@article{2-s2.0-105002801598,

title = {Middle Jurassic black shale deposits from the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Western Carpathians: Insights into organic matter composition, thermal maturity, depositional, and palaeoenvironmental variations},

author = { M. Zielińska and J. Kus and J.G. Mendonça Filho and E. Szram and M. Blumenberg and M.J. Fabiańska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105002801598&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2025.104772&partnerID=40&md5=eadae58343e80d5591c95e2097760403},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2025.104772},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {305},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {An integrated multi-method research study, employing maceral identification and analysis, microphotometry, fluorescence microspectrometry, palynofacies analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and biomarker geochemistry, and was applied to determine sources of variation of organic matter (OM) type, its provenance, thermal maturity, as well as hydrocarbon potential of the Middle Jurassic Szlachtowa Formation in the Pieniny Klippen Belt of the Western Carpathians in Poland and Slovakia. In addition, a reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions and dinoflagellate cyst biochronology were performed. The presence of first-cycle vitrinite was well-discerned from phyllovitrinite and a reworked vitrinite population. It allowed for determination of thermal maturity at 0.74 % VRo (0.04–0.10 % SD). Although a comparison between measured and calculated λmax and Q650/500 for sporinite and alginite yielded a marked discrepancy, both spectral fluorescence parameters illustrate a clear similarity between lamalginite and dinoflagellate cysts. The samples contain predominantly thermally mature organic-lean Type III kerogen of terrigenous-derived macerals of first-cycle vitrinite, phyllovitrinite, reworked vitrinite, and liptinite (sporinite) with admixture of Type II kerogen associated with lamalginite. This is in line with Rock-Eval and biomarker data as well as the palynofacies composition, the latter indicating predominance of phytoclasts kerogen groups over palynomorphs and amorphous components. The occurrence of reworked, oxidized, and fragmented terrigenous OM is attributed to weathered and eroded sedimentary rocks from the Upper Carboniferous to Triassic and Lower Jurassic periods as well as from the lowermost Middle Jurassic cover. Together with predominant primarily indigenous terrigenous OM, the reworked sedimentary strata served as a source for siliciclastic sedimentation and formation of turbiditic deposits in marine slope to abyssal plain settings. In the extensional active tectonic setting, sediment flux and runout in turbidity currents were derived from overstepped margin slopes, fault-bounded tilt blocks, and the Czorsztyn Ridge. In addition, organic contributions to pelagic deposits included planktonic microorganisms such as dinoflagellate cysts, foraminiferal test linings, and, to a lesser extent, prasinophytes and acritarchs. It is likely that the deposition of Middle Jurassic black shales occurred in a predominantly heterolithic-oxic shelf and dysoxic-suboxic shelf to basin transition. The Szlachtowa Formation yielded dinoflagellate cysts indicative of the Middle Jurassic Aalenian to Bajocian stages, with a few species also appearing in the Toarcian and Bathonian stages. Significant changes in OM preservation influenced hydrocarbon generative potential of studied black shales, accounting for its low to fair source rock generative potential (avg. ∼0.6 wt% TOC; Hydrogen Index avg. ∼100). © 2025 The Authors},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-105007058416,

title = {Component identification of solid biomass fuels using reflected light microscopy: Interlaboratory study 2},

