@article{2-s2.0-85206642076,

title = {Does time matter? Intraspecific diversity of ribosomal RNA genes in lineages of the allopolyploid model grass Brachypodium hybridum with different evolutionary ages},

author = { D. Trunova and N. Borowska-Zuchowska and S. Mykhailyk and K. Xia and Yu. Zhu and R. Sancho and M. Rojek-Jelonek and S. Garcia and K. Wang and Pi. Catalán and A. Kovaík and R. Hasterok and B.A. Kolano},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85206642076&doi=10.1186%2fs12870-024-05658-5&partnerID=40&md5=dcdff93bf1dbc3ab42f1b8b709c1e36f},

doi = {10.1186/s12870-024-05658-5},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {BMC Plant Biology},

volume = {24},

number = {1},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd},

abstract = {Background: Polyploidisation often results in genome rearrangements that may involve changes in both the single-copy sequences and the repetitive genome fraction. In this study, we performed a comprehensive comparative analysis of repetitive DNA, with a particular focus on ribosomal DNA (rDNA), in Brachypodium hybridum (2n = 4x = 30; subgenome composition DDSS), an allotetraploid resulting from a natural cross between two diploid species that resemble the modern B. distachyon (2n = 10; DD) and B. stacei (2n = 20; SS). Taking advantage of the recurrent origin of B. hybridum, we investigated two genotypes, Bhyb26 and ABR113, differing markedly in their evolutionary age (1.4 and 0.14 Mya; respectively) and which resulted from opposite cross directions. To identify the origin of rDNA loci we employed cytogenetic and molecular methods (FISH; gCAPS and Southern hybridisation), phylogenetic and genomic approaches. Results: Unlike the general maintenance of doubled gene dosage in B. hybridum, the rRNA genes showed a remarkable tendency towards diploidisation at both locus and unit levels. While the partial elimination of 35S rDNA units occurred in the younger ABR113 lineage, unidirectional elimination of the entire locus was observed in the older Bhyb26 lineage. Additionally, a novel 5S rDNA family was amplified in Bhyb26 replacing the parental units. The 35S and 5S rDNA units were preferentially eliminated from the S- and D-subgenome, respectively. Thus, in the more ancient B. hybridum lineage, Bhyb26, 5S and 35S rRNA genes are likely expressed from different subgenomes, highlighting the complexity of polyploid regulatory networks. Conclusion: Comparative analyses between two B. hybridum lineages of distinct evolutionary ages revealed that although the recent lineage ABR113 exhibited an additive pattern of rDNA loci distribution, the ancient lineage Bhyb26 demonstrated a pronounced tendency toward diploidisation manifested by the reduction in the number of both 35S and 5S loci. In conclusion, the age of the allopolyploid appears to be a decisive factor in rDNA turnover in B. hybridum. © The Author(s) 2024.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85206088909,

title = {H3K4me3 changes occur in cell wall genes during the development of Fagopyrum tataricum morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli},

author = { A. Tomasiak and A. Piński and A. Milewska-Hendel and I. Andreu Godall and N. Borowska-Zuchowska and J. Morończyk and J. Moreno-Romero and A. Betekhtin},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85206088909&doi=10.3389%2ffpls.2024.1465514&partnerID=40&md5=e69df49a153d22d73daa48fc65a76f30},

doi = {10.3389/fpls.2024.1465514},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},

volume = {15},

publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},

abstract = {Epigenetic changes accompany the dynamic changes in the cell wall composition during the development of callus cells. H3K4me3 is responsible for active gene expression and reaction to environmental cues. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful technique for studying the interplay between epigenetic modifications and the DNA regions of interest. In combination with sequencing, it can provide the genome-wide enrichment of the specific epigenetic mark, providing vital information on its involvement in the plethora of cellular processes. Here, we describe the genome-wide distribution of H3K4me3 in morphogenic and non-morphogenic callus of Fagopyrum tataricum. Levels of H3K4me3 were higher around the transcription start site, in agreement with the role of this mark in transcriptional activation. The global levels of methylation were higher in the non-morphogenic callus, which indicated increased gene activation compared to the morphogenic callus. We also employed ChIP to analyse the changes in the enrichment of this epigenetic mark on the cell wall-related genes in both calli types during the course of the passage. Enrichment of H3K4me3 on cell wall genes was specific for callus type, suggesting that the role of this mark in cell-wall remodelling is complex and involved in many processes related to dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. This intricacy of the cell wall composition was supported by the immunohistochemical analysis of the cell wall epitopes’ distribution of pectins and extensins. Together, these data give a novel insight into the involvement of H3K4me3 in the regeneration processes in F. tataricum in vitro callus tissue culture. Copyright © 2024 Tomasiak, Piński, Milewska-Hendel, Andreu Godall, Borowska-Żuchowska, Morończyk, Moreno-Romero and Betekhtin.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85148741328,

