@article{2-s2.0-85213551474,

title = {The Impact of Hard Coal Mining on the Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence in the Urban Area (Bielszowice, Poland)},

author = { R. Machowski and M. Solarski and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała and A. Hamdaoui},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85213551474&doi=10.3390%2fresources13120167&partnerID=40&md5=ed4ce2cffc0797d26ce02e35c05af0a2},

doi = {10.3390/resources13120167},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Resources},

volume = {13},

number = {12},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {This article presents the results of long-term monitoring of land subsidence in the Bielszowice area (Upper Silesian Coal Basin) using archival maps from the late 19th and 20th centuries, as well as contemporary LIDAR models from 2012 and 2022. The research work conducted included an analysis of subsidence caused by mining activities based on four terrain models: a historical terrain model obtained by digitizing Messtischblätter topographic maps, showing the land surface in 1883, a terrain model obtained by vectorizing Polish topographic maps from 1993, and LIDAR digital terrain models from 2012 and 2022. The study shows that over a period of 139 years, the study area subsided by an average of 9.5 m, which translated into an anthropogenic land subsidence rate of 68 mm/year and a subsidence volume of 100.5 million m3. The greatest subsidence occurred in the northern part of the study area, where basins with depths exceeding 30 m (the maximum subsidence amounted to 36 m) emerged. During the 139 years studied, land subsidence affected the entire area that was built up until 2022. Overall, 38.9% of built-up areas subsided by less than 10 m, 54.0% was subject to subsidence ranging between 10 and 20 m, and subsidence of more than 20 m affected 7.1% of the areas. Such large-scale subsidence in an urbanized area resulted in mining damage to houses and other infrastructure (e.g.; railroads; roads); in extreme cases, some structures had to be demolished. Bielszowice is a good example of an area where spatial conflicts have emerged that have been related to the activities of industrial plants on the one hand and the development of urban areas on the other. © 2024 by the authors.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85210302117,

title = {Dynamics of Changes in the Surface Area of Water Bodies in Subsidence Basins in Mining Areas},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and R. Machowski and M. Solarski and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85210302117&doi=10.3390%2fw16223280&partnerID=40&md5=7925bc2dc620d7b8ee65777a06acafd5},

doi = {10.3390/w16223280},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Water (Switzerland)},

volume = {16},

number = {22},

publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)},

abstract = {The Silesian Upland in southern Poland is known as a place where subsidence processes induced by mining activities occur in an area of nearly 1500 square kilometres, with many water bodies that formed in subsidence basins. This study concerned the dynamics of changes in the occurrence, boundaries and area of water bodies in subsidence basins (using orthoimagery from 1996 to 2023), as well as the assessment of the factors underlying the morphogenetic and hydrogenetic transformations of these basins. Within the subsidence basins covered by the study, water bodies occupied a total area that changed from 9.22 hectares in 1996 to 48.43 hectares in 2003, with a maximum of 52.30 hectares in 2009. The obtained figures testify to the extremely dynamic changes taking place in subsidence basins, which are unprecedented within such short time intervals in the case of other morphogenetic types of lakes and anthropogenic water bodies (for instance; from 1996 to 2003; the basin of the Brantka water body in Bytom underwent a more than two-fold change in its area; with RA values in the range of 54.4% to 131.9). A reflection of the dynamics of short-term changes in the water bodies in question in the period from 1996 to 2023 is the increase in the water area of the three studied water bodies, which was projected by linear regression to range from 0.09 hectares/year to 0.56 hectares/year. The area change trends, as determined by polynomial regression, suggest a slight decrease in the water table within the last few years, as well as within the next few years, for each of the studied basins. © 2024 by the authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85149917244,

title = {Toxic Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids in Bottom Sediments as a Geoecological Indicator of a Water Body’s Suitability for Recreational Use},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and R. Machowski and M. Solarski and D. Bakota and A. Płomiński and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85149917244&doi=10.3390%2fijerph20054334&partnerID=40&md5=1bbaf32b72099df3486e225dc1447da5},

