• dr hab. Danuta Smołka-Danielowska
Stanowisko: Prof.Uczelni
Jednostka: Instytut Nauk o Ziemi
Adres: 41-200 Sosnowiec, ul. Będzińska 60
Piętro: laboratorium
Numer pokoju: 104
Telefon: (32) 3689 356
E-mail: danuta.smolka-danielowska@us.edu.pl
Spis publikacji: Spis wg CINiBA
Spis publikacji: Spis wg OPUS
Scopus Author ID: 15754884700
Publikacje z bazy Scopus
2024
Adamczyk, J.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Krzątała, A.; Krzykawski, T.
Chemical and mineral composition of bottom ash from agri-food biomass produced under low combustion conditions Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 4025-4036, 2024, (5).
@article{2-s2.0-85175625523,
title = {Chemical and mineral composition of bottom ash from agri-food biomass produced under low combustion conditions},
author = { J. Adamczyk and D. Smołka-Danielowska and A. Krzątała and T. Krzykawski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85175625523&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-023-05255-3&partnerID=40&md5=7935cc8b002bd7003c649d73087527c5},
doi = {10.1007/s13762-023-05255-3},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {4025-4036},
publisher = {Institute for Ionics},
abstract = {The study aimed at conducting a detailed analysis of apple pomace (AP), walnut shells (WS), and sunflower husks (SH) ashes as potential raw materials for combustion at a temperature of 400 ± 15 °C (individual home furnace). Research methods such as ICP-OES/MS (atomic emission spectrometry with excitation in induced plasma and mass spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM–EDS (scanning electron microscopy with quantitative X-ray microanalysis) were utilized. Elemental CHNSO FlashSmart series analyser (Thermo Scientific) was employed for the analysis of oxygen (O). An automatic IR analyser was used to determine the carbon (C), total sulphur (S), and hydrogen (H) content. Total sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl) were measured by the PN-EN ISO 16994:2016 standard. The nitrogen (N) content was determined by the catharometric method of chlorine by ion chromatography (IC). Higher concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) such as As, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Tl, U, and Th were detected in apple pomace ashes. The mineral composition of biomass ashes was found to be highly diverse, with sunflower husk ashes containing the highest amount of minerals, including quartz, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, sylvite, arcanite, fairchildite, and archerite. Quartz was identified in apple pomace ash, while in sunflower husk ash, it was determined to be present only as an amorphous substance. The estimated total dust emission to the atmosphere from biomass combustion was found to be at a similar value (1.23 to 1.35 kg/Mg). © 2023, The Author(s).},
note = {5},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The study aimed at conducting a detailed analysis of apple pomace (AP), walnut shells (WS), and sunflower husks (SH) ashes as potential raw materials for combustion at a temperature of 400 ± 15 °C (individual home furnace). Research methods such as ICP-OES/MS (atomic emission spectrometry with excitation in induced plasma and mass spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM–EDS (scanning electron microscopy with quantitative X-ray microanalysis) were utilized. Elemental CHNSO FlashSmart series analyser (Thermo Scientific) was employed for the analysis of oxygen (O). An automatic IR analyser was used to determine the carbon (C), total sulphur (S), and hydrogen (H) content. Total sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl) were measured by the PN-EN ISO 16994:2016 standard. The nitrogen (N) content was determined by the catharometric method of chlorine by ion chromatography (IC). Higher concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) such as As, Cr, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Tl, U, and Th were detected in apple pomace ashes. The mineral composition of biomass ashes was found to be highly diverse, with sunflower husk ashes containing the highest amount of minerals, including quartz, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, sylvite, arcanite, fairchildite, and archerite. Quartz was identified in apple pomace ash, while in sunflower husk ash, it was determined to be present only as an amorphous substance. The estimated total dust emission to the atmosphere from biomass combustion was found to be at a similar value (1.23 to 1.35 kg/Mg). © 2023, The Author(s).
2023
Adamczyk, J.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Krzątała, A.; Krzykawski, T.
In: Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi / Mineral Resources Management, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 87-108, 2023, ISSN: 08600953.
@article{2-s2.0-85163143301,
title = {Rare earth elements, uranium, and thorium in ashes from biomass and hard coal combustion/co-combustion [Pierwiastki ziem rzadkich, uran i tor w popiołach ze spalania/współspalania biomasy i węgla kamiennego]},
author = { J. Adamczyk and D. Smołka-Danielowska and A. Krzątała and T. Krzykawski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85163143301&doi=10.24425%2fgsm.2023.145882&partnerID=40&md5=9ec8283715362fc11248cd6f6d83ebdb},
doi = {10.24425/gsm.2023.145882},
issn = {08600953},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi / Mineral Resources Management},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
pages = {87-108},
publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},
abstract = {This study presents the results of concentrations of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY), uranium (U), and thorium (Th) in ashes from combustion/co-combustion of biomass (20%; 40%; and 60% share) from the agri-food industry (pomace from apples; walnut shells; and sunflower husks) and hard coal. The study primarily focuses on ashes from the co-combustion of biomass and hard coal, in terms of their potential use for the recovery of rare earth elements (REE), and the identification of the sources of these elements in the ashes. Research methods such as ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy with quantitative X-ray microanalysis) were used. The total average content of REY in ash from biomass combustion is 3.55–120.5 mg/kg, and in ash from co-combustion, it is from 187.3 to 73.5 mg/kg. The concentration of critical REE in biomass combustion ash is in the range 1.0–38.7 mg/kg, and in co-combustion ash it is 23.3–60.7 mg/kg. In hard-coal ash, the average concentration of REY and critical REY was determined at the level of 175 and 45.3 mg/kg, respectively. In all samples of the tested ashes, a higher concentration of Th (0.2–14.8 mg/kg) was found in comparison to U (0.1–6 mg/kg). In ashes from biomass and hard-coal combustion/co-combustion, the range of the prospective coefficient (Coutl) is 0.66–0.82 and 0.8–0.85, respectively, which may suggest a potential source for REE recovery. On the basis of SEM-EDS studies, yttrium was found in particles of ashes from biomass combustion, which is mainly bound to carbonates. The carriers of REY, U, and Th in ashes from bio-mass and hard-coal co-combustion are phosphates (monazite and xenotime), and probably the vitreous aluminosilicate substance. © 2023, Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study presents the results of concentrations of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY), uranium (U), and thorium (Th) in ashes from combustion/co-combustion of biomass (20%; 40%; and 60% share) from the agri-food industry (pomace from apples; walnut shells; and sunflower husks) and hard coal. The study primarily focuses on ashes from the co-combustion of biomass and hard coal, in terms of their potential use for the recovery of rare earth elements (REE), and the identification of the sources of these elements in the ashes. Research methods such as ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy with quantitative X-ray microanalysis) were used. The total average content of REY in ash from biomass combustion is 3.55–120.5 mg/kg, and in ash from co-combustion, it is from 187.3 to 73.5 mg/kg. The concentration of critical REE in biomass combustion ash is in the range 1.0–38.7 mg/kg, and in co-combustion ash it is 23.3–60.7 mg/kg. In hard-coal ash, the average concentration of REY and critical REY was determined at the level of 175 and 45.3 mg/kg, respectively. In all samples of the tested ashes, a higher concentration of Th (0.2–14.8 mg/kg) was found in comparison to U (0.1–6 mg/kg). In ashes from biomass and hard-coal combustion/co-combustion, the range of the prospective coefficient (Coutl) is 0.66–0.82 and 0.8–0.85, respectively, which may suggest a potential source for REE recovery. On the basis of SEM-EDS studies, yttrium was found in particles of ashes from biomass combustion, which is mainly bound to carbonates. The carriers of REY, U, and Th in ashes from bio-mass and hard-coal co-combustion are phosphates (monazite and xenotime), and probably the vitreous aluminosilicate substance. © 2023, Polska Akademia Nauk. All rights reserved.
