quaternary ice sheets on atmospheric CO2 concentrations need to be revised and extended. One can imagine that similar conditions of increased glacier melting caused by increasing temperatures and rainfall would also have existed at the end of the LGM and similar times when the large ice sheets were retreating. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1989
Krawczyk, W. E.
Thermal springs below Raudfjellet, south-west Spitsbergen Journal Article
In: Results of Investigations of the Polish Scientific Spitsbergen Expeditions (Wroclaw), vol. 7, pp. 67-74, 1989, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-0024866291,
title = {Thermal springs below Raudfjellet, south-west Spitsbergen},
author = { W.E. Krawczyk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0024866291&partnerID=40&md5=4769237c560b85bd5fc53a8d5d0e182c},
year = {1989},
date = {1989-01-01},
journal = {Results of Investigations of the Polish Scientific Spitsbergen Expeditions (Wroclaw)},
volume = {7},
pages = {67-74},
abstract = {A system of thermal springs with temperatures ranging from 7.8-12.1°C was found. Investigations were carried out on the chemical properties of the waters. The total outflow volume of these springs has been assessed to be 160 l/s. The physicochemical properties and the stability of temperature of these springs indicate their karstic character. -from Author},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A system of thermal springs with temperatures ranging from 7.8-12.1°C was found. Investigations were carried out on the chemical properties of the waters. The total outflow volume of these springs has been assessed to be 160 l/s. The physicochemical properties and the stability of temperature of these springs indicate their karstic character. -from Author
1984
Pulina, M.; Pereyma, J.; Kida, J.; Krawczyk, W. E.
Characteristics of the polar hydrological year 1979/1980 in the basin of the Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitzbergen. Journal Article
In: Polish Polar Research, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 165-182, 1984, ISSN: 01380338, (12).
@article{2-s2.0-0021534451,
title = {Characteristics of the polar hydrological year 1979/1980 in the basin of the Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitzbergen.},
author = { M. Pulina and J. Pereyma and J. Kida and W.E. Krawczyk},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021534451&partnerID=40&md5=672834eb1dacf1d71470a7a147980322},
issn = {01380338},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Polish Polar Research},
volume = {5},
number = {3-4},
pages = {165-182},
abstract = {Contains the results of hydrological and hydrochemical investigations carried out in the basin of Werenskiold Glacier against the background of determining climate elements. It also gives chosen elements of the water balance and mass balance determined from year-long investigations of the polar hydrological year 1979-1980. -Authors},
note = {12},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Contains the results of hydrological and hydrochemical investigations carried out in the basin of Werenskiold Glacier against the background of determining climate elements. It also gives chosen elements of the water balance and mass balance determined from year-long investigations of the polar hydrological year 1979-1980. -Authors
Pulina, M.; Krawczyk, W. E.; Pereyma, J.
Water balance and chemical denudation in the unglaciated Fugleberget basin (SW Spitsbergen). Journal Article
In: Polish Polar Research, vol. 5, no. 3-4, pp. 183-205, 1984, ISSN: 01380338, (20).
@article{2-s2.0-0021532729,
title = {Water balance and chemical denudation in the unglaciated Fugleberget basin (SW Spitsbergen).},
author = { M. Pulina and W.E. Krawczyk and J. Pereyma},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0021532729&partnerID=40&md5=b7475e072d5451a766f540126cc2ad71},
issn = {01380338},
year = {1984},
date = {1984-01-01},
journal = {Polish Polar Research},
volume = {5},
number = {3-4},
pages = {183-205},
abstract = {The aim of investigations was to determine such fluvial processes as the duration of the hydrological period, the manner of water supply to the basin and an attempt to define the elements of the water balance. In addition studies were made on hydrological processes, particularly changes in the chemical composition of water, and the magnitude of denudation determined. -from Authors},
note = {20},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of investigations was to determine such fluvial processes as the duration of the hydrological period, the manner of water supply to the basin and an attempt to define the elements of the water balance. In addition studies were made on hydrological processes, particularly changes in the chemical composition of water, and the magnitude of denudation determined. -from Authors