doi = {10.3390/ijerph20054334},

issn = {16617827},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},

volume = {20},

number = {5},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The study of bottom sediments was conducted within the basins of water bodies used for recreational purposes (e.g.; bathing; fishing and diving) in the Silesian Upland and its periphery in southern Poland. Various concentrations of trace elements were found in bottom sediments, reflected by the following levels: Pb (30–3020 mg/kg), Zn (142–35;300 mg/kg), Cd (0.7–286 mg/kg), Ni (10–115 mg/kg), Cu (11–298 mg/kg), Co (3–40 mg/kg), Cr (22–203 mg/kg), As (8–178 mg/kg), Ba (263–19;300 mg/kg), Sb (0.9–52.5 mg/kg), Br (1–31 mg/kg), Sr (63–510 mg/kg) and S (0.001–4.590%). These trace elements are present in amounts that usually exceed those found in other bodies of water or are sometimes even unprecedented among bodies of water in the world (e.g.; cadmium—286 mg/kg; zinc—35;300 mg/kg; lead—3020 mg/kg; arsenic—178 mg/kg). It was found that bottom sediments were contaminated to varying degrees with toxic metals, metalloids and non-metals, as evidenced by the values of geoecological indicators, i.e., the geoaccumulation index (−6.31 < Igeo < 10.90), the sediment contamination factor (0.0 ≤ (Formula presented.) < 286.0), the sediment contamination degree (4.6 < Cd < 513.1) and the ratios of the concentrations found to the regional geochemical background (0.5 < IRE < 196.9). It was concluded that the presence of toxic elements (e.g.; lead; zinc; cadmium; chromium; strontium and arsenic) in bottom sediments should be taken into account when classifying water bodies as suitable for recreational use. A maximum ratio of the concentrations found to the regional geochemical background of IRE ≤ 5.0 was proposed as the threshold for the permissibility of recreational use of water bodies. The water bodies used for recreational purposes in the Silesian Upland and its periphery do not meet the geoecological conditions for safe use in terms of recreation and leisure activities. Forms of their recreational use that directly affect the participants’ health (e.g.; fishing and the consumption of fish and other aquatic organisms) should be abandoned. © 2023 by the authors.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85125154026,

title = {Hypsometric changes in urban areas resulting from multiple years of mining activity},

author = { M. Solarski and R. Machowski and M. Rzętała and M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125154026&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-022-06847-8&partnerID=40&md5=a23d658ae3d2a0109e866c48895debed},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-06847-8},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {The impact of multiple years of underground mining of minerals on changes in the elevation of an urban area has been evaluated using the case study of Bytom in southern Poland. Between 1883 and 2011, that city experienced changes in absolute minimum (from 250.0 to 243.0 m a.s.l.) and maximum (from 340.0 to 348.4 m a.s.l.) elevations. During that period, the difference between minimum and maximum elevations increased from 90.0 to 105.4 m. The consequence of underground mining has been the formation of extensive subsidence basins with a maximum depth of 35 m. Where the terrain became raised, its elevation rose most commonly by 1.1 m to 5.0 m, with maximum increase in elevation caused by human activity amounting to 35 m. The rate of anthropogenic subsidence in the city between 1883 and 2011 averaged 43 mm/year (5.5 m over the study period). © 2022, The Author(s).},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85110514822,

title = {Methodological approaches to phytomediation of productive processes in chalk quarry reservoirs of Belarus},

author = { A.I. Ramanchuk and T.A. Makarevich and S. Khomitch and R. Machowski and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85110514822&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecolind.2021.107995&partnerID=40&md5=b4064fc05cdb0f609b7836debcaaa1ed},

doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107995},

issn = {1470160X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Ecological Indicators},

volume = {129},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {As concerns field work, bathymetric measurements as well as measurements of physical and chemical parameters of water were conducted, and samples were collected for laboratory tests, which included quantitative and qualitative hydrobiological analyses concerning e.g. the abundance, biomass and species composition of phytoplankton, seston and chlorophyll. Six water bodies (situated in flooded chalk pits) with different morphometric parameters (areas ranging from 2.22 to 37.67 ha; depths ranging from 5.1 to 23.0 m and nearshore shallow areas ranging from 0.39 to 2.64 ha) and with different bioproductive characteristics of water mass (eg. transparency – 1.2–6.8 m; phosphates – 0.002–0.110 mg/dm3; nitrates – 0.040–0.600 mg NO-3/dm3; biomass of phytoplankton – 0.075–1.801 mg/dm3; seston – 0.73–5.56 mg/dm3) were selected for the study of the phytomediation mechanism. The specificity of structural and functional relationships between the abiotic and biotic components of productive-macrophyte and productive-phytoplankton reservoirs is determined. It was established that macrophyte water bodies in flooded chalk pits are able to maintain their basic production and trophic characteristics in the long term under anthropogenic influence conditions. An algorithm is proposed for calculating the level (E – 89.58–115.13), productivity index (K – 11.16–54.15) and gradient (E – 2.1–9.8) of eutrophication of chalk (limestone) quarry reservoirs using the morphometric specificity indicator of the trophogenic epilimnial layer (Sτ – 0.05–0.270). The revealed dependence of the productive and functional organization and trophic status of a quarry reservoir on the morphometric features of a technogenic basin is proposed to be used in the design of sustainably functioning macrophyte-type aquatic systems at the stage of mining and engineering reclamation. The possibility of creating ecologically sustainable lake-type aquatic systems on the site of resource depleted chalk quarries in the process of phytomediation of productive processes is substantiated. Research on innovative methods of reclamation of flooded chalk pits is in line with several sustainable development goals. © 2021 The Authors},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85073053924,

title = {Anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of bottom sediments of water bodies in the neighborhood of a non-ferrous metal smelter (Silesian Upland, Southern Poland)},

