• dr Małgorzata Polak
Stanowisko: Adiunkt
Jednostka: Wydział Nauk Przyrodniczych
Adres: 40-032 Katowice, ul. Jagiellońska 28
Piętro: II
Numer pokoju: A-225
Telefon: (32) 2009 460
E-mail: malgorzata.m.polak@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 37014805000
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2021
Polak, M.; Karcz, W.
In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 9, 2021, ISSN: 16616596, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85105393802,
title = {Fusicoccin (Fc)-induced rapid growth, proton extrusion and membrane potential changes in maize (zea mays l.) coleoptile cells: Comparison to auxin responses},
author = { M. Polak and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105393802&doi=10.3390%2fijms22095017&partnerID=40&md5=49336a5ad3dce6b1b5dbdd8c1c98f766},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22095017},
issn = {16616596},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {9},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {The fungal toxin fusicoccin (FC) induces rapid cell elongation, proton extrusion and plasma membrane hyperpolarization in maize coleoptile cells. Here, these three parameters were simultaneously measured using non-abraded and non-peeled segments with the incubation medium having access to their lumen. The dose–response curve for the FC-induced growth was sigmoidal shaped with the maximum at 10−6 M over 10 h. The amplitudes of the rapid growth and proton extrusion were significantly higher for FC than those for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The differences between the membrane potential changes that were observed in the presence of FC and IAA relate to the permanent membrane hyperpolarization for FC and transient hyperpolarization for IAA. It was also found that the lag times of the rapid growth, proton extrusion and membrane hyperpolarization were shorter for FC compared to IAA. At 30◦C, the biphasic kinetics of the IAA-induced growth rate could be changed into a monophasic (parabolic) one, which is characteristic for FC-induced rapid growth. It has been suggested that the rates of the initial phase of the FC-and IAA-induced growth involve two common mechanisms that consist of the proton pumps and potassium channels whose contribution to the action of both effectors on the rapid growth is different. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The fungal toxin fusicoccin (FC) induces rapid cell elongation, proton extrusion and plasma membrane hyperpolarization in maize coleoptile cells. Here, these three parameters were simultaneously measured using non-abraded and non-peeled segments with the incubation medium having access to their lumen. The dose–response curve for the FC-induced growth was sigmoidal shaped with the maximum at 10−6 M over 10 h. The amplitudes of the rapid growth and proton extrusion were significantly higher for FC than those for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The differences between the membrane potential changes that were observed in the presence of FC and IAA relate to the permanent membrane hyperpolarization for FC and transient hyperpolarization for IAA. It was also found that the lag times of the rapid growth, proton extrusion and membrane hyperpolarization were shorter for FC compared to IAA. At 30◦C, the biphasic kinetics of the IAA-induced growth rate could be changed into a monophasic (parabolic) one, which is characteristic for FC-induced rapid growth. It has been suggested that the rates of the initial phase of the FC-and IAA-induced growth involve two common mechanisms that consist of the proton pumps and potassium channels whose contribution to the action of both effectors on the rapid growth is different. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Polak, M.; Karcz, W.
In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1-17, 2021, ISSN: 16616596, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-85101557306,
title = {Some new methodological and conceptual aspects of the “acid growth theory” for the auxin action in maize (Zea mays l.) coleoptile segments: Do acid-and auxin-induced rapid growth differ in their mechanisms?},
author = { M. Polak and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101557306&doi=10.3390%2fijms22052317&partnerID=40&md5=1c4334f99282466371393805df07a041},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22052317},
issn = {16616596},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {1-17},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {Two arguments against the “acid growth theory” of auxin-induced growth were re-examined. First, the lack of a correlation between the IAA-induced growth and medium acidification, which is mainly due to the cuticle, which is a barrier for proton diffusion. Second, acid-and the IAA-induced growth are additive processes, which means that acid and the IAA act via different mechanisms. Here, growth, medium pH, and membrane potential (in some experiments) were simultaneously measured using non-abraded and non-peeled segments but with the incubation medium having access to their lumen. Using such an approach significantly enhances both the IAAinduced growth and proton extrusion (similar to that of abraded segments). Staining the cuticle on the outer and inner epidermis of the coleoptile segments showed that the cuticle architecture differs on both sides of the segments. The dose-response curves for the IAA-induced growth and proton extrusion were bell-shaped with the maximum at 10−4 M over 10 h. The kinetics of the IAA-induced hyperpolarisation was similar to that of the rapid phase of the IAA-induced growth. It is also proposed that the K+/H+ co-transporters are involved in acid-induced growth and that the combined effect of the K+ channels and K+/ H+ co-transporters is responsible for the IAA-induced growth. These findings support the “acid growth theory” of auxin action. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {5},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Two arguments against the “acid growth theory” of auxin-induced growth were re-examined. First, the lack of a correlation between the IAA-induced growth and medium acidification, which is mainly due to the cuticle, which is a barrier for proton diffusion. Second, acid-and the IAA-induced growth are additive processes, which means that acid and the IAA act via different mechanisms. Here, growth, medium pH, and membrane potential (in some experiments) were simultaneously measured using non-abraded and non-peeled segments but with the incubation medium having access to their lumen. Using such an approach significantly enhances both the IAAinduced growth and proton extrusion (similar to that of abraded segments). Staining the cuticle on the outer and inner epidermis of the coleoptile segments showed that the cuticle architecture differs on both sides of the segments. The dose-response curves for the IAA-induced growth and proton extrusion were bell-shaped with the maximum at 10−4 M over 10 h. The kinetics of the IAA-induced hyperpolarisation was similar to that of the rapid phase of the IAA-induced growth. It is also proposed that the K+/H+ co-transporters are involved in acid-induced growth and that the combined effect of the K+ channels and K+/ H+ co-transporters is responsible for the IAA-induced growth. These findings support the “acid growth theory” of auxin action. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2017
Milewska-Hendel, A.; Polak, M.; Sala, K.; Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, P.; Gawecki, R.; Kurczyńska, E. U.
Morpho-histological analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants after treatment with juglone Journal Article
In: Acta Agrobotanica, vol. 70, no. 2, 2017, ISSN: 00650951, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85021764617,
title = {Morpho-histological analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants after treatment with juglone},
author = { A. Milewska-Hendel and M. Polak and K. Sala and P. Zieleźnik-Rusinowska and R. Gawecki and E.U. Kurczyńska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85021764617&doi=10.5586%2faa.1701&partnerID=40&md5=08218efe0b5c44652666a966d3d5eeee},
doi = {10.5586/aa.1701},
issn = {00650951},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Acta Agrobotanica},
volume = {70},
number = {2},
publisher = {Polish Botanical Society},
abstract = {Juglone is a substance that limits plant growth and has a toxic effect on plant development. In this study, we analyzed the influence of juglone at two different concentrations (10-3 M and 10-4 M), which were applied to different parts of Solanum lycopersicum L. plants (root system; stem after decapitation; and surface of a younger leaf or after autografting) for a short period of time (7 days), on the morphology and histology of stems. At a lower concentration, juglone had positive effects on plant growth, which resulted in an increase in interfascicular cambial cell divisions, faster development of a continuous cambium layer along the stem circumference, and development of fibers. Additionally, under the influence of juglone, the number of developing leaves increased and adventitious roots developed. The results are discussed based on the current literature concerning the reaction of plants to juglone and to stress conditions. © The Author(s) 2017.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Juglone is a substance that limits plant growth and has a toxic effect on plant development. In this study, we analyzed the influence of juglone at two different concentrations (10-3 M and 10-4 M), which were applied to different parts of Solanum lycopersicum L. plants (root system; stem after decapitation; and surface of a younger leaf or after autografting) for a short period of time (7 days), on the morphology and histology of stems. At a lower concentration, juglone had positive effects on plant growth, which resulted in an increase in interfascicular cambial cell divisions, faster development of a continuous cambium layer along the stem circumference, and development of fibers. Additionally, under the influence of juglone, the number of developing leaves increased and adventitious roots developed. The results are discussed based on the current literature concerning the reaction of plants to juglone and to stress conditions. © The Author(s) 2017.
2016
Kościarz-Grzesiok, A.; Sieroń-Stołtny, K.; Polak, M.; Sieroń, A.; Karcz, W.