2022
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Jabłońska, M.
Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 5359-5372, 2022, ISSN: 17351472, (17).
@article{2-s2.0-85109307646,
title = {Chemical and mineral composition of ashes from wood biomass combustion in domestic wood-fired furnaces},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and M. Jabłońska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85109307646&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-021-03506-9&partnerID=40&md5=af4467c76c00e4f9c7472ecb55db9397},
doi = {10.1007/s13762-021-03506-9},
issn = {17351472},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology},
volume = {19},
number = {6},
pages = {5359-5372},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},
abstract = {The paper presents the results of studies on ashes produced from burning wood biomass in closed wood-fired furnaces, in individual household furnaces (Silesian Province; Poland). Dry sieve analysis and detailed granulometric analysis were performed with the Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus analyser. Content of the basic elements (Al; Si; P; Na; K; Mg; Ca; Fe) and potentially toxic elements (As; Pb; Cd; Zn; Cu; Ni; Cr; Hg) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Relative enrichment factors (REFs) were calculated for the elements (Pb; Cd; Zn; Cu; Ni; As; Hg; and Cr), and the emissions (E) of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As to the environment were estimated. The carbon content (40.2%–45.8%), H (3.7%–6.1%), O (46.2%–50.2%), N (0.12%–0.32%), and S (0.11%–0.96%) in wood biomass varies and depends on the wood species and drying period. The content of volatile parts in wood biomass ranges between 69.3 and 81%. Ash content varies between 2.6 and 18.3%. The wood calorific value ranges from 13.6 MJ/kg to 17.4 MJ/kg. Moisture content in the wood biomass ranges from 13.7% (briquette) to 46.7% (fresh birch). Identification of mineral composition and phases yields a high share of calcite, monetite, fairchildite, and quartz in the examined ashes. The combustion of wood biomass in fireplaces results in increased emissions of Pb and Cd to the atmosphere and may be the cause of introducing pollutants to waters and soils during ash storage. © 2021, The Author(s).},
note = {17},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper presents the results of studies on ashes produced from burning wood biomass in closed wood-fired furnaces, in individual household furnaces (Silesian Province; Poland). Dry sieve analysis and detailed granulometric analysis were performed with the Analysette 22 Micro Tec plus analyser. Content of the basic elements (Al; Si; P; Na; K; Mg; Ca; Fe) and potentially toxic elements (As; Pb; Cd; Zn; Cu; Ni; Cr; Hg) was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Relative enrichment factors (REFs) were calculated for the elements (Pb; Cd; Zn; Cu; Ni; As; Hg; and Cr), and the emissions (E) of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As to the environment were estimated. The carbon content (40.2%–45.8%), H (3.7%–6.1%), O (46.2%–50.2%), N (0.12%–0.32%), and S (0.11%–0.96%) in wood biomass varies and depends on the wood species and drying period. The content of volatile parts in wood biomass ranges between 69.3 and 81%. Ash content varies between 2.6 and 18.3%. The wood calorific value ranges from 13.6 MJ/kg to 17.4 MJ/kg. Moisture content in the wood biomass ranges from 13.7% (briquette) to 46.7% (fresh birch). Identification of mineral composition and phases yields a high share of calcite, monetite, fairchildite, and quartz in the examined ashes. The combustion of wood biomass in fireplaces results in increased emissions of Pb and Cd to the atmosphere and may be the cause of introducing pollutants to waters and soils during ash storage. © 2021, The Author(s).
2021
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Jabłońska, M.; Godziek, S.
The influence of hard coal combustion in individual household furnaces on the atmosphere quality in pszczyna (Poland) Journal Article
In: Minerals, vol. 11, no. 11, 2021, ISSN: 2075163X, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85117346585,
title = {The influence of hard coal combustion in individual household furnaces on the atmosphere quality in pszczyna (Poland)},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and M. Jabłońska and S. Godziek},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85117346585&doi=10.3390%2fmin11111155&partnerID=40&md5=b3d0c6ff42bc50f91dc052bc3eb7544b},
doi = {10.3390/min11111155},
issn = {2075163X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Minerals},
volume = {11},
number = {11},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {This study aimed to determine the influence of ashes produced in the combustion of hard coal and eco-pea coal in individual household furnaces on the air quality in the region under anal-ysis. To achieve this objective, we analysed the chemical and mineral composition of ashes, suspended and respirable dusts with particular attention being paid to phases containing potentially toxic elements (PTE) (As; Cd; Pb; Se; Ni; Ba; Tl; S; Th and U), and sulphur. The research methods used included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Measurements were taken for PM concentrations, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), gaseous TVOC pollutants (volatile organic compounds) and soot at various altitudes and a mobile laboratory with measuring apparatus placed in the basket of a manned hot-air balloon was used for the analysis. The use of Poland’s unique laboratory allowed us to obtain real-time measurements up to an altitude of 1200 m above sea level. Measurements using un-manned units such as drones do not enable such analyses. The research confirmed that PTE concentrations in ash and its mineral composition are varied. The PM10 and PM2.5 ashes are dominated by sodium chloride, particles containing C, and a substance composed of S+C+O+N+Na. Trace amounts of Pb and Zn sulphides are also present. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study aimed to determine the influence of ashes produced in the combustion of hard coal and eco-pea coal in individual household furnaces on the air quality in the region under anal-ysis. To achieve this objective, we analysed the chemical and mineral composition of ashes, suspended and respirable dusts with particular attention being paid to phases containing potentially toxic elements (PTE) (As; Cd; Pb; Se; Ni; Ba; Tl; S; Th and U), and sulphur. The research methods used included powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Measurements were taken for PM concentrations, total suspended particulate matter (TSP), gaseous TVOC pollutants (volatile organic compounds) and soot at various altitudes and a mobile laboratory with measuring apparatus placed in the basket of a manned hot-air balloon was used for the analysis. The use of Poland’s unique laboratory allowed us to obtain real-time measurements up to an altitude of 1200 m above sea level. Measurements using un-manned units such as drones do not enable such analyses. The research confirmed that PTE concentrations in ash and its mineral composition are varied. The PM10 and PM2.5 ashes are dominated by sodium chloride, particles containing C, and a substance composed of S+C+O+N+Na. Trace amounts of Pb and Zn sulphides are also present. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Walencik-łata, A.