author = { I. Jelonek and S. Kędzior and M. Misz-Kennan and M. Zielińska and A. Drobniak and M. Mastalerz and Z. Jelonek and M.N. Acda and T. Adsul and N.M. Andolšek and L. Animali and O.H. Ardakani and T. Ataide and D. Batbold and M.Y. Bhat and T. Congo and B.S. Donohoe and O.A. Ehinola and D. Flores and C. Fonseca and S. Ghosh and P.A. Gonçalves and P.C. Hackley and J.C. Hower and L. Jargal and M.N. Johnston and S. Kalaitzidis and W.R. Knowles and S.N. Kumar and J. Kus and G.P. Lis and K. Lis and Be. Liu and Ba. Liu and Q. Luo and M. Du and A. Mencarelli and D.K. Mishra and N. Mitillo and R. Muzyka and J.L. Nedzweckas and J.M.K. O'Keefe and S. Omodeo-Salé and L. Oyunjargal and Ja. Park and A.A. Patria and R. Pearson and H.I. Petersen and G. Predeanu and G. Ranjin and J. Reyes and J. Ribeiro and G. de la Rosa-Rodríguez and A. Rudra and Authors. Other},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105007058416&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2025.104814&partnerID=40&md5=26a6cf2f22a6bbbee406c045d406e0ae},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2025.104814},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {307},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {As nations transition toward sustainable energy systems, biomass has become a vital component of global energy portfolios. Derived from organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues, forestry byproducts, and organic waste, biomass is a renewable energy source with significant environmental and economic benefits. Responsible biomass energy production can improve waste management, reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, and mitigate environmental pollution. However, as the diversity of biomass-derived fuels increases, robust quality assessment methods are essential to ensure their efficiency, safety, and minimal environmental impact. Reflected light microscopy (RLM) is one such technique with the potential to complement conventional physico-chemical analyses by enabling a rapid identification of material constituents and impurities. To refine this methodology and evaluate the reproducibility of solid biomass component identification using RLM, an interlaboratory study (ILS) was conducted. The study involved the recognition of 58 components across 45 photomicrographs, with the participation of 65 scientists and students from 25 countries. The participants faced high difficulty identifying some of the marked components, and as a result, the percentage of correct answers ranged from 19.0 % to 98.3 %, with an average correct identification rate of 62.7 %. The most challenging aspects of the identification process included distinguishing between woody and non-woody (agro) biomass, accurately identifying petroleum-derived materials, and differentiating agro biomass from inorganic matter. The results suggest that while RLM is an important tool for characterizing solid biomass, further development of methodology guidelines and training are necessary to enhance its effectiveness. Future research should prioritize preparing detailed, image-rich, microscopic morphological descriptions of biomass fuel components, which could improve the accuracy and reliability of using RLM in biomass fuel characterization. © 2025 Elsevier B.V. 

Authors: Drobniak, A.; Mastalerz, M.; Jelonek, Z.; Jelonek, I.; Acda, M.N.; Adsul, T.; Andolšek, N.M.; Animali, L.; Ardakani, O.H.; Ataide, T.; Batbold, D.; Bhat, M.Y.; Congo, T.; Donohoe, B.S.; Ehinola, O.A.; Flores, D.; Fonseca, C.; Ghosh, S.; Gonçalves, P.A.; Hackley, P.C.; Hower, J.C.; Jargal, L.; Johnston, M.N.; Kalaitzidis, S.; Kędzior, S.; Knowles, W.R.; Kumar, S.N.; Kus, J.; Lis, G.P.; Lis, K.; Liu, Be.; Liu, Ba.; Luo, Q.; Du, M.; Mencarelli, A.; Mishra, D.K.; Misz-Kennan, M.; Mitillo, N.; Muzyka, R.; Nedzweckas, J.L.; O'Keefe, J.M.K.; Omodeo-Salé, S.; Oyunjargal, L.; Park, Ja.; Patria, A.A.; Pearson, R.; Petersen, H.I.; Predeanu, G.; Ranjin, G.; Reyes, J.; Ribeiro, J.; de la Rosa-Rodríguez, G.; Rudra, A.; Sajdak, M.M.; Sanders, M.M.; Siavalas, G.; Sosnowski, P.; Varma, A.K.; Wojtaszek-Kalaitzidi, M.; Wolszczak, M.; Xu, Zh.; Zdravkov, A.; Zhao, L.; Zielińska, M.; Ziemianin, K.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85146253145,

title = {Organic matter variations in the deep marginal basin of the Western Tethys and links to various environments in isotopic Albian–Cenomanian Boundary Interval},