Effect of low frequency pulsed magnetic field on gravitropic response & cell elongation in coleoptiles of maize seedlings Journal Article
In: General Physiology and Biophysics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 417-424, 2016, ISSN: 02315882, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85019563519,
title = {Effect of low frequency pulsed magnetic field on gravitropic response & cell elongation in coleoptiles of maize seedlings},
author = { A. Kościarz-Grzesiok and K. Sieroń-Stołtny and M. Polak and A. Sieroń and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019563519&doi=10.4149%2fgpb_2016010&partnerID=40&md5=6fbc94be4b8918fefa64e13031548b99},
doi = {10.4149/gpb_2016010},
issn = {02315882},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {General Physiology and Biophysics},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {417-424},
publisher = {Slovak Academy of Sciences},
abstract = {The effect of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on gravitropic response, endogenous growth and growth in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was studied in coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Medium pH changes, measured simultaneously with growth of coleoptile segments, were also determined. In seedlings grown in the presence of PMF, elongation growth of coleoptiles was inhibited by 16%, while growth of roots and mesocotyls did not depend on PMF. Magnetic field also inhibited (by 36%) the gravitropic response of maize seedlings. However, when PMF was applied only during gravistimulation (within 6 h), it suppressed the gravitropic reaction only by 8% at 6 h. It was also found that endogenous growth and IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments excised from seedlings treated with the PMF was stimulated by 52% and 30%, respectively, as compared to control (segments untreated with the PMF). Values of medium pH, measured simultaneously with growth, indicated that PMF-treated coleoptile segments extruded much more protons than untreated segments. In contrast, coleoptile segments treated with the PMF and subsequently incubated in the presence of IAA extruded 2.5-fold less protons as compared to segments treated with IAA only. The data presented here have been discussed with consideration of mechanisms by which auxin (IAA) regulates plant cell growth.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effect of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on gravitropic response, endogenous growth and growth in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was studied in coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Medium pH changes, measured simultaneously with growth of coleoptile segments, were also determined. In seedlings grown in the presence of PMF, elongation growth of coleoptiles was inhibited by 16%, while growth of roots and mesocotyls did not depend on PMF. Magnetic field also inhibited (by 36%) the gravitropic response of maize seedlings. However, when PMF was applied only during gravistimulation (within 6 h), it suppressed the gravitropic reaction only by 8% at 6 h. It was also found that endogenous growth and IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments excised from seedlings treated with the PMF was stimulated by 52% and 30%, respectively, as compared to control (segments untreated with the PMF). Values of medium pH, measured simultaneously with growth, indicated that PMF-treated coleoptile segments extruded much more protons than untreated segments. In contrast, coleoptile segments treated with the PMF and subsequently incubated in the presence of IAA extruded 2.5-fold less protons as compared to segments treated with IAA only. The data presented here have been discussed with consideration of mechanisms by which auxin (IAA) regulates plant cell growth.
2014
Rudnicka, M.; Polak, M.; Karcz, W.
Cellular responses to naphthoquinones: Juglone as a case study Journal Article
In: Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 239-248, 2014, ISSN: 01676903, (22).
@article{2-s2.0-84895745980,
title = {Cellular responses to naphthoquinones: Juglone as a case study},
author = { M. Rudnicka and M. Polak and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84895745980&doi=10.1007%2fs10725-013-9855-y&partnerID=40&md5=314ebb826b8ec7b8e6e84e571cd491fe},
doi = {10.1007/s10725-013-9855-y},
issn = {01676903},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Plant Growth Regulation},
volume = {72},
number = {3},
pages = {239-248},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
abstract = {The effects of juglone (JG) on the endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC) and on proton extrusion were studied in maize coleoptile segments. In addition, membrane potential changes were also determined at chosen JG concentrations. It was found that JG, when added to the incubation medium, inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that inhibition of either IAA-induced growth or proton extrusion by JG was a linear function of JG concentration. Addition of JG to the control medium caused depolarization of the membrane potential (Em), value of which was dependent on JG concentration and time after its administration. Hyperpolarization of Em induced by IAA was suppressed in the presence of JG. It was also found that for coleoptile segments initially preincubated with JG, although subsequently removed, addition of IAA was not effective in the stimulation of growth and medium acidification. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism by which JG inhibits the IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments involves inhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity. © 2013 The Author(s).},
note = {22},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of juglone (JG) on the endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC) and on proton extrusion were studied in maize coleoptile segments. In addition, membrane potential changes were also determined at chosen JG concentrations. It was found that JG, when added to the incubation medium, inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that inhibition of either IAA-induced growth or proton extrusion by JG was a linear function of JG concentration. Addition of JG to the control medium caused depolarization of the membrane potential (Em), value of which was dependent on JG concentration and time after its administration. Hyperpolarization of Em induced by IAA was suppressed in the presence of JG. It was also found that for coleoptile segments initially preincubated with JG, although subsequently removed, addition of IAA was not effective in the stimulation of growth and medium acidification. Taken together, these results suggest that the mechanism by which JG inhibits the IAA-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments involves inhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity. © 2013 The Author(s).
2012
Polak, M.; Zaborska, W.; Tukaj, Z.; Karcz, W.
Effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract on growth, proton fluxes and membrane potential in maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 41-52, 2012, ISSN: 01375881, (11).