The occurrence of selected radionuclides and rare earth elements in waste at the mine heap from the Polish mining group Journal Article
In: Minerals, vol. 11, no. 5, 2021, ISSN: 2075163X, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85105490910,
title = {The occurrence of selected radionuclides and rare earth elements in waste at the mine heap from the Polish mining group},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and A. Walencik-łata},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85105490910&doi=10.3390%2fmin11050504&partnerID=40&md5=639a33e8310f663a6a87031d18a7da27},
doi = {10.3390/min11050504},
issn = {2075163X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Minerals},
volume = {11},
number = {5},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {The paper presents the results of research on rare earth elements (REY) and selected radionuclides in barren rocks deposited on a heap at a mine belonging to the Polish Mining Group (the largest producer of hard coal in EU countries). The maximum concentration of REEs determined in silstones was 261.6 mg/kg and in sandstones 221.2 mg/kg. The average uranium and thorium content in silstones was 6.8 mg/kg and 11.6 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, the samples of burnt coal shales contain on average 3.5 mg/kg of uranium and 9.7 mg/kg of thorium. In all coal waste samples, the REE values are higher than in hard coal (15.7 mg/kg). Carriers of REY, uranium, and thorium in coal waste are detritic minerals: monazite and xenotime, which are part of the grain skeleton of barren rocks. Coal waste samples are characterized by a variable distribution of REY concentrations as well as a variable content of radionuclides. The226 Ra,228 Ra, and40 K measurements in the investigated samples were performed using the gamma spectrometry technique. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes differed depending on the mineralogical composition of the investigated samples. The present study results may be important in determining the possibility of utilization of wastes of barren rocks stored in the mine heap and in assessing environmental and radiological hazards. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper presents the results of research on rare earth elements (REY) and selected radionuclides in barren rocks deposited on a heap at a mine belonging to the Polish Mining Group (the largest producer of hard coal in EU countries). The maximum concentration of REEs determined in silstones was 261.6 mg/kg and in sandstones 221.2 mg/kg. The average uranium and thorium content in silstones was 6.8 mg/kg and 11.6 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, the samples of burnt coal shales contain on average 3.5 mg/kg of uranium and 9.7 mg/kg of thorium. In all coal waste samples, the REE values are higher than in hard coal (15.7 mg/kg). Carriers of REY, uranium, and thorium in coal waste are detritic minerals: monazite and xenotime, which are part of the grain skeleton of barren rocks. Coal waste samples are characterized by a variable distribution of REY concentrations as well as a variable content of radionuclides. The226 Ra,228 Ra, and40 K measurements in the investigated samples were performed using the gamma spectrometry technique. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes differed depending on the mineralogical composition of the investigated samples. The present study results may be important in determining the possibility of utilization of wastes of barren rocks stored in the mine heap and in assessing environmental and radiological hazards. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Jabłońska, M.; Rachwał, M.; Wawer, M.; Kądziołka-Gaweł, M.; Teper, E.; Krzykawski, T.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Mineralogical and chemical specificity of dusts originating from iron and non-ferrous metallurgy in the light of their magnetic susceptibility Journal Article
In: Minerals, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1-20, 2021, ISSN: 2075163X, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85100912172,
title = {Mineralogical and chemical specificity of dusts originating from iron and non-ferrous metallurgy in the light of their magnetic susceptibility},
author = { M. Jabłońska and M. Rachwał and M. Wawer and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and E. Teper and T. Krzykawski and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85100912172&doi=10.3390%2fmin11020216&partnerID=40&md5=f081307b27e058863e196a0730125ebf},
doi = {10.3390/min11020216},
issn = {2075163X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Minerals},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {1-20},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
abstract = {This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases, chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffrac-tion, scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy. Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals (magnetite; hematite; franklinite; jacobsite; and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and calcite. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases, chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffrac-tion, scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy. Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals (magnetite; hematite; franklinite; jacobsite; and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and calcite. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2020
Walencik-łata, A.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
In: Environmental Pollution, vol. 267, 2020, ISSN: 02697491, (9).