author = { K. Bąk and E. Szram and M. Zielińska and M. Misz-Kennan and M.J. Fabiańska and M. Bąk and Z. Górny},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146253145&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2022.104181&partnerID=40&md5=62656959bb3d149bb887ffc8e5308928},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2022.104181},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {266},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {In the latest Albian–lowermost Cenomanian, the palaeoenvironments along the northern margin in the Carpathian domain of the Western Tethys were characterized by deep basins with floors below the calcium compensation depth, which were filled with flysch and hemipelagic sediments. On the other hand, the terrestrial areas surrounding the Western Tethys to the north were covered by a diverse flora of gymnosperms and experienced an increase in the diversity of angiosperms; the latter was characterized by a rapid spread in most terrestrial environments. The flysch/hemipelagic succession of the Silesian Basin (the Polish part of the Outer Carpathians) contains a sedimentological record of organic-rich accumulation that is related to the carbon isotope excursion, known as the Albian–Cenomanian Boundary Interval (ACBI); its older part corresponds to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d (OAE1d). Organic matter (OM) records from these noncalcareous sediments are characterized by the occurrence of both terrigenous and marine organic compounds, and an increase in their accumulation intensity occurred during OAE1d, similar to other Western Tethyan areas and their northern surroundings. Quantitative analyses of the OM compounds using petrographic and chemical methods indicate that the majority were redeposited from land and estuarine environments; however, the OAE1d strata (Alternans Level) and the lower part of the post-OAE1d black shale succession are also enriched in OM of marine origin. This enrichment is interpreted as the result of enhanced surface water productivity, most likely related to redistribution of nutrients from coastal areas during the sea level rise of the KAl8 eustatic cycle. OAE1d was also the period in which the degradation of OM took place under reducing conditions in the bottom waters (although they were not anoxic), which was possibly caused by poor ventilation. A high proportion of terrigenous/estuarine OM compounds redeposited in the Silesian Basin is characteristic, especially for the post-ACBI black and dark grey shales. A large amount of this OM type has undergone relatively rapid degradation as it has settled from the shallows through a well‑oxygenated water column in the epi-, meso- and bathypelagic zones. Some terrigenous OM came from forest fires that occurred in the catchment area and supplied material to the Silesian Basin. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85145588063,

title = {Burial and thermal history of the eastern transform boundary of the central western carpathians based on 1D basin modeling},

author = { M. Zielińska and J. Petr and G. Przemysław and B. Dariusz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85145588063&doi=10.1016%2fj.marpetgeo.2022.106021&partnerID=40&md5=358fe69b39c4a37645be2d53e4342f2f},

doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.106021},

issn = {02648172},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},

volume = {147},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {This paper represents the first data on the thermal and burial history of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Maruszyna IG-1 deep borehole from the transpressional shear zone of the Western Carpathians. Representative, organic-rich mudstone and claystone samples were selected to determine thermal maturity using mean random vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and thermal alteration index (TAI) data. The reconstruction of the thermal history of fold-and-thrust units was carried out using 1D modeling. This study uniquely distinguishes various thermal maturity levels in the deep profile determined by strata repetition, different absorption of clay and carbonate mineral settings and structural thermal changes in humic particles and palynomorphs. Reflectance of autochthonous vitrinite varies from 0.77 to 1.95% indicating thermally mature to overmature organic matter. Different subsidence-uplift models were tested during modeling in order to find a plausible scenario of tectonic development and heat flow history. The thermal maturity of the individual thrust sheets was modeled separately allowing their individual thermal histories to be investigated before and after the main and final thrusting phase. The best-calibrated scenario assumes a low paleo heat flow ranging from 45 to 54 mW.m-2, affecting the eastern part of the Western Carpathians. The maximum temperature which lead to maturation of the organic matter seems to be related to its successive burial during Cretaceous due to compressional deformation. Individual thrust sheets reached thermal maturity prior to the final thrusting phase. The overthrust was accompanied by 3000–4000 m burial/erosion resulting in different thermal pathways during wedge growth. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85118738497,

title = {Thermal maturity of the grajcarek unit (Pieniny klippen belt): Insights for the burial history of a major tectonic boundary of the western carpathians},

author = { M. Zielińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118738497&doi=10.3390%2fmin11111245&partnerID=40&md5=db9080fc33f8d56b5fd2819a49d2ea00},

doi = {10.3390/min11111245},

issn = {2075163X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {11},

number = {11},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {The Grajcarek Unit of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), at the boundary between the Central (Inner) and Outer Carpathians, resulted from the convergence of the ALCAPA (the Alps– Carpathians–Pannonia) block and European plate. The strongly deformed slices of the Grajcarek Unit consist of Jurassic–Cretaceous sedimentary rocks associated with Late Cretaceous–Middle Palaeocene synorogenic wild-flysch, and sedimentary breccias with olistoliths. Maximum burial temperatures and burial depths were estimated based on vitrinite reflectance data. The vitrinite reflectance values were wide scattered through the Grajcarek sedimentary succession, especially in the flysch formations. This is attributed mainly to the depositional effects that affected the vitrinite evolution. The determined maximum burial temperatures were interpreted due to the regional compression controlled by tectonic burial coeval with thrusting and strike-slip faulting. The regional vitrinite reflectance variations might estimate cumulative displacement around the NNW–SSE and oriented the strike-slip Dunajec fault, which is a continuation of the deep fracture Kraków–Myszków fault zone. © 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85084197714,