author = { R. Machowski and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała and M. Solarski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85073053924&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-019-51027-w&partnerID=40&md5=3cabff15cc551a721df8218572a3f290},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-51027-w},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {An assessment was carried out of the anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of the bottom sediments of water bodies situated in an area with an urban and industrial character (63.7% of the total area). The endorheic catchments of the water bodies studied are lithologically uniform with sandy formations accounting for more than 90% of the surface area. On the basis of geoaccumulation index values, it was found that the bottom sediments of the water bodies studied were contaminated with the following elements: Cd, Zn, S, As, Pb, Sr, Co, Cr, Cu, Ba, Ni, V, Be, in degrees ranging from moderate to extreme, with lower contamination (or absence of contamination) with the same elements being found in the formations present in the vicinity and in the substrate of the basins of water bodies. It was found that one consequence of the fact that these water bodies are located in urban and industrial areas is that there is anthropogenic enrichment of the chemical composition of bottom sediments with certain basic components (organic matter; Mn; Ca and P compounds) and trace elements: Cd, Zn, Pb, Sb, As, Cu and Co, Br, Ni, S, Be, Cs, Sr, V, Cr, Sc, Ba, U, Ce, Eu and Th, with virtually no enrichment of sediments with the other basic and trace components analysed (La; Rb; K2O; Nd; Sm; Na2O; Hf; SiO2; Zr). © 2019, The Author(s).},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85071756169,

title = {Composition and physico-chemical properties of bottom sediments in the southern part of the Bratsk Reservoir (Russia)},

author = { M. Rzętała and V.A. Babicheva and M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071756169&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-019-49228-4&partnerID=40&md5=7320628c529734a350f78517512cd972},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-49228-4},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {9},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {The paper presents the results of studies of bottom sediments taken from the southern part of the Bratsk Reservoir. The following analyses have been conducted: trace element analysis, particle-size analysis as well as chemical analysis of water, hydrochloric acid and alkaline extracts for 18 samples of the bottom sediments. The granulometric analysis has identified the predominance of fine silt and silty-clayed sediments. The data on the content of trace elements in the bottom sediments of the Bratsk Reservoir is presented in comparison with their content in the natural environment of the Baikal region; the anomaly ratio was used to characterize the excess for trace elements. The chemical analysis of extracts has showed “saline contamination” of mud (silt), high concentration of carbonates in it, as well as the presence of mobile (free) forms of aluminum oxide. In this research, an attempt was made by using a correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of various physical and chemical characteristics of the bottom sediments, such as the content of clay fraction, organic carbon, carbonates, and water-soluble salts on the accumulation of trace elements. © 2019, The Author(s).},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85037738206,

title = {Mill pond sediments as the indicator of the environment of the drainage area (an example of Liswarta River, Odra basin, Poland)},

author = { M. Fajer and M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037738206&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-017-0909-y&partnerID=40&md5=606e9e6b0ad0631390403293e0af4853},

doi = {10.1007/s11356-017-0909-y},

issn = {09441344},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},

volume = {25},

number = {6},

pages = {5832-5847},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {The geochemical characteristics of sediments deposited within a channel-type reservoir situated behind the weir of a water mill on the River Liswarta (southern Poland) were studied in relation to land use in the catchment. The catchment in question is an agricultural one with large forest areas. The contamination of sediments with trace elements was assessed using the geoaccumulation index. The sediments studied were moderately to heavily contaminated with As, Cu, Co, Ni and Ba. They were also heavily contaminated with Sr. Additionally, V and Cr contamination ranged from heavy to extreme. The basic composition of sediments and the trace elements present in them indicate both natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Mill impoundments provide zones where the sediments transported by rivers accumulate. Within the Liswarta catchment, their removal may cause the remobilisation of contaminated alluvial deposits. © 2017, The Author(s).},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84990217604,

title = {Geomorphological and Hydrological Effects of Subsidence and Land use Change in Industrial and Urban Areas},

author = { R. Machowski and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała and M. Solarski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84990217604&doi=10.1002%2fldr.2475&partnerID=40&md5=f2d4ddae53d38553de8d3e9054905110},

doi = {10.1002/ldr.2475},

issn = {10853278},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Land Degradation and Development},

volume = {27},

number = {7},

pages = {1740-1752},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Land subsidence caused by mining activities is an example of human transformation of the natural environment and leads to changes in land use. The study covers an area of 958 ha in the Silesian Upland, southern Poland. Records from the period 1890–1990 document the presence of subsidence effects in 82.9% of the study area and the maximum displacement figure is more than 30 m which translates to an average rate of 0.3 m per year. It was found that subsidence basins serve as the new local erosion base and new sedimentation basins. They are filled with sediments whose level of pollution ranges from moderate to heavy and extremely heavy. Subsidence has caused a dramatic change in the local hydrology, including the quality and quantity of the water. The specifics involve: the emergence of new closed drainage catchments with a total area of 651.1 ha; an increase in the total watercourse length (from 0.9 to 5.7 km); an increase in the river network density (from 0.09 to 0.56 km km−2); a decrease in the number (from 81 to 48) and an increase in the area (from 23.8 to 58.4 ha) of lakes and ponds; an increase in the lake coverage ratio (from 2.5% to 6.1%) and in water pollution. Subsidence has limited the potential land uses, which led to a decrease in arable land from 619.0 to 122.5 ha that gave way to other land uses, including those equivalent to wasteland. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},