@article{2-s2.0-85090165534,
title = {234U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K concentrations in feed coal and its combustion products during technological processes in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Poland},
author = { A. Walencik-łata and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85090165534&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2020.115462&partnerID=40&md5=3d6566cba548ff8b857be0cbf1f53c9b},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115462},
issn = {02697491},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Pollution},
volume = {267},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Hard coal is the predominant energy source in Poland. The unavoidable consequence of coal combustion is the production of huge amounts of ash which can be concentrated in radionuclides. The ashes from coal combustion are utilized or stored and may affect the quality of the environment. Therefore, the estimation of radionuclides in hard coal and by-products is of crucial importance. The analyzed samples included ashes produced in ash furnaces, power plants and individual home furnaces operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland, during the hard coal burning. This paper presents radioactivity concentrations of 228Ra, 226Ra and 40K in hard coal, bottom and fly ash samples from Polish coal-fired power plants obtained during various technological coal combustion processes and generated in individual domestic furnaces, determined using the HPGe gamma spectrometry technique. The measurements of 234,238U concentrations were performed after sample preparation using alpha-particle spectrometer. The concentrations of the obtained radionuclides differ greatly in the fly and bottom ash samples. The lowest concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 234U, 238U were observed in bottom ashes from the co-firing of hard coal and biomass in a fluidized-bed furnace, whereas the highest concentrations of 226Ra (163 ± 6 Bq/kg), 228Ra (100 ± 2 Bq/kg) isotopes were found in the ashes from individual household furnaces. This means that both the feed coal type and combustion techniques have a direct impact on the concentration of radionuclides in ash. Hard coal silt samples may be enriched in radionuclides and the radioactive equilibrium between 226Ra and 238U even in the case of coal is not always achieved. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes in ashes are 5-7-fold higher than in feed coal. Given that combustion by-products are utilized as construction products, it should be noted that for some ash samples, the radiological hazard indices approach or exceed the maximum permitted levels. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hard coal is the predominant energy source in Poland. The unavoidable consequence of coal combustion is the production of huge amounts of ash which can be concentrated in radionuclides. The ashes from coal combustion are utilized or stored and may affect the quality of the environment. Therefore, the estimation of radionuclides in hard coal and by-products is of crucial importance. The analyzed samples included ashes produced in ash furnaces, power plants and individual home furnaces operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland, during the hard coal burning. This paper presents radioactivity concentrations of 228Ra, 226Ra and 40K in hard coal, bottom and fly ash samples from Polish coal-fired power plants obtained during various technological coal combustion processes and generated in individual domestic furnaces, determined using the HPGe gamma spectrometry technique. The measurements of 234,238U concentrations were performed after sample preparation using alpha-particle spectrometer. The concentrations of the obtained radionuclides differ greatly in the fly and bottom ash samples. The lowest concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 234U, 238U were observed in bottom ashes from the co-firing of hard coal and biomass in a fluidized-bed furnace, whereas the highest concentrations of 226Ra (163 ± 6 Bq/kg), 228Ra (100 ± 2 Bq/kg) isotopes were found in the ashes from individual household furnaces. This means that both the feed coal type and combustion techniques have a direct impact on the concentration of radionuclides in ash. Hard coal silt samples may be enriched in radionuclides and the radioactive equilibrium between 226Ra and 238U even in the case of coal is not always achieved. The concentrations of the analyzed isotopes in ashes are 5-7-fold higher than in feed coal. Given that combustion by-products are utilized as construction products, it should be noted that for some ash samples, the radiological hazard indices approach or exceed the maximum permitted levels. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
2019
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Kądziołka-Gaweł, M.; Krzykawski, T.
Chemical and mineral composition of furnace slags produced in the combustion process of hard coal Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 5387-5396, 2019, ISSN: 17351472, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-85057211445,
title = {Chemical and mineral composition of furnace slags produced in the combustion process of hard coal},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and T. Krzykawski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057211445&doi=10.1007%2fs13762-018-2122-z&partnerID=40&md5=fa168d46ba7ce63374dccd61b437fa89},
doi = {10.1007/s13762-018-2122-z},
issn = {17351472},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology},
volume = {16},
number = {10},
pages = {5387-5396},
publisher = {Center for Environmental and Energy Research and Studies},
abstract = {Presented are the results of the examination of the chemical and mineral composition as well as iron compounds in furnace hearth slags coming into existence after the burning of hard coal. The samples of furnace hearth slags from heat and power plant and the hearths of the individual home furnaces fitted out with grate firings were compared. The examination methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD) with powder method, Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ICP analysis were used. The main components of furnace hearth slags are SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction, it was found that the domination components of furnace hearth slags are mullite and quartz. Furnace hearth slags are different as for the content of the concentration of toxic elements (Cd; Cr; Ni; Tl; Pb; Zn; As; Ba and Cu) and Fe. © 2018, The Author(s).},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Presented are the results of the examination of the chemical and mineral composition as well as iron compounds in furnace hearth slags coming into existence after the burning of hard coal. The samples of furnace hearth slags from heat and power plant and the hearths of the individual home furnaces fitted out with grate firings were compared. The examination methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD) with powder method, Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ICP analysis were used. The main components of furnace hearth slags are SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction, it was found that the domination components of furnace hearth slags are mullite and quartz. Furnace hearth slags are different as for the content of the concentration of toxic elements (Cd; Cr; Ni; Tl; Pb; Zn; As; Ba and Cu) and Fe. © 2018, The Author(s).
Smieja-Król, B.; Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B.; Michalska, A.; Krzykawski, T.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Deposition of mullite in peatlands of southern Poland: Implications for recording large-scale industrial processes Journal Article
In: Environmental Pollution, vol. 250, pp. 717-727, 2019, ISSN: 02697491, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85065055322,
title = {Deposition of mullite in peatlands of southern Poland: Implications for recording large-scale industrial processes},
author = { B. Smieja-Król and B. Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł and A. Michalska and T. Krzykawski and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065055322&doi=10.1016%2fj.envpol.2019.04.077&partnerID=40&md5=62e3fbca496b57f2ac4d2a1d1fab4d20},
doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.077},
issn = {02697491},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Pollution},
volume = {250},
pages = {717-727},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Not all contaminants are harmful, mullite has the potential to be useful. © 2019 Elsevier LtdMullite, a pure aluminosilicate (Al6Si2O13), is a rare natural rock component, known for centuries as a very resistant ceramic material. It is also a common waste product of high-temperature coal combustion that is emitted in quantity from coal-based power stations. The occurrence of mullite in two Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located near the Upper Silesia industrial region in southern Poland is described. For the first time, a complete record of mullite deposition in the peat profiles has been obtained by XRD analyses of ashed peat samples. The mullite distribution is compared with records of Hg, Pb and Cu. While mullite is supplied during high temperature processes only, Cu, Pb and Hg show more complex pattern of distribution. Both peat profiles contain elevated amounts of mullite in the time span between ca 1950–1990 with a maximum content in ca 1980. The first appearance (∼1900) of mullite is indicative of the beginning of energy production in coal-based power plants in the region. Mullite is proposed here as an indicator of industrialization in geological records. It is resistant to post-depositional processes, emitted globally, and restricted to large-scale industry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Not all contaminants are harmful, mullite has the potential to be useful. © 2019 Elsevier LtdMullite, a pure aluminosilicate (Al6Si2O13), is a rare natural rock component, known for centuries as a very resistant ceramic material. It is also a common waste product of high-temperature coal combustion that is emitted in quantity from coal-based power stations. The occurrence of mullite in two Sphagnum-dominated peatlands located near the Upper Silesia industrial region in southern Poland is described. For the first time, a complete record of mullite deposition in the peat profiles has been obtained by XRD analyses of ashed peat samples. The mullite distribution is compared with records of Hg, Pb and Cu. While mullite is supplied during high temperature processes only, Cu, Pb and Hg show more complex pattern of distribution. Both peat profiles contain elevated amounts of mullite in the time span between ca 1950–1990 with a maximum content in ca 1980. The first appearance (∼1900) of mullite is indicative of the beginning of energy production in coal-based power plants in the region. Mullite is proposed here as an indicator of industrialization in geological records. It is resistant to post-depositional processes, emitted globally, and restricted to large-scale industry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
2018
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Fiedor, D.