@article{2-s2.0-84855236421,
title = {Effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract on growth, proton fluxes and membrane potential in maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptile segments},
author = { M. Polak and W. Zaborska and Z. Tukaj and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855236421&doi=10.1007%2fs11738-011-0803-z&partnerID=40&md5=d206b6dc2f70b59b753d6b789e333eb0},
doi = {10.1007/s11738-011-0803-z},
issn = {01375881},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Acta Physiologiae Plantarum},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {41-52},
abstract = {The effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract (GE) on endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC), and proton extrusion in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, membrane potential changes at some GE dilutions and the protective effect of dithiothreitol (DTT) against GE toxicity were also determined. It was found that GE at almost all dilutions studied, when added to the incubation medium inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that the administration of GE resulted in a complex change in the pH of the external medium; after an initial transient acidification, pH increased and reached the maximal value followed by a gradual decrease of medium pH. When IAA or FC was added after preincubation of the segments in the presence of GE the changes in medium pH were not significantly different from these obtained with GE only. If the coleoptile segments were first preincubated with GE and subsequently GE was removed, the addition of IAA induced strong growth and medium acidification. Dithiothreitol added together with GE neutralized the toxic effect of GE on growth of coleoptile segments incubated in the presence of IAA. The addition of GE to the control medium caused a depolarization of the membrane potential, the value of witch depended on GE dilution. These results indicate that the toxic effect of GE on growth of plant cells might be caused by disruption of the catalytic function of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase on formation of the disulfide bonds. © 2011 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.},
note = {11},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effect of thiosulphinates contained in garlic extract (GE) on endogenous growth, growth in the presence of either indoleacetic acid (IAA) or fusicoccin (FC), and proton extrusion in maize coleoptile segments were studied. In addition, membrane potential changes at some GE dilutions and the protective effect of dithiothreitol (DTT) against GE toxicity were also determined. It was found that GE at almost all dilutions studied, when added to the incubation medium inhibited endogenous growth as well as growth in the presence of either IAA or FC. Simultaneous measurements of growth and external pH indicated that the administration of GE resulted in a complex change in the pH of the external medium; after an initial transient acidification, pH increased and reached the maximal value followed by a gradual decrease of medium pH. When IAA or FC was added after preincubation of the segments in the presence of GE the changes in medium pH were not significantly different from these obtained with GE only. If the coleoptile segments were first preincubated with GE and subsequently GE was removed, the addition of IAA induced strong growth and medium acidification. Dithiothreitol added together with GE neutralized the toxic effect of GE on growth of coleoptile segments incubated in the presence of IAA. The addition of GE to the control medium caused a depolarization of the membrane potential, the value of witch depended on GE dilution. These results indicate that the toxic effect of GE on growth of plant cells might be caused by disruption of the catalytic function of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase on formation of the disulfide bonds. © 2011 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
2011
Polak, M.; Tukaj, Z.; Karcz, W.
Effect of temperature on the dose-response curves for auxin-induced elongation growth in maize coleoptile segments Journal Article
In: Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 437-442, 2011, ISSN: 01375881, (11).
@article{2-s2.0-79951771728,
title = {Effect of temperature on the dose-response curves for auxin-induced elongation growth in maize coleoptile segments},
author = { M. Polak and Z. Tukaj and W. Karcz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79951771728&doi=10.1007%2fs11738-010-0563-1&partnerID=40&md5=cf663620e1344c7efed3f330850bd4d5},
doi = {10.1007/s11738-010-0563-1},
issn = {01375881},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Acta Physiologiae Plantarum},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {437-442},
abstract = {The dose-response curves for IAA-induced growth in maize coleoptile segments were studied as a function of time and temperature. In addition, the kinetics of growth rate responses at some auxin concentrations and temperatures was also compared. It was found that the dose-response curves for IAA-induced elongation growth were, independently of time and temperature, bell-shaped with an optimal concentration at 10-5 M IAA. The kinetics of IAA-induced growth rate responses depended on IAA concentration and temperature, and could be separated into two phases (biphasic reaction). The first phase (very rapid) was followed by a long lasting one (second phase), which began about 30 min after auxin addition. For coleoptile segments incubated at 30°C, the amplitudes of the first and second phase were significantly higher, when compared with 25°C, at all IAA concentrations studied. However, when coleoptile segments were incubated at 20°C, the elongation growth of coleoptile segments treated with suboptimal IAA concentrations was diminished, mainly as a result of both phases reduction. In conclusion, we propose that the shape of the dose-response curves for IAA-induced growth in maize coleoptile segments is connected with biphasic kinetic of growth rate response. © 2010 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.},
note = {11},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The dose-response curves for IAA-induced growth in maize coleoptile segments were studied as a function of time and temperature. In addition, the kinetics of growth rate responses at some auxin concentrations and temperatures was also compared. It was found that the dose-response curves for IAA-induced elongation growth were, independently of time and temperature, bell-shaped with an optimal concentration at 10-5 M IAA. The kinetics of IAA-induced growth rate responses depended on IAA concentration and temperature, and could be separated into two phases (biphasic reaction). The first phase (very rapid) was followed by a long lasting one (second phase), which began about 30 min after auxin addition. For coleoptile segments incubated at 30°C, the amplitudes of the first and second phase were significantly higher, when compared with 25°C, at all IAA concentrations studied. However, when coleoptile segments were incubated at 20°C, the elongation growth of coleoptile segments treated with suboptimal IAA concentrations was diminished, mainly as a result of both phases reduction. In conclusion, we propose that the shape of the dose-response curves for IAA-induced growth in maize coleoptile segments is connected with biphasic kinetic of growth rate response. © 2010 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.