note = {34},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84975159408,

title = {Cadmium contamination of sediments in the water reservoirs in Silesian Upland (southern Poland)},

author = { M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84975159408&doi=10.1007%2fs11368-016-1477-3&partnerID=40&md5=81a96cca42ccbaf0d24842dfa832d777},

doi = {10.1007/s11368-016-1477-3},

issn = {14390108},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Soils and Sediments},

volume = {16},

number = {10},

pages = {2458-2470},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Purpose: Cadmium (Cd) is considered a toxic element and its concentrations are relevant to human health and the environment. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the bottom sediments of water bodies (artificial lakes and ponds) in the Silesian Upland in southern Poland are contaminated with Cd; an attempt was also made to determine the factors that condition spatial differences in the concentration of this element between individual water bodies in the region. Materials and methods: Measurements of the Cd content in bottom sediments were carried out in 35 water bodies in southern Poland in 2011 and 2012. Depending on the surface area and morphometric characteristics, from two to nine samples representative in terms of sediment thickness were collected in each water body. Cadmium concentrations were determined for 92 0.25 g aliquots using the TD-ICP method. Results and discussion: Cadmium content in all samples (0.7–580.0 mg kg−1) was higher than the natural range of concentrations for this element in the Earth’s crust (0.1–0.3 mg kg−1) and the geochemical background for Poland (0.5 mg kg−1) and, with a few exceptions, was also higher than the preindustrial concentration (1.0 mg kg−1) and the regional geochemical background (2.5 mg kg−1). Adopting natural Cd concentrations in the Earth’s crust (0.1–0.3 mg kg−1) as the baseline for the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the sediments examined can be classified as extremely and heavily contaminated (and moderately contaminated in a small number of cases). The assessment of sediment quality based on Igeo, with the regional geochemical background (2.5 mg kg−1) adopted as the baseline, results in non-contaminated and moderately contaminated sediments being dominant with a far smaller number of heavily and extremely contaminated ones. Conclusions: In the case of several water bodies, Cd concentrations were at record levels that have not been found anywhere else in the world. On the basis of the Igeo, sediments of varying quality were found—from virtually uncontaminated to extremely contaminated. The Igeo index as an indicator of the quality of bottom sediments is a measure that requires careful interpretation, especially when different concentration levels regarded as natural are used for determining its value. © 2016, The Author(s).},

note = {22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84925345003,

title = {Lead in the bottom sediments of water bodies in the Upper Silesia region (southern Poland)},

author = { M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84925345003&doi=10.1080%2f19443994.2014.886297&partnerID=40&md5=83b43af772ff3cc5bfbc93fbaf685d50},

doi = {10.1080/19443994.2014.886297},

issn = {19443994},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Desalination and Water Treatment},

volume = {54},

number = {3},

pages = {779-789},

publisher = {Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.},

abstract = {Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the bottom sediments of water bodies in the Upper Silesia region in southern Poland are contaminated with lead; an attempt was also made to determine the factors that condition spatial differences in the concentration of this element between individual water bodies. Lead content was determined in sediment samples of 0.25 g each at Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Canada) using the ICP method with a lead detection limit of 5 ppm. Lead was found in the bottom sediments of water bodies examined in amounts ranging from 32 to 3340 ppm. In only seven out of the 50 water bodies examined did bottom sediments contain lead in amounts that is considered natural; in the remaining water bodies, natural levels were exceeded pointing to probable anthropogenic pollution. In order to confirm the correlation found between the amount of lead in the bottom sediments of water bodies in the Upper Silesia region and the intensity of human impact, additional studies will need to be conducted. Lead content in bottom sediments was in some cases several times higher than that in the sediments within the substrate of water body basins. © 2014, © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84928801571,

title = {The development of freshwater deltas and their environmental and economic significance},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and A. Jaguś and R. Machowski and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928801571&doi=10.1515%2feces-2015-0007&partnerID=40&md5=138e1ec979b01d568c3f10f3d4cba087},

doi = {10.1515/eces-2015-0007},

issn = {18986196},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {107-123},

publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},

abstract = {The article presents the results of studies concerning the delta forms that arise as a result of the sedimentation of the debris fed to water bodies by watercourses. The study covered several dozen anthropogenic water bodies in the Upper Silesia region, which is well known for its high degree of urbanisation and industrialisation. Basic research work included morphometric measurements of deltas, analyses of the mechanical and chemical composition of delta sediments and analyses of the chemical composition of the common reed growing on the deltas. The research has demonstrated that the deltas exhibit certain characteristics typical of anthropogenic forms that result from the pollutants found in watercourses. In delta sediments, grains of sand usually dominate, but in many cases the share of the < 0.02 mm fraction is as high as ca. 30%. Sediments often contain fine coal and other organic pollutants, which is reflected by high weight loss on ignition. The content of trace elements in delta sediments is usually many times higher than the geochemical background for all types of sedimentary rocks. Deltas are an environment where pollutants accumulate and some of them are assimilated by plants. The content of macro elements in common reed tissues from different deltas does not vary widely while the content of trace elements often results from their content in the sediments. The material that forms deltas can be extracted and in some cases even used as fuel. © 2015 by Martyna A. Rzętała.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84949427529,

title = {Basic components and trace elements in sediments in the inactive channel of the dunajec river (Pieniny Mts.) and their geo-ecological significance},

author = { M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84949427529&partnerID=40&md5=bc2d0fa40c7ad53d226090b81d261a8b},

issn = {18424090},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {85-94},

publisher = {North University of Baia Mare},

abstract = {Geochemical tests of sediments were conducted in isolated water bodies in the river channel located in the Szczawnica reach of the inactive branch of the Dunajec River in the Pieniny Mountains. Basic composition and contents of trace elements as indicators of anthropogenic pollution were deter-mined. It was found that the components included in the basic composition of the sediments examined exhibited typical quantitative variation in their average amounts (SiO2 - 57.02%; loss on ignition - 11.72%; Al2O3 - 14.17%; Fe2O3 - 5.74%; CaO - 4.83%; K2O - 2.46%; MgO - 2.05% and Na2O - 1.13%; TiO2 - 0.87%; P2O5 - 0.18%; MnO - 0.11%; S - 0.25%), showing little variability when individual sam-ples were compared. It was found that the content of trace elements in sediments of the inactive branch of the Dunajec River channel meets the geochemical background criteria in the case of Ag, Be, Cd, Hg and is slightly higher than the geochemical background in the case of Pb and Zn while for As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, S, Sr and V the geochemical background is exceeded a few times (As; Ba; Co; Cu; S; Sr), around a dozen times (Ni and V) or several dozen times (Cr); for many elements, the comparison to the geochemi-cal background was not made for the lack of data. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicates that the sed-iments are uncontaminated, moderately contaminated or heavily contaminated with some elements. The contamination factor indicates moderate sediment contamination with arsenic and chromium while Hg, PCBs, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn are absent. The degree of sediment contamination (Cd=5.2) is low. The content of some trace elements found in sediments of the inactive channel of the Dunajec River branch is higher than the ranges in which these elements are found in the aquatic sediments of the hydrologically active channel of the same river. The enrichment ratio of sediments in the inactive river channel with re-spect to microelements ranges from unity (Zn; Pb) to around a dozen - Cu (IAP = 2.7), Co (IAP = 3.0), As and Sr (IAP = 3.2), Ni (IAP = 3.7), Ba (IAP = 6.8), Cr (IAP = 7.6), S (IAP = 9.6) and V (IAP = 11.6). Sediments in inactive river channels (oxbow lakes) contain a wealth of geoenvironmental information whose signifi-cance is completely different from that which can be read from sediments in hydrologically active river channels.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84926160913,

title = {Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments in Water Bodies in Urban Areas},

author = { M.A. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84926160913&doi=10.1080%2f15320383.2014.911721&partnerID=40&md5=d0af3e6d123113012f69006d8adfeff4},

doi = {10.1080/15320383.2014.911721},

issn = {15320383},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Soil and Sediment Contamination},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

pages = {49-63},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Inc.},

abstract = {A study was carried out on 20 water bodies of the same origin in southern Poland. The study objectives included the assessment of toxic metal contamination in the bottom sediments of the water bodies in comparison with the geochemical background and sediments found in the substrate (i.e.; vicinity) of the water bodies (i.e.; the formations present in the surroundings of the water body itself), thus demonstrating the scale of anthropogenic enrichment of bottom sediments with toxic metals and assessing the cumulative impact on water bodies. The following amounts of toxic metals were found in the bottom sediments of the water bodies examined: 181.7–35200.0 ppm for zinc, 33.3–1648.8 ppm for lead, 1.8–359 ppm for cadmium, 14.0–271.5 ppm for copper, 45.3–167.5 ppm for chromium, and 12–128.5 ppm for nickel. Ratios of the values measured to the geochemical background were as follows: 0.7–135.9 (Zn), 0.6–53.0 (Pb), 0.7–143.6 (Cd), 0.9–18.1 (Cu), 5.0–18.6 (Cr), 1.1–11.7 (Ni). © 2015, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.},

note = {19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84920707150,

title = {Water storage possibilities in Lake Baikal and in reservoirs impounded by the dams of the Angara River cascade},