title = {Comparative petrography and organic geochemistry of different types of organic matter occurring in the outer carpathians rocks},

author = { M. Zielińska and M.J. Fabiańska and D. Więcław and M. Misz-Kennan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084197714&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1523&partnerID=40&md5=8b0600972d1c38e637a6095411bfd49f},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1523},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {64},

number = {1},

pages = {165-184},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {The characterization of organic matter (OM) in sedimentary rocks is important in many types of biological, geological and environmental research. The integrated use of microscopy and geochemistry, as here, is particularly useful in any attempt to define the origin and evolution of OM in sedimentary basins. The organic petrography and geochemistry different types of allogenic and authigenic OM from the Polish Outer Carpathian (POC) rocks were studied in present study to compare their genetic type, thermal maturity, depositional environment and post-sedimentation processes. Special attention was paid to redeposited coal clasts occurrences. The used techniques show differences in organic matter type originating from various sources. The organic petrography analysis shows that redeposited coal clasts (CC) and terrigenous organic matter (TOM) are composed predominantly of woody material (the gas-prone Type-III kerogen). Similar results were obtained during the Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Moreover, the GC-MS analysis of extracts indicated the additional source of OM, namely planktonic organic matter (POM) with oil-prone kerogen Type-I or II. This OM is in some cases high thermally mature and could potentially has allochthonous origin. The n-alkane, saturated and aromatic biomarker data revealed deposition of this POM in anoxic deltaic or close-shore sedimentary environments whereas the redeposited coal clasts were probably originally deposited in coal swamps as were the Upper Silesian bituminous coals. © 2020, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051529536,

title = {Depositional architecture of marginal multiple-source ramp of the Magura Basin (Eocene Flysch formation, Outer Western Carpathians)},

author = { E. Wójcik and M. Zielińska and R. Chybiorz and J. Żaba},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051529536&doi=10.1515%2fgeoca-2018-0021&partnerID=40&md5=a20cf19b44fadf7ebda23fc4a5a20403},

doi = {10.1515/geoca-2018-0021},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {69},

number = {4},

pages = {347-364},

publisher = {Sciendo},

abstract = {The Zembrzyce Beds were studied to interpret the environments and facies in the western part of the Siary Subunit. New sedimentological data were obtained for the reconstruction of the depositional architecture of the Zembrzyce Beds. Based on detailed facies analysis, 9 facies and 4 facies associations were recognized. The facies associations represent different architectural elements of a submarine fan, such as: termination of distributary channel with transition to depositional lobe (distal part of mid-fan/outer fan sub-deposystem), lobes and distal lobes (outer fan sub-deposystem). According to the classification of Reading & Richards (1994) the fan deposystem can be classified as mud/sand-rich ramp. This system consists of several elongated lobes that formed synchronously, migrated laterally, and then retreated or decayed. The depositional system was supplied from the north and north-east. The inner-fan sub-deposystem was not detected. The sediments were deposited by high- and low-density turbidity currents and hyper-concentrated density flows sensu Mulder & Alexander (2001) with participation of the depositional background processes (pelagic settling). The sedimentary conditions of the Zembrzyce Beds during the Late Eocene were controlled by tectonic movements, the progress of the subduction and the global sea level changes. © 2018 Ewa Wójcik et al., published by Sciendo 2018.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85029685209,

title = {Organic-matter vitrinite reflectance variability in the outer carpathians, Poland: Relationship to tectonic evolution},

author = { M. Zielińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029685209&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1338&partnerID=40&md5=489412d1ea9d8e047bde8fe21b37dbb1},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1338},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {61},