Potentially toxic elements in fly ash dependently of applied technology of hard coal combustion Journal Article
In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 25, no. 25, pp. 25091-25097, 2018, ISSN: 09441344, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85049045734,
title = {Potentially toxic elements in fly ash dependently of applied technology of hard coal combustion},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and D. Fiedor},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049045734&doi=10.1007%2fs11356-018-2548-3&partnerID=40&md5=2205756a13de1776f68abc3eb3e21b35},
doi = {10.1007/s11356-018-2548-3},
issn = {09441344},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
volume = {25},
number = {25},
pages = {25091-25097},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
abstract = {Coal combustion is one of the most significant anthropogenic sources of thallium in the environment. This study presents the results of determination of thallium and some toxic elements (Pb; Cd; As; Ni; Zn; and Cu) concentration in fly ash produced in the coal combustion in conventional furnaces (pulverized coal furnace and grate furnace), in a fluidized-bed furnace with circulation bed, and in a home furnace. The high content of thallium was determined in ash produced in the grate furnace (on average 10.7 mg/kg) and fluidized-bed furnace with circulation bed (6.6 mg/kg). The average content of Tl in the fly ash of the pulverized coal furnace and in the home furnace is 1.7 and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. There was a strong relationship between the occurrence of Tl and As, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in ash from grate and pulverized coal furnace. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coal combustion is one of the most significant anthropogenic sources of thallium in the environment. This study presents the results of determination of thallium and some toxic elements (Pb; Cd; As; Ni; Zn; and Cu) concentration in fly ash produced in the coal combustion in conventional furnaces (pulverized coal furnace and grate furnace), in a fluidized-bed furnace with circulation bed, and in a home furnace. The high content of thallium was determined in ash produced in the grate furnace (on average 10.7 mg/kg) and fluidized-bed furnace with circulation bed (6.6 mg/kg). The average content of Tl in the fly ash of the pulverized coal furnace and in the home furnace is 1.7 and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. There was a strong relationship between the occurrence of Tl and As, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in ash from grate and pulverized coal furnace. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Nádudvari, Á.; Fabiańska, M. J.; Marynowski, L.; Kozielska, B.; Konieczyński, J.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Ćmiel, S. R.
Distribution of coal and coal combustion related organic pollutants in the environment of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region Journal Article
In: Science of the Total Environment, vol. 628-629, pp. 1462-1488, 2018, ISSN: 00489697, (36).
@article{2-s2.0-85042229293,
title = {Distribution of coal and coal combustion related organic pollutants in the environment of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region},
author = { Á. Nádudvari and M.J. Fabiańska and L. Marynowski and B. Kozielska and J. Konieczyński and D. Smołka-Danielowska and S.R. Ćmiel},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042229293&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.02.092&partnerID=40&md5=3b5271907fc1892434654c77fe63435b},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.092},
issn = {00489697},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Science of the Total Environment},
volume = {628-629},
pages = {1462-1488},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {In this study, a large sample set (276) was separated into up to 15 groups, including coal, fly ash, total particulate matter, coal wastes, river sediments, and different water types. Grouping the sample set into these categories helped to identify the typical features of combustion or water-washing and compare them using newly developed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diagnostic ratios. A wide range of organic pollutants were identified in samples, including aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-heterocycles, sulphur-heterocycles + trithiolane, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with oxygen functional groups. The distribution of compounds was significantly influenced by water washing or combustion. During the self-heating of coal wastes, secondary compounds such as chlorinated aromatics (chlorobenzene; chloroanthracene; etc.) or light sulphur compounds (e.g. benzenethiol and benzo[b]thiophene) were formed (synthesised). Since these compounds are generally absent in sedimentary organic matter, their origin may be connected with high-temperature formation in burning coal dumps. These compounds should be identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. The newly defined diagnostic ratios have worked well in separating samples (petrogenic and pyrogenic) and have pointed out the effect of incomplete combustion on self-heated coal waste, ash from domestic furnaces, or water washing and biodegradation of the studied compounds. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {36},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this study, a large sample set (276) was separated into up to 15 groups, including coal, fly ash, total particulate matter, coal wastes, river sediments, and different water types. Grouping the sample set into these categories helped to identify the typical features of combustion or water-washing and compare them using newly developed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diagnostic ratios. A wide range of organic pollutants were identified in samples, including aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-heterocycles, sulphur-heterocycles + trithiolane, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with oxygen functional groups. The distribution of compounds was significantly influenced by water washing or combustion. During the self-heating of coal wastes, secondary compounds such as chlorinated aromatics (chlorobenzene; chloroanthracene; etc.) or light sulphur compounds (e.g. benzenethiol and benzo[b]thiophene) were formed (synthesised). Since these compounds are generally absent in sedimentary organic matter, their origin may be connected with high-temperature formation in burning coal dumps. These compounds should be identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. The newly defined diagnostic ratios have worked well in separating samples (petrogenic and pyrogenic) and have pointed out the effect of incomplete combustion on self-heated coal waste, ash from domestic furnaces, or water washing and biodegradation of the studied compounds. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2017
Kądziołka-Gaweł, M.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy investigations of iron phase composition in fluidized beds from the ELCHO power plant in Chorzów, Poland Journal Article
In: Nukleonika, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 101-107, 2017, ISSN: 00295922, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-85023167775,
title = {57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy investigations of iron phase composition in fluidized beds from the ELCHO power plant in Chorzów, Poland},
author = { M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85023167775&doi=10.1515%2fnuka-2017-0014&partnerID=40&md5=62f09e78c4278995f54979aa85b5101b},
doi = {10.1515/nuka-2017-0014},
issn = {00295922},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Nukleonika},
volume = {62},
number = {2},
pages = {101-107},
publisher = {Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology},
abstract = {The study investigates the physical and chemical properties of fly ash and bottom ash from a power plant ELCHO in Chorzów, Poland. Coal combustion products generated in the process of combustion in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) are considerably different from fly and bottom ashes obtained from dust furnaces and multi-layer ones. The composition of the iron-bearing phase in the waste of circulating fluidized bed combustion was determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods. © 2017 Mariola Kadziołka-Gaweł et al.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The study investigates the physical and chemical properties of fly ash and bottom ash from a power plant ELCHO in Chorzów, Poland. Coal combustion products generated in the process of combustion in circulating fluidized beds (CFBs) are considerably different from fly and bottom ashes obtained from dust furnaces and multi-layer ones. The composition of the iron-bearing phase in the waste of circulating fluidized bed combustion was determined using Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods. © 2017 Mariola Kadziołka-Gaweł et al.