author = { A. Jaguś and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84920707150&doi=10.1007%2fs12665-014-3166-0&partnerID=40&md5=8f86307f8b70b6ce43ea8d411b9245aa},

doi = {10.1007/s12665-014-3166-0},

issn = {18666280},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Earth Sciences},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {621-628},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {The construction of four dams on the Angara River, which flows out from Lake Baikal, has resulted in the creation of the largest water storage system in the world. The first dam is situated 55 km away from the location where the river flows out from Lake Baikal and it impounds the Irkutsk Reservoir holding 2.1 km3of water and increasing water level in Lake Baikal. In this manner, the volume of water in the Lake has increased by about 37 km3. The second dam, which is located at Bratsk, is 125 m high at its maximum, and has caused the flooding of a 570 km-long reach of the Angara River valley. The Bratsk Reservoir can hold 168.2 km3of water. The third reservoir, with its dam at Ust-Ilimsk, has a capacity of 58.9 km3. Outflow across the dam cross-section is about 3,000 m3 s−1of water. This partly serves to fill the fourth reservoir which is currently being constructed, the Boguchany Reservoir, impounded by a dam at Kodinsk. This reservoir will hold 58.2 km3of water. Management of this storage is used to prevent floods, but the main objective is to use the reservoirs as sources of hydroelectric power. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84904578935,

title = {Eutrophication of water reservoirs under anthropogenic, agricultural and industrial impacts (example of Southern Poland)},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and M. Solarski and A. Pradela and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904578935&partnerID=40&md5=64dc636fba0e5acfacf5ca900b60517d},

issn = {09720626},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment},

volume = {18},

number = {4},

pages = {49-55},

publisher = {International Congress of Chemistry and Environment},

abstract = {The purpose of the study was to identify the trophic level in retention water bodies located in Southern Poland (Central Europe). Thirty nine different water bodies were selected for study. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the chlorophyll concentration was measured in the epilimnion layer of these reservoirs throughout the 2012 hydrological year. The water transparency during the summer season was also measured using the Secchi disc method. Based on the chlorophyll content and Secchi disc visibility, the Trophic State Index (TSI) values were calculated for chlorophyll α and Secchi disc visibility (Carlson method) and for chlorophyll α alone (Walker method). Additional measurements included the pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygenation and conductivity of the water. As demonstrated by the analyses conducted in the experiment, the annual average chlorophyll α content varied from approximately 2.5 ug/L in oligotrophic reservoirs (such as for example Pogoria III and Kuźnica Warȩżyńska), up to more than 70 ug/L in retention reservoirs holding strongly eutrophicated water (i.e. Rozlewisko Bytomki and Żabie Doły N). Water transparency ranged from over 5 m in oligotrophic reservoirs (5.1 m in Pogoria III and 5.5 m in Kuźnica Warȩżyńska), down to less than 0.5 m in hypertrophic reservoirs (Kamieniec -0.35 m and Rozlewisko Bytomki -0.45 m ). Based on the calculated TSI indicators and the classifications found in bibliographic sources covering chlorophyll content, the reservoirs covered by the study were classified according to their specific trophic type. There were three reservoirs classified as oligotrophic and eight as mesotrophic water bodies. There were 28 reservoirs at various stages of eutrophication, ranging from mesoeutrophic (3 reservoirs), eutrophic (18), to water bodies demonstrating seasonal or permanent signs of hypertrophy (7).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84890367386,

title = {Variations in the chemical composition of bottom deposits in anthropogenic lakes},

author = { M. Rzętała and A. Jaguś and M.A. Rzętała and O. Rahmonov and M. Rahmonov and V. Khak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84890367386&partnerID=40&md5=d7eab7978cc5223a9ee1f20246796bcc},

issn = {12301485},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},

volume = {22},

number = {6},

pages = {1799-1805},

abstract = {South-central Poland has thousands of anthropogenic lakes. Our study investigated the diversity of the chemical composition and concentration of trace elements in the lake bottom deposits. Particle size distribution was determined using sieve analysis and the combined areometric-sieve method. Concentrations of oxides (SiO2; TiO2; Al2O3; Fe2O3; MnO; MgO; CaO; Na2O; K2O; P2O5) were determined in sediments using the ICP method. Moreover, loss on ignition was measured and concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni were determined. Concentrations of As, Ba, Cs, Cr, Co, Ag, and Th were determined using the INAA method. Study results revealed considerable variation in the particle size distribution and chemical composition of bottom sediments. In broad terms the dominant grain size is >0.1 mm. Two other fraction sizes account for roughly equal proportions of the rest, i.e. 0.1-0.02 mm and <0.02 mm. As concerns overall composition, SiO2 dominated in samples, particularly those where loss on ignition was low. Bottom sediments in the lakes varies in chemistry and pollution levels. The scale of pollution is illustrated by the range of variability of average contents of trace elements in the bottom deposits, e.g.: As (7-63 mg•kg-1), Ba (262-1;630 mg•kg-1), Cs (1.6-134.0 mg•kg-1), Zn (83-3;720 mg•kg-1), Pb (28-731 mg•kg-1), Cr (22-146 mg•kg-1), Cd (0.5-50.3 mg•kg-1), and Cu (9- 197 mg•kg-1). The deviations from geochemical background standards found in the bottom sediments of the water bodies examined make them exceptional on a global scale.},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84889790281,