2005
Rost, M. M.; Kuczera, M.; Malinowska, J.; Polak, M.; Sidor, B.
Midgut epithelium formation in Thermobia domestica (Packard) (Insecta, Zygentoma) Journal Article
In: Tissue and Cell, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 135-143, 2005, ISSN: 00408166, (27).
@article{2-s2.0-14544291487,
title = {Midgut epithelium formation in Thermobia domestica (Packard) (Insecta, Zygentoma)},
author = { M.M. Rost and M. Kuczera and J. Malinowska and M. Polak and B. Sidor},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-14544291487&doi=10.1016%2fj.tice.2004.12.001&partnerID=40&md5=32c1cf14d5eb51706f4d997bc44bc77a},
doi = {10.1016/j.tice.2004.12.001},
issn = {00408166},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Tissue and Cell},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {135-143},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The origin of midgut epithelium may begin either from yolk cells (energids), tips of stomo- and proctodaeum (ectoderm), inner layer (endoderm) or from both kinds of the above mentioned cells. The origin of the midgut epithelium in wingless insects (Apterygota) has still not been determined. In Thermobia domestica the formation of midgut is much delayed, and it completes in the post-embryonic stage, while the stomo- and the proctodaeum are well-developed in the embryonic period. The energids, which remain inside the yolk, start to migrate to its periphery, where they arrange singly close to cell membrane. The yolk mass with the energids at the 14th day of embryogenesis are refered to as the primary midgut. During the first instar larval stage more and more energids migrate to the yolk periphery and the cell membrane starts to form numerous foldings surrounding the groups of energids, which in turn lead to formation of isolated regenerative cell groups. Eventually the cell membrane invaginations reach the center of the yolk mass. Large cells of the primary epithelium, surrounding the newly formed midgut lumen are formed. The cells of the primary epithelium are filled with yolk and are equipped with microvilli pointing to the midgut lumen. As the yolk is being digested, the process of the primary epithelium cells degeneration begins. The cells are getting shorter and start to degenerate. The definitive midgut epithelium is formed from proliferating regenerative cells. It consists of regularly spaced regenerative cell groups as well as the epithelial cells. The ultrastructure of both these cell groups has been described. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
note = {27},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The origin of midgut epithelium may begin either from yolk cells (energids), tips of stomo- and proctodaeum (ectoderm), inner layer (endoderm) or from both kinds of the above mentioned cells. The origin of the midgut epithelium in wingless insects (Apterygota) has still not been determined. In Thermobia domestica the formation of midgut is much delayed, and it completes in the post-embryonic stage, while the stomo- and the proctodaeum are well-developed in the embryonic period. The energids, which remain inside the yolk, start to migrate to its periphery, where they arrange singly close to cell membrane. The yolk mass with the energids at the 14th day of embryogenesis are refered to as the primary midgut. During the first instar larval stage more and more energids migrate to the yolk periphery and the cell membrane starts to form numerous foldings surrounding the groups of energids, which in turn lead to formation of isolated regenerative cell groups. Eventually the cell membrane invaginations reach the center of the yolk mass. Large cells of the primary epithelium, surrounding the newly formed midgut lumen are formed. The cells of the primary epithelium are filled with yolk and are equipped with microvilli pointing to the midgut lumen. As the yolk is being digested, the process of the primary epithelium cells degeneration begins. The cells are getting shorter and start to degenerate. The definitive midgut epithelium is formed from proliferating regenerative cells. It consists of regularly spaced regenerative cell groups as well as the epithelial cells. The ultrastructure of both these cell groups has been described. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.