2012
Fabiańska, M. J.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Biomarker compounds in ash from coal combustion in domestic furnaces (Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland) Journal Article
In: Fuel, vol. 102, pp. 333-344, 2012, ISSN: 00162361, (23).
@article{2-s2.0-84866601102,
title = {Biomarker compounds in ash from coal combustion in domestic furnaces (Upper Silesia Coal Basin, Poland)},
author = { M.J. Fabiańska and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84866601102&doi=10.1016%2fj.fuel.2012.07.012&partnerID=40&md5=1edcf818d89ec0530182a34f4f9b7ea8},
doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.012},
issn = {00162361},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Fuel},
volume = {102},
pages = {333-344},
abstract = {Organic compounds occurring in coal ash of known mineralogy were investigated. Ash came from two domestic furnaces using bituminous coal from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. Dichloromethane extracts of ash were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for biomarkers from fuel and formed during combustion. Distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic and polar compounds were researched. Results were compared with those found for power plant coal ash, coal wastes which underwent self-heating and source bituminous coal. It was found that geochemical features of plant coal ash organic matter reflects mainly geochemistry of source bituminous coal. Several groups of biomarkers such as as n-alkanes, steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes show distributions recognizable as coal-deriving what enables to identify source fuel. Values of most biomarker and aromatic hydrocarbon parameters show minor changes due to heat of the combustion process. The most advanced changes are found in distributions of alkylnaphthalenes, pristane, phytane and lighter n-alkanes reflected by values of Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C 17 and Ph/n-C 18 ratios. Much less extensive changes are seen in distributions of pentacyclic triterpanes which make them the most useful biomarker group for source fuel characterisation. Most of biomarkers are probably present in coal ash in unburnt coal particles occurring in ash due to low temperature in domestic furnaces favoring organic matter preservation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
note = {23},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Organic compounds occurring in coal ash of known mineralogy were investigated. Ash came from two domestic furnaces using bituminous coal from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. Dichloromethane extracts of ash were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for biomarkers from fuel and formed during combustion. Distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic and polar compounds were researched. Results were compared with those found for power plant coal ash, coal wastes which underwent self-heating and source bituminous coal. It was found that geochemical features of plant coal ash organic matter reflects mainly geochemistry of source bituminous coal. Several groups of biomarkers such as as n-alkanes, steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes show distributions recognizable as coal-deriving what enables to identify source fuel. Values of most biomarker and aromatic hydrocarbon parameters show minor changes due to heat of the combustion process. The most advanced changes are found in distributions of alkylnaphthalenes, pristane, phytane and lighter n-alkanes reflected by values of Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C 17 and Ph/n-C 18 ratios. Much less extensive changes are seen in distributions of pentacyclic triterpanes which make them the most useful biomarker group for source fuel characterisation. Most of biomarkers are probably present in coal ash in unburnt coal particles occurring in ash due to low temperature in domestic furnaces favoring organic matter preservation. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2010
Smołka-Danielowska, D.
In: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 965-968, 2010, ISSN: 0265931X, (38).
@article{2-s2.0-77956284595,
title = {Rare earth elements in fly ashes created during the coal burning process in certain coal-fired power plants operating in Poland - Upper Silesian Industrial Region},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77956284595&doi=10.1016%2fj.jenvrad.2010.07.001&partnerID=40&md5=e96cf0e1c3cc765245fce3ceda4bee93},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.07.001},
issn = {0265931X},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Radioactivity},
volume = {101},
number = {11},
pages = {965-968},
abstract = {The subject of the study covered volatile ashes created during hard coal burning process in ash furnaces, in power plants operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland. Coal-fired power plants are furnished with dust extracting devices, electro precipitators, with 99-99.6% combustion gas extracting efficiency. Activity concentrations ofTh-232, Ra-226, K-40, Ac-228, U-235 and U-238 were measured with gamma-ray spectrometer. Concentrations of selected rare soil elements (La; Ce; Nd; Sm; Y; Gd; Th; U) were analysed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Mineral phases of individual ash particles were identified with the use of scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS attachment. Laser granulometric analyses were executed with the use of Analyssette analyser. The activity of the investigated fly-ash samples is several times higher than that of the bituminous coal samples; in the coal, the activities are: 226Ra - 85.4 Bq kg-1, 40 K-689 Bq kg-1, 232Th - 100.8 Bq kg-1, 235U-13.5 Bq kg-1, 238U-50 Bq kg-1 and 228Ac - 82.4 Bq kg-1. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
note = {38},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The subject of the study covered volatile ashes created during hard coal burning process in ash furnaces, in power plants operating in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Southern Poland. Coal-fired power plants are furnished with dust extracting devices, electro precipitators, with 99-99.6% combustion gas extracting efficiency. Activity concentrations ofTh-232, Ra-226, K-40, Ac-228, U-235 and U-238 were measured with gamma-ray spectrometer. Concentrations of selected rare soil elements (La; Ce; Nd; Sm; Y; Gd; Th; U) were analysed by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Mineral phases of individual ash particles were identified with the use of scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS attachment. Laser granulometric analyses were executed with the use of Analyssette analyser. The activity of the investigated fly-ash samples is several times higher than that of the bituminous coal samples; in the coal, the activities are: 226Ra - 85.4 Bq kg-1, 40 K-689 Bq kg-1, 232Th - 100.8 Bq kg-1, 235U-13.5 Bq kg-1, 238U-50 Bq kg-1 and 228Ac - 82.4 Bq kg-1. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.