number = {1},

pages = {214-226},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {Random vitrinite reflectance of allochthonous plant material varies throughout all the flysch sedimentary units of the Outer Western Carpathians. The vitrinite reflectance of coalified phytogenic matter is variable even within the same lithostratigraphic unit. There is no clear relationship between random vitrinite reflectance and stratigraphy (age of particular strata) within surface samples. The typical pattern of increasing random reflectance with depth in boreholes is unsettled by R r o “jumps” which occur within folds and overthrusts. However, this study revealed a trend of increasing random vitrinite reflectance from north to south in the area of the Magura Unit. A compressional regime involving phases of uplift and burial, varying from place to place in the flysch basin, was the main factor influencing coalification. The initial maturity of organic matter transported to the marine environment was a secondary factor. A degree of coalification had occurred in the flysch sediments prior to the main stage of fold-and-thrust movements associated with the phase of maximum tectonic subsidence at the end of the Eocene. It is generally assumed that coalified plant material dispersed in sedimentary rocks experienced the same physical and chemical changes as those in larger accumulations of coal. Coalification of phytogenic material coeval with flysch in the Outer Carpathians corresponds to the interval from sub-bituminous to low-medium-rank bituminous coal. © 2017, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84964990282,

title = {Organic matter in upper Albian marine sediments in the High-Tatric units, central western Carpathians related to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d-Geochemistry, microfacies and palynology},

author = { K. Bąk and M.J. Fabiańska and M. Bąk and M. Misz-Kennan and M. Zielińska and P. Dulemba and T. Bryndal and B. Naglik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84964990282&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2016.04.041&partnerID=40&md5=7c172e531fd8ecd7b45e8d565ff8c2b8},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.04.041},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {454},

pages = {212-227},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {A multidisciplinary study of upper Albian hemipelagic sediments related to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d (OAE1d) from the High-Tatric units (central western Carpathians; Polish part of the Tatra Mountains) was undertaken to characterize organic matter (OM) and to investigate its origin. Microfacies and palynological records combined with mineralogical and geochemical data from these sediments show the occurrence of both marine and land-derived OM in the limestone and marl successions whose deposition corresponds to the Parathalmanninella apenninica Zone in the late Albian. Both types of OM were strongly degraded under the oxic conditions that prevailed during the entire time of their deposition. The sedimentation of marls with low contents of total organic carbon (< 0.24%), dominated by land-derived OM, occurred during the final phase of OAE1d. It was probably related to a sudden change in the circulation pattern at the margins of the Tatric-Zliechov sedimentary basin connected with a sea-level rise. The coastal upwelling along the Tatric Ridge that prevailed during the early late Albian gradually weakened or disappeared and was replaced by a downwelling current flowing from the shallow parts of the basin that transported land-derived OM from nearshore coastal plains. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84933502358,

title = {Coal-bearing submarine slump sediments from oligocene-miocene transition of the eastern outer carpathians (Bieszczady mountains, SE Poland)},

author = { K. Bąk and A. Wolska and M. Zielińska and M. Bąk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84933502358&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1224&partnerID=40&md5=55aa47c0d94f9176e950133b1e816bb6},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1224},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {59},

number = {2},

pages = {300-315},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {The paper presents a new finding of lustrous coal particles in the youngest flysch sediments of the Silesian Nappe, Eastern Outer Carpathians, outcropped in the Bieszczady Mountains. The coal material occurs in a 1 m thick submarine slump layer in the Kiczera Dydiowska Sandstones that belong to the youngest part of the Krosno Beds. Coal particles are numerous (up to 16%) in a massive sandstone of the slump layer. The siliciclastic particles in these sediments are classified as material derived from weathered rocks of a continental block or they have been recycled from post-orogenic sediments. Lustrous coal represents coaly, mostly homogeneous plant fragments representing macerals of the vitrinite group. The random vitrinite reflectance varies from 0.52 to 0.57%, which corresponds to high volatile bituminous rank. Some coal pebbles display a tree structure, typical of gelified xylites, due to impregnation of cell walls by resinite. Its occurrence in this material indicates terrestrial plants producing waxes and resins. Some of the gelified plant debris shows evidence of pyritisation that, in the absence of inertinite macerals in coal, may indicate dysoxic conditions during the first decomposition processes of organic matter under an aqueous environment. The coaly-bearing slump moved down most probably from the SE during Oligocene-Miocene transition time. This shows that an intrabasinal exotic massif, as an uplifted fragment of ?Precambrian craton, which supplied a large amount of siliciclastic material to the Silesian-Subsilesian basin during the Early-Middle Oligocene, still existed at the end of the Oligocene. © 2014, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}