title = {Switch them off or not: selective rRNA gene repression in grasses},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and S. Mykhailyk and E. Robaszkiewicz and N. Matysiak and Ł. Mielańczyk and R. Wojnicz and A. Kovaík and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85148741328&doi=10.1016%2fj.tplants.2023.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=6e1efd90c31d10c0fed768f36099193f},

doi = {10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.002},

issn = {13601385},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Trends in Plant Science},

volume = {28},

number = {6},

pages = {661-672},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance (ND) is selective epigenetic silencing of 35-48S rDNA loci. In allopolyploids, it is frequently manifested at the cytogenetic level by the inactivation of nucleolar organiser region(s) (NORs) inherited from one or several evolutionary ancestors. Grasses are ecologically and economically one of the most important land plant groups, which have frequently evolved through hybridisation and polyploidisation events. Here we review common and unique features of ND phenomena in this monocot family from cytogenetic, molecular, and genomic perspectives. We highlight recent advances achieved by using an allotetraploid model grass, Brachypodium hybridum, where ND commonly occurs at a population level, and we cover modern genomic approaches that decipher structural features of core arrays of NORs. © 2023 The Author(s)},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85130260970,

title = {Corrigendum: To Be or Not to Be Expressed: The First Evidence of a Nucleolar Dominance Tissue-Specificity in Brachypodium hybridum (Front. Plant Sci., (2021), 12, (768347), 10.3389/fpls.2021.768347)},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and E. Robaszkiewicz and S. Mykhailyk and J. Wartini and A. Piński and A. Kovaík and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85130260970&doi=10.3389%2ffpls.2022.917940&partnerID=40&md5=9b0bae9c81633dfeba911097fe74aa37},

doi = {10.3389/fpls.2022.917940},

issn = {1664462X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},

volume = {13},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {In the original article, there was a mistake in Figure 3B as published. The gel lines were marked in an incorrect order. The corrected Figure 3B appears below. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated. Copyright © 2022, Borowska-Zuchowska, Robaszkiewicz, Mykhailyk, Wartini, Pinski, Kovarik and Hasterok.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85126676587,

title = {Tracing the Evolution of the Angiosperm Genome from the Cytogenetic Point of View},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and M. Senderowicz and D. Trunova and B.A. Kolano},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85126676587&doi=10.3390%2fplants11060784&partnerID=40&md5=0ff7266399f134d3db4054f0fbc1f6b2},

doi = {10.3390/plants11060784},

issn = {22237747},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Plants},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {Cytogenetics constitutes a branch of genetics that is focused on the cellular components, especially chromosomes, in relation to heredity and genome structure, function and evolution. The use of modern cytogenetic approaches and the latest microscopes with image acquisition and processing systems enables the simultaneous two-or three-dimensional, multicolour visualisation of both single-copy and highly-repetitive sequences in the plant genome. The data that is gathered using the cytogenetic methods in the phylogenetic background enable tracing the evolution of the plant genome that involve changes in: (i) genome sizes; (ii) chromosome numbers and morphology; (iii) the content of repetitive sequences and (iv) ploidy level. Modern cytogenetic approaches such as FISH using chromosome-and genome-specific probes have been widely used in studies of the evolution of diploids and the consequences of polyploidy. Nowadays, modern cytogenetics complements analyses in other fields of cell biology and constitutes the linkage between genetics, molecular biology and genomics. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85121989036,

title = {To Be or Not to Be Expressed: The First Evidence of a Nucleolar Dominance Tissue-Specificity in Brachypodium hybridum},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and E. Robaszkiewicz and S. Mykhailyk and J. Wartini and A. Piński and A. Kovaík and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121989036&doi=10.3389%2ffpls.2021.768347&partnerID=40&md5=ef4ed95412d5b77ca61c65fd3acb3f58},