2008
Wójcik, M.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Phase minerals composition of wastes formed in bituminous coal combustion from individual domestic furnace in the piekary Ślaskie town (Poland) Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 817-821, 2008, ISSN: 12301485, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-55449088345,
title = {Phase minerals composition of wastes formed in bituminous coal combustion from individual domestic furnace in the piekary Ślaskie town (Poland)},
author = { M. Wójcik and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55449088345&partnerID=40&md5=2eae1d429ee0e805f01ba0bbcda56b10},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {817-821},
abstract = {The aim of this work was to present the mineral composition of ashes which were the result of burning coal in individual home furnaces in the area of Piekary Ślaskie. Ashes samples were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and analytical scanning electron microscopy. Main components of the ash particles is aluminosilicate glaze containing such elements as iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, copper, lead, nickel, phosphorus, titanium, barium and sulphur. Solid waste as ashes, which were the result of the process of burning coal in individual home furnaces can be characterized by the majority of particles of the size not larger than several micrometers. These particles have mostly irregular or spherical shapes. The knowledge of phase composition of the examined waste has a great significance while estimating their influence on environment, especially when considering storage of ashes with community waste.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this work was to present the mineral composition of ashes which were the result of burning coal in individual home furnaces in the area of Piekary Ślaskie. Ashes samples were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and analytical scanning electron microscopy. Main components of the ash particles is aluminosilicate glaze containing such elements as iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, copper, lead, nickel, phosphorus, titanium, barium and sulphur. Solid waste as ashes, which were the result of the process of burning coal in individual home furnaces can be characterized by the majority of particles of the size not larger than several micrometers. These particles have mostly irregular or spherical shapes. The knowledge of phase composition of the examined waste has a great significance while estimating their influence on environment, especially when considering storage of ashes with community waste.
Jabłońska, M.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Iron oxides particles in the air and fly ash, and their influence on the environment (preliminary studies) Proceedings
vol. 24, 2008, ISSN: 15079791, (4).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-47649120204,
title = {Iron oxides particles in the air and fly ash, and their influence on the environment (preliminary studies)},
author = { M. Jabłońska and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-47649120204&partnerID=40&md5=2862a080da8a5cd90982326a9f93d5ce},
issn = {15079791},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-01-01},
journal = {Polish Geological Institute Special Papers},
volume = {24},
pages = {93-98},
abstract = {The paper presents preliminary data concerning sizes, distribution and composition of the most popular particles, which are formed during coal combustion, i.e. iron oxide particles. It is written only about particles of iron oxides, not describing different phases which contain iron (such as sulphides; carbonates or native iron). Particles of PM10 (Particule Matter 10) and the fallen dust were collected in several towns of the Upper Silesia. Fly ash samples from the coal combustion were separated in electrofilters. All samples were gathered during the last years. Samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction on Philips PW 3710 instrument (with CoKα radiation) and Philips XL30 TMP scanning electron microscope equipped with EDAX system and EDS type Sapphire. In fly ashes, similar iron oxide particles were found. However, differences in concentration of accessory components were observed. The magnesioferrite, hercynite and chromite occurred in the fly ashes. Differences were also observed in grain size of the dominating particles. About 50-60 wt. % of iron oxides particles present in the atmospheric dust have diameters less then 10 mm, while about 10 wt. % of them show particles less then 2.5 mm (respirable particles). The fly ashes from the electrofilters contained a lot of iron oxide particles with the diameter range 30-80 mm (average about 70 wt. % of all iron oxides particles). Most of larger iron oxide particles originating from the coal combustion are separated in the electrofilters, but the smallest fractions (less then 10 mm) are emitted to the atmosphere. Since a lot of iron oxides particles, which diameters is less than 10 mm are observed in the air it may be assumed that these diameters are transported to long distances. Moreover, iron oxide particles which diameters are less then 2.5 mm can show a potential hazard to human health. There are preliminary studies of iron oxides, which will be continued.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The paper presents preliminary data concerning sizes, distribution and composition of the most popular particles, which are formed during coal combustion, i.e. iron oxide particles. It is written only about particles of iron oxides, not describing different phases which contain iron (such as sulphides; carbonates or native iron). Particles of PM10 (Particule Matter 10) and the fallen dust were collected in several towns of the Upper Silesia. Fly ash samples from the coal combustion were separated in electrofilters. All samples were gathered during the last years. Samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction on Philips PW 3710 instrument (with CoKα radiation) and Philips XL30 TMP scanning electron microscope equipped with EDAX system and EDS type Sapphire. In fly ashes, similar iron oxide particles were found. However, differences in concentration of accessory components were observed. The magnesioferrite, hercynite and chromite occurred in the fly ashes. Differences were also observed in grain size of the dominating particles. About 50-60 wt. % of iron oxides particles present in the atmospheric dust have diameters less then 10 mm, while about 10 wt. % of them show particles less then 2.5 mm (respirable particles). The fly ashes from the electrofilters contained a lot of iron oxide particles with the diameter range 30-80 mm (average about 70 wt. % of all iron oxides particles). Most of larger iron oxide particles originating from the coal combustion are separated in the electrofilters, but the smallest fractions (less then 10 mm) are emitted to the atmosphere. Since a lot of iron oxides particles, which diameters is less than 10 mm are observed in the air it may be assumed that these diameters are transported to long distances. Moreover, iron oxide particles which diameters are less then 2.5 mm can show a potential hazard to human health. There are preliminary studies of iron oxides, which will be continued.
2006
Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Heavy metals in fly ash from a coal-fired power station in Poland Journal Article
In: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 943-946, 2006, ISSN: 12301485, (32).
@article{2-s2.0-33845889786,
title = {Heavy metals in fly ash from a coal-fired power station in Poland},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33845889786&partnerID=40&md5=323946df1b6c514914cdbb2f6be15d3a},
issn = {12301485},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Polish Journal of Environmental Studies},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {943-946},
abstract = {The main subject of this study is fly ash created during coal combustion in Rybnik Power Station in Upper Silesia in the southern part of Poland. This is the biggest block power station in this region. Generated power is 1600 MW. Annual dust emission from professional energy in Upper Silesia is estimated at 32.8 thousand tons, which is about 22% of total national emissions. X-ray powder diffraction, Analytic Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM) and Induced Couple Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods have been applied extensively to heavy metals (Cu; Ni; Pb; Zn; Cr; Cd) content analysis and their host mineral phases identification. Concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd as well as mineral composition of fly ash being their carriers have been specified. Average Zn concentrations in fly ash are 120 ppm, but for all other elements the averege concentrations were 38 ppm for Cu, 41 ppm for Ni, 44 ppm for Pb, 64 ppm for Cr and 3 ppm for Cd. Amorphic aluminosilicate substances, oxides and sulphides are mineral phases containing heavy metals. The sizes of these particles are up to 12 μm.},
note = {32},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The main subject of this study is fly ash created during coal combustion in Rybnik Power Station in Upper Silesia in the southern part of Poland. This is the biggest block power station in this region. Generated power is 1600 MW. Annual dust emission from professional energy in Upper Silesia is estimated at 32.8 thousand tons, which is about 22% of total national emissions. X-ray powder diffraction, Analytic Scanning Electron Microscopy (ASEM) and Induced Couple Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods have been applied extensively to heavy metals (Cu; Ni; Pb; Zn; Cr; Cd) content analysis and their host mineral phases identification. Concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd as well as mineral composition of fly ash being their carriers have been specified. Average Zn concentrations in fly ash are 120 ppm, but for all other elements the averege concentrations were 38 ppm for Cu, 41 ppm for Ni, 44 ppm for Pb, 64 ppm for Cr and 3 ppm for Cd. Amorphic aluminosilicate substances, oxides and sulphides are mineral phases containing heavy metals. The sizes of these particles are up to 12 μm.