title = {Self-purification of waters during creation of delta forms [Samooczyszczanie wód w procesie tworzenia form deltowych]},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and A. Jaguś and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84889790281&partnerID=40&md5=11fc2491e2792abd6dba46b159706b36},

issn = {1506218X},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska},

volume = {15},

number = {1},

pages = {2510-2525},

publisher = {Koszalin University of Technology},

abstract = {The article concerns the self-purification of running waters in areas where they flow into water bodies. At such places, delta forms (alluvial fans; deltas) are created that are built up of the material accumulated by the watercourse. The study was conducted in the Upper Silesia region in southern Poland and concerned delta forms created in seven water bodies (Dzierżno Duże; Dzierżno Małe; Pogoria I; Po-goria III; Przeczyce; Kozłowa Góra; Pławniowice). The choice of the Upper Silesia region as the study area was dictated by the specific process whereby delta forms are created. In this region, which is among the most urbanised and industrialised in Poland, which results in most polluted surface waters. Running waters are heavily burdened with wastewater, by-products from processing minerals (particularly coal dust), technological water, sewage sludge, fertilisers, etc. The deposition of pollutants in river mouths leads to the rapid creation of delta forms with areas ranging from several hundred square metres to around 1 sq. km. The largest delta form has been created at the place where the Kłodnica River enters the Dzierżno Duże reservoir. During low water its area exceeds 1 sq. km and its thickness exceeds ten metres in some places. The overall volume of the Kłodnica River delta is estimated to be slightly over 2 million cu. m. Owing to the deposition that is taking place, running waters are subject to self-purification, particularly with respect to the solid particles they carry. This is a mechanical purification process. Apart from mineral substances, a significant amount of organic matter transported by the river is also deposited. The composition of delta sediments only partly reflects the characteristics of the substrate present in the catchments of the rivers that form the deltas in question, and the deposits often exhibit anthropogenic features. Delta sediments are a material that includes a large amount of organic matter, nutritional substances (mainly phosphorus compounds) and trace elements, including heavy metals. Concentrations of many elements exceed the levels characteristic of the natural geochemical background of sedimentary rocks. Therefore pollutants are immobilised, at least temporarily, during the process of creating the delta form, which protects the quality of the water in the water bodies. This purification effect is amplified by the vegetation overgrowing the deltas, which is dominated by common reed. This vegetation serves as a biological filter for waters that filter through it or remain stagnant, removing many pollutants by way of biological assimilation. Apart from their significance for water self-purification, deltas are important from the point of view of reducing the silting up of water bodies. Delta forms perform many functions in the natural environment as well. These include increasing the retention capacity of the surrounding area, shaping new habitats and increasing local biodiversity.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84885366441,

title = {Accumulation of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Irkutsk Reservoir},

author = { A. Jaguś and V. Khak and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885366441&doi=10.1504%2fIJENVH.2013.056976&partnerID=40&md5=9cd499570476de89e45cf61814f57d6d},

doi = {10.1504/IJENVH.2013.056976},

issn = {17434955},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Environment and Health},

volume = {6},

number = {4},

pages = {350-362},

publisher = {Inderscience Publishers},

abstract = {The chemical composition of the bottom sediment, and more particularly the heavy metals content, reflects human developments and impacts on the catchment and reservoir's natural environment. The bottom sediments of the reservoir retained by the Irkutsk Dam have been analysed. The reservoir is mainly supplied by water from Lake Baikal. The following amounts of heavy metals have been found in the sediment samples analysed: cadmium - below detection threshold (<0.5 ppm), cobalt - from 16 ppm to 23 ppm, chromium - from 104 ppm to 243 ppm, copper - from 21 ppm to 35 ppm, mercury - below detection threshold (<1 ppm), molybdenum - below detection threshold (<2 ppm), nickel - from 44 ppm to 80 ppm, lead - from 13 ppm to 17 ppm and zinc - from 73 ppm to 98 ppm. Cobalt, chromium and nickel contents exceeded the natural geochemical background level. This may indicates anthropogenic impacts on the reservoir's geosystem. Copyright © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84869865123,

title = {The Late Vistulian and Holocene evolution of Jezioro Lake: A record of environmental change in southern Poland found in deposits and landforms},

author = { M. Fajer and J.M. Waga and M. Rzętała and A. Szymczyk and M. Nita and R. Machowski and M.A. Rzętała and M. Ruman},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84869865123&doi=10.1007%2fs10933-012-9634-1&partnerID=40&md5=82168d72d51f3f4d57fa98ca04d5a1ad},