doi = {10.3389/fpls.2021.768347},

issn = {1664462X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},

volume = {12},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance (ND) is an epigenetic, developmentally regulated phenomenon that describes the selective inactivation of 35S rDNA loci derived from one progenitor of a hybrid or allopolyploid. The presence of ND was documented in an allotetraploid grass, Brachypodium hybridum (genome composition DDSS), which is a polyphyletic species that arose from crosses between two putative ancestors that resembled the modern B. distachyon (DD) and B. stacei (SS). In this work, we investigated the developmental stability of ND in B. hybridum genotype 3-7-2 and compared it with the reference genotype ABR113. We addressed the question of whether the ND is established in generative tissues such as pollen mother cells (PMC). We examined condensation of rDNA chromatin by fluorescence in situ hybridization employing state-of-art confocal microscopy. The transcription of rDNA homeologs was determined by reverse-transcription cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis. In ABR113, the ND was stable in all tissues analyzed (primary and adventitious root; leaf; and spikes). In contrast, the 3-7-2 individuals showed a strong upregulation of the S-genome units in adventitious roots but not in other tissues. Microscopic analysis of the 3-7-2 PMCs revealed extensive decondensation of the D-genome loci and their association with the nucleolus in meiosis. As opposed, the S-genome loci were always highly condensed and localized outside the nucleolus. These results indicate that genotype-specific loss of ND in B. hybridum occurs probably after fertilization during developmental processes. This finding supports our view that B. hybridum is an attractive model to study ND in grasses. Copyright © 2021 Borowska-Zuchowska, Robaszkiewicz, Mykhailyk, Wartini, Pinski, Kovarik and Hasterok.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85087457230,

title = {The fate of 35S rRNA genes in the allotetraploid grass Brachypodium hybridum},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and A. Kovaík and E. Robaszkiewicz and M. Tuna and G.S. Tuna and S.P. Gordon and J.P. Vogel and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85087457230&doi=10.1111%2ftpj.14869&partnerID=40&md5=c5294c713fd03718dcd6e5695901a5c2},

doi = {10.1111/tpj.14869},

issn = {09607412},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Plant Journal},

volume = {103},

number = {5},

pages = {1810-1825},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance (ND) consists of the reversible silencing of 35S/45S rDNA loci inherited from one of the ancestors of an allopolyploid. The molecular mechanisms by which one ancestral rDNA set is selected for silencing remain unclear. We applied a combination of molecular (Southern blot hybridization and reverse-transcription cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis), genomic (analysis of variants) and cytogenetic (fluorescence in situ hybridization) approaches to study the structure, expression and epigenetic landscape of 35S rDNA in an allotetraploid grass that exhibits ND, Brachypodium hybridum (genome composition DDSS), and its putative progenitors, Brachypodium distachyon (DD) and Brachypodium stacei (SS). In progenitor genomes, B. stacei showed a higher intragenomic heterogeneity of rDNA compared with B. distachyon. In all studied accessions of B. hybridum, there was a reduction in the copy number of S homoeologues, which was accompanied by their inactive transcriptional status. The involvement of DNA methylation in CG and CHG contexts in the silencing of the S-genome rDNA loci was revealed. In the B. hybridum allotetraploid, ND is stabilized towards the D-genome units, irrespective of the polyphyletic origin of the species, and does not seem to be influenced by homoeologous 35S rDNA ratios and developmental stage. © 2020 The Authors. The Plant Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85079769944,

title = {The Utility of Graph Clustering of 5S Ribosomal DNA Homoeologs in Plant Allopolyploids, Homoploid Hybrids, and Cryptic Introgressants},

author = { S. Garcia and J.F. Wendel and N. Borowska-Zuchowska and M. Aïnouche and A. Kuderova and A. Kovaík},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079769944&doi=10.3389%2ffpls.2020.00041&partnerID=40&md5=9ba93bad6e66e7fa612d01a98896681d},

doi = {10.3389/fpls.2020.00041},

issn = {1664462X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},

volume = {11},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Introduction: Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci have been widely used for identification of allopolyploids and hybrids, although few of these studies employed high-throughput sequencing data. Here we use graph clustering implemented in the RepeatExplorer (RE) pipeline to analyze homoeologous 5S rDNA arrays at the genomic level searching for hybridogenic origin of species. Data were obtained from more than 80 plant species, including several well-defined allopolyploids and homoploid hybrids of different evolutionary ages and from widely dispersed taxonomic groups. Results: (i) Diploids show simple circular-shaped graphs of their 5S rDNA clusters. In contrast, most allopolyploids and other interspecific hybrids exhibit more complex graphs composed of two or more interconnected loops representing intergenic spacers (IGS). (ii) There was a relationship between graph complexity and locus numbers. (iii) The sequences and lengths of the 5S rDNA units reconstituted in silico from k-mers were congruent with those experimentally determined. (iv) Three-genomic comparative cluster analysis of reads from allopolyploids and progenitor diploids allowed identification of homoeologous 5S rRNA gene families even in relatively ancient (c. 1 Myr) Gossypium and Brachypodium allopolyploids which already exhibit uniparental partial loss of rDNA repeats. (v) Finally, species harboring introgressed genomes exhibit exceptionally complex graph structures. Conclusion: We found that the cluster graph shapes and graph parameters (k-mer coverage scores and connected component index) well-reflect the organization and intragenomic homogeneity of 5S rDNA repeats. We propose that the analysis of 5S rDNA cluster graphs computed by the RE pipeline together with the cytogenetic analysis might be a reliable approach for the determination of the hybrid or allopolyploid plant species parentage and may also be useful for detecting historical introgression events. © Copyright © 2020 Garcia, Wendel, Borowska-Zuchowska, Aïnouche, Kuderova and Kovarik.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85061128284,