2005
Smołka-Danielowska, D.
Change of Zn, Ni, and Cu content in fly ash on the base of their mineral composition Journal Article
In: Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, vol. 17, pp. 70-73, 2005, ISSN: 15079791.
@article{2-s2.0-33144461870,
title = {Change of Zn, Ni, and Cu content in fly ash on the base of their mineral composition},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33144461870&partnerID=40&md5=d58c36a2c55d8817b4c21711221aa9e8},
issn = {15079791},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-01-01},
journal = {Polish Geological Institute Special Papers},
volume = {17},
pages = {70-73},
abstract = {Fly ash is produced in the coal burning process in heat power plants equipped with electrofilters, located in the Upper Silesia Industrial Region (USIR). The collected material has been investigated by the following techniques: X-ray diffraction analysis powder method, analytical scanning electron microscopy (ASEM), spectrometric ICP method, as well as laser method (size analysis of fly ash). Fly ash has been investigated with respect to the size of its particles. Average content of such heavy metals as Ni, Cu, and Zn has been defined. Chemical composition of particles rich in heavy metals is of oxide and aluminosilicate nature. They have rarely been observed on the surface of the unburnt organic matter. The size of individual particles of fly ash, which are carriers of Cu, Zn, and Ni, ranges from 1 to 5 μm, and of aggregates - to 12 μm.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fly ash is produced in the coal burning process in heat power plants equipped with electrofilters, located in the Upper Silesia Industrial Region (USIR). The collected material has been investigated by the following techniques: X-ray diffraction analysis powder method, analytical scanning electron microscopy (ASEM), spectrometric ICP method, as well as laser method (size analysis of fly ash). Fly ash has been investigated with respect to the size of its particles. Average content of such heavy metals as Ni, Cu, and Zn has been defined. Chemical composition of particles rich in heavy metals is of oxide and aluminosilicate nature. They have rarely been observed on the surface of the unburnt organic matter. The size of individual particles of fly ash, which are carriers of Cu, Zn, and Ni, ranges from 1 to 5 μm, and of aggregates - to 12 μm.
2002
Smołka-Danielowska, D.; Misz-Kennan, M.
Composition and morphology of organic and mineral matter in fly ash derived from bituminous coal combusted in the Bȩdzin Power Station (Poland) Journal Article
In: Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, vol. 7, pp. 237-244, 2002, ISSN: 15079791.
@article{2-s2.0-0036996228,
title = {Composition and morphology of organic and mineral matter in fly ash derived from bituminous coal combusted in the Bȩdzin Power Station (Poland)},
author = { D. Smołka-Danielowska and M. Misz-Kennan},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036996228&partnerID=40&md5=6653caa02a038c945dafe671b8283795},
issn = {15079791},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Polish Geological Institute Special Papers},
volume = {7},
pages = {237-244},
abstract = {Fly ash particles formed during coal combustion are composed entirely of organic or/and mineral matter. The proportions of the two components depends on combustion conditions and the presence of minerals in feed coal particles. The aims of this paper are the classification of char morphologies, the quantification of the inert- and semiinert components, and the characterisation of the morphologies and compositions of mineral particles in fly ash from Bedzin Power Station, Poland. Various char morphologies are presented and their distribution in individual pulverised fuel boilers is discussed as are the morphologies of mineral particles and the distribution of major and minor elements in different size fractions of fly ash.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fly ash particles formed during coal combustion are composed entirely of organic or/and mineral matter. The proportions of the two components depends on combustion conditions and the presence of minerals in feed coal particles. The aims of this paper are the classification of char morphologies, the quantification of the inert- and semiinert components, and the characterisation of the morphologies and compositions of mineral particles in fly ash from Bedzin Power Station, Poland. Various char morphologies are presented and their distribution in individual pulverised fuel boilers is discussed as are the morphologies of mineral particles and the distribution of major and minor elements in different size fractions of fly ash.
Misz-Kennan, M.; Smołka-Danielowska, D.
The cooccurrence of inorganic and carbonaceous matter in fly ash samples from stoker boilers Journal Article
In: Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 77-78, pp. 269-274, 2002, ISSN: 03783820, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-17344377028,
title = {The cooccurrence of inorganic and carbonaceous matter in fly ash samples from stoker boilers},
author = { M. Misz-Kennan and D. Smołka-Danielowska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17344377028&doi=10.1016%2fS0378-3820%2802%2900039-5&partnerID=40&md5=a29e7b7d4e1911b0429947b4e85116cf},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00039-5},
issn = {03783820},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Fuel Processing Technology},
volume = {77-78},
pages = {269-274},
abstract = {Coal combustion in stoker boilers is characterized by the low rate and long time of combustion and the biggest size of coal feed grains. Several types of cooccurrence of chars and transformed inorganic matter were distinguished. Minute (<1 μm) inorganic particles are disseminated within chars. Bigger (over 2 μm) particles are stuck to char walls and pores and also sometimes occur within pores. In some cases, they are also stuck into char walls in such big quantities that carbonaceous matter is almost invisible and acts as a binding material. Thin (<1-3 μm) inorganic matter layer coat external char walls or walls of internal pores. Inorganic matter can also be intermixed with chars and next resolidified. The individual types of cooccurrence are dependent on coal plasticity and mineral matter behaviour during combustion. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coal combustion in stoker boilers is characterized by the low rate and long time of combustion and the biggest size of coal feed grains. Several types of cooccurrence of chars and transformed inorganic matter were distinguished. Minute (<1 μm) inorganic particles are disseminated within chars. Bigger (over 2 μm) particles are stuck to char walls and pores and also sometimes occur within pores. In some cases, they are also stuck into char walls in such big quantities that carbonaceous matter is almost invisible and acts as a binding material. Thin (<1-3 μm) inorganic matter layer coat external char walls or walls of internal pores. Inorganic matter can also be intermixed with chars and next resolidified. The individual types of cooccurrence are dependent on coal plasticity and mineral matter behaviour during combustion. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.