doi = {10.1007/s10933-012-9634-1},

issn = {09212728},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology},

volume = {48},

number = {4},

pages = {651-667},

abstract = {Jezioro Lake is the only natural lake in southern Poland outside mountainous areas to have existed continuously since the Pleistocene. The record of environmental change in the Late Vistulian (Weichselian) and Holocene is preserved in the deposits and landforms around the lake. This paper presents the results of paleogeographical and paleoecological research that emabled us to reconstruct the history of the Jezioro Lake. At the end of the Vistulian period, the outlet of the lake was blocked by a parabolic dune moving in from the west. Limnic sedimentation was evident in the sediment core at all levels from the Holocene, with remains of Cladocera, Chironomidae larvae, and aquatic plants. The lake did not disappear at that time, although its area decreased by a factor of 12 by the end of the period. Paleobotanical research permitted the reconstruction of sequences of plant communities and changes in nutrient status and water level. An initial oligotrophic lake, as indicated by the presence of Isoëtes lacustris L., changed to a eutrophic lake, as indicated by the presence of Potamogeton natans L. and Nuphar sp., then the lake progressed to the present-day dystrophic lake that is surrounded by a swamp. The profile of organic deposits contains a record of environmental change at least since the Younger Dryas in southern Poland. © 2012 The Author(s).},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80051896016,

title = {Occurrence of chemical elements in common reeds (Phragmites Australis) as indicator of environmental conditions},

author = { M.A. Rzętała and O. Rahmonov and A. Jaguś and M. Rahmonov and M. Rzętała and R. Machowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051896016&partnerID=40&md5=beaa733ad31348f891db43ae0b7e54ec},

issn = {09720626},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {610-616},

abstract = {The purpose of the study was to determine and explore the structure of the reed rush phytocoenosis, to assess spatial differences in the concentration of certain trace elements in stems and leaves of the common reed (Phragmites australis) and to make an attempt at determining the bioindicative characteristics of this species with respect to the environmental features of anthropogenic water bodies, several thousand of which are present in the central part of southern Poland. Using the INAA technique, concentrations of the following elements have been determined in common reed tissues: As (0.01-0.69 mgkg -1), Ba (6.0-62.0 mg kg -1), Br (2.5-71.5 mg kg -1), Ca (0.2-1.2%), Co (0.1-1.7 mgkg -1), Cr (0.2-1.7 mgkg -1), Fe (0.01-0.02%), K (0.7-2.9%), Na (235.0- 2910.0 mgkg -1'), Sb (0.05-1.16 mgkg -1), Zn (20.0- 250.0 mg kg -11). Using the INAA and ICP XRF techniques, the overall chemical composition of the substratum sediments on which P. austral grows and the elements they contain, has been determined. Results of common reed tissue analyses are highly varied and only reflect the fertility of the water environment and of the accumulated sediments on which P. austral is developed to a small extent. In many cases the samples also fail to reflect the pollution found in the water or substratum sediments. It was determined that within the water bodies examined, Phragmites austral is mainly forms singlespecies stands of the Phragmitetum austral is association. Its strong dynamics and high bioproductivity as well as the varied numbers of specimens present in different environments make the common reed to some degree a quantitative bioindicator and a mixed type bioindicator.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80051881381,

title = {The formation of soil chemistry and the development of fertility islands under plantcanopies in sandy areas},

author = { O. Rahmonov and M.A. Rzętała and M. Rahmonov and E. Kozyreva and A. Jaguś and M. Rzętała},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80051881381&partnerID=40&md5=4a00019b7012d905ccb77a0105146a0c},

issn = {09720626},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment},

volume = {15},

number = {2},

pages = {823-829},

abstract = {The processes leading to the formation of soil and fertility islands under canopies ofSalix acutifolia and Pinus sylvestris are examined. The investigation involved field studies and laboratory analysis. The results show tliat the accumulation of nutrients is strongly linked to the plant canopies (Corg - 1.76%; Nt - 0.095) whereas, in the spaces between bushes (Corg - 0;68-1;54 %; Nt - 0;0-16), nutrient accumulation barely takes place. Enriched zones situated under the bush canopies, reflecting interaction between biotic andabiotic factors, are termed fertility islands. Vegetation also colonises the areas aroundtree trunks. Developing soil horizons under the canopies are termed soil islands. In these, organic horizons and sub-horizons create conditions advantageous to the development and existence of organisms which also influence the soils there. Considering the young ageof the soil, and the weak differentiation of soil horizons, the organic mailer that lies directly over the mineral layer plays an essential ecosystem role in the primary stages of vegetation-soil succession. Amount and quality of organic matter influence absorption capacity and cation numbers. The significance of alkaline cations (Ca2+; Mg12+; Na & K) in the composition of broad-leaved species leads to a decrease in soil acidity.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}