title = {Ribosomal DNA loci derived from Brachypodium stacei are switched off for major parts of the life cycle of Brachypodium hybridum},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and E. Robaszkiewicz and E.A. Wolny and A. Betekhtin and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85061128284&doi=10.1093%2fjxb%2fery425&partnerID=40&md5=a123ef59aae852b182e62c863f89ff7c},

doi = {10.1093/jxb/ery425},

issn = {00220957},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Botany},

volume = {70},

number = {3},

pages = {871-883},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon that occurs in some plant and animal allopolyploids and hybrids, whereby only one ancestral set of 35S rRNA genes retains the ability to form the nucleolus while the rDNA loci derived from the other progenitor are transcriptionally silenced. There is substantial evidence that nucleolar dominance is regulated developmentally. This study focuses upon the establishment and/or maintenance of nucleolar dominance during different stages of development in the model grass allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 25S rDNA probe to cells in three-dimensional cytogenetic preparations showed that nucleolar dominance is present not only in root meristematic and differentiated cells of this species, but also in male meiocytes at prophase I, tetrads of microspores, and different embryonic tissues. The inactive state of Brachypodium stacei-originated rDNA loci was confirmed by silver staining. Only B. distachyon-derived 35S rDNA loci formed nucleoli in the aforementioned tissues, whereas B. stacei-like loci remained highly condensed and thus transcriptionally suppressed. The establishment of nucleolar dominance during earlier stages of B. hybridum embryo development cannot be ruled out. However, we propose that gradual pseudogenization of B. stacei-like loci in the evolution of the allotetraploid seems to be more likely. © 2018 The Author(s).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85052958313,

title = {Organization and evolution of two repetitive sequences, 18-24J and 12-13P, in the genome of Chenopodium (Amaranthaceae)},

author = { M. Orzechowska and M. Majka and H. Weiss-Schneeweiss and A. Kovaík and N. Borowska-Zuchowska and B.A. Kolano},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052958313&doi=10.1139%2fgen-2018-0044&partnerID=40&md5=4f434b61b8d0db4820323f8cfbf14c99},

doi = {10.1139/gen-2018-0044},

issn = {08312796},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Genome},

volume = {61},

number = {9},

pages = {643-652},

publisher = {Canadian Science Publishing},

abstract = {The abundance and chromosomal organization of two repetitive sequences named 12-13P and 18-24J were analyzed in 24 diploid and nine polyploid species of Chenopodium s.l., with special attention to Chenopodium s.s. Both sequences were predominantly present in species of Chenopodium s.s.; however, differences in the amplification levels were observed among the species. The 12-13P repeat was highly amplified in all of the analyzed Eurasian species, whereas the American diploids showed a marked variation in the amplification levels. The 12-13P repeat contains a tandemly arranged 40 bp minisatellite element forming a large proportion of the genome of Chenopodium (up to 3.5%). FISH revealed its localization to the pericentromeric regions of the chromosomes. The chromosomal distribution of 12-13P delivered additional chromosomal marker for B-genome diploids. The 18-24J repeat showed a dispersed organization in all of the chromosomes of the analyzed diploid species and the Eurasian tetraploids. In the American allotetraploids (C. quinoa; C. berlandieri) and Eurasian allohexaploids (e.g.; C. album) very intense hybridization signals of 18-24J were observed only on 18 chromosomes that belong to the B subgenome of these polyploids. Combined cytogenetic and molecular analyses suggests that reorganization of these two repeats accompanied the diversification and speciation of diploid (especially A genome) and polyploid species of Chenopodium s.s. © 2018 Published by NRC Research Press.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85023774270,

title = {Epigenetics of the preferential silencing of Brachypodium stacei-originated 35S rDNA loci in the allotetraploid grass Brachypodium hybridum},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85023774270&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-017-05413-x&partnerID=40&md5=b5e39720ac65854b7840ca395d7bb6b5},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-05413-x},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance (ND), initially described as 'differential amphiplasty', is a phenomenon observed in some plant and animal allopolyploids and hybrids in which the selective suppression of the activity of 35S rRNA gene loci that have been inherited from one of the two or more ancestral genomes occurs. Although more than 80 years have passed since the discovery of ND, there is still a significant lack in our understanding of the mechanisms that determine this phenomenon. Here, we aimed to investigate the epigenetic status of 35S rRNA gene loci in the monocotyledonous Brachypodium hybridum, which is an allotetraploid that has resulted from a cross between B. distachyon and B. stacei. We revealed that the repressed B. stacei-inherited rDNA loci are characterised by a high level of DNA methylation. The global hypomethylation of B. hybridum nuclear DNA induced by 5-azacytidine, however, seems to be insufficient for the transcriptional reactivation of these loci, which indicates that factors other than DNA methylation are behind the suppression of B. stacei-originated loci. We also showed that the transcriptionally active and silenced fractions of rRNA genes that had been inherited from B. distachyon occupy different domains within the chromocentres adjacent to the nucleolus, depending on their epigenetic status. © 2017 The Author(s).},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84991710968,

title = {Cytomolecular analysis of ribosomal DNA evolution in a natural allotetraploid brachypodium hybridum and its putative ancestors-dissecting complex repetitive structure of intergenic spacers},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and M. Kwaśniewski and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84991710968&doi=10.3389%2ffpls.2016.01499&partnerID=40&md5=88f59b413c0074698edc2329523cb27d},

doi = {10.3389/fpls.2016.01499},

issn = {1664462X},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},

volume = {7},

number = {OCTOBER2016},

publisher = {Frontiers Media S.A.},

abstract = {Nucleolar dominance is an epigenetic phenomenon associated with nuclear 35S rRNA genes and consists in selective suppression of gene loci inherited from one of the progenitors in the allopolyploid. Our understanding of the exact mechanisms that determine this process is still fragmentary, especially in case of the grass species. This study aimed to shed some light on the molecular basis of this genome-specific inactivation of 35S rDNA loci in an allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum (2n = 30), which arose from the interspecific hybridization between two diploid ancestors that were very similar to modern B. distachyon (2n = 10) and B. stacei (2n = 20). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization with 25S rDNA and chromosome-specific BAC clones as probes we revealed that the nucleolar dominance is present not only in meristematic root-tip cells but also in differentiated cell fraction of B. hybridum. Additionally, the intergenic spacers (IGSs) from both of the putative ancestors and the allotetraploid were sequenced and analyzed. The presumptive transcription initiation sites, spacer promoters and repeated elements were identified within the IGSs. Two different length variants, 2.3 and 3.5 kb, of IGSs were identified in B. distachyon and B. stacei, respectively, however only the IGS that had originated from B. distachyon-like ancestor was present in the allotetraploid. The amplification pattern of B. hybridum IGSs suggests that some genetic changes occurred in inactive B. stacei-like rDNA loci during the evolution of the allotetraploid. We hypothesize that their preferential silencing is an effect of structural changes in the sequence rather than just the result of the sole inactivation at the epigenetic level. © 2016 Borowska-Zuchowska, Kwasniewski and Hasterok.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-82955173028,

title = {DNA methylation patterns of Brachypodium distachyon chromosomes and their alteration by 5-azacytidine treatment},

author = { N. Borowska-Zuchowska and D. Idziak-Helmcke and R. Hasterok},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-82955173028&doi=10.1007%2fs10577-011-9243-2&partnerID=40&md5=4d75d4f1c9ba25362a473d9643a527d1},

doi = {10.1007/s10577-011-9243-2},

issn = {09673849},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Chromosome Research},

volume = {19},

number = {8},

pages = {955-967},

abstract = {Sequential immunolocalisation of 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with chromosome-specific BAC clones were performed on Brachypodium distachyon mitotic metaphase chromosomes to determine specific DNA methylation patterns of each chromosome in the complement. In the majority of cells examined, chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5, which bear the loci of 5S and 35S ribosomal DNA, respectively, had characteristic 5-MeC patterns. In contrast, the distribution of 5-MeC along the metacentric chromosome pairs Bd1, Bd2 and Bd3 was more variable. There were numerous differences in distribution of methylated sites between homologous chromosomes as well as between chromosome arms. Some chromosome sites, such as pericentromeric regions, were highly methylated in all chromosomes. Additionally, the influence of a hypomethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, on B. distachyon chromosome methylation patterns was confirmed. It was found that some chromosome pairs underwent demethylation more easily than others, but there was no apparent regularity in demethylation of particular chromosome segments. © 2011 The Author(s).},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}