@article{2-s2.0-85209374333,

title = {Extreme ultra-short-term changes in air temperature in January in southern Poland (the example of Sosnowiec) against the background of atmospheric circulation conditions},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85209374333&doi=10.1007%2fs00024-024-03597-8&partnerID=40&md5=a04a8594042371fab5f722b0ba8075d8},

doi = {10.1007/s00024-024-03597-8},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},

publisher = {Birkhauser},

abstract = {Large short-term changes in air temperature affect the functioning of living organisms in the environment and human activities. For this reason, a study of extreme positive and negative 10 min temperature changes and their causes related to atmospheric circulation was undertaken. Air temperature data for January in the period 2001–2017 in southern Poland (Sosnowiec) were analysed. Extreme ultra-short-term temperature changes were considered to be values less than or equal to 0.1 percentile (extreme temperature drops) and greater than or equal to 99.9 percentile (extreme temperature increases). The extreme ultra-short-term negative air temperature change was − 7.2°C/10 min, while the positive change was + 3.5 °C/10 min. Extreme ultra-short-term negative air temperature changes in southern Poland in January occur most frequently with the advection of air from the west (43% of cases), the inflow of maritime Polar old (transformed) air over Poland (25% of cases), western cyclonic (Wc) and north-western cyclonic (NWc) situations, a total of 34% of cases), the passage of the atmospheric front over southern Poland (59% of cases), especially a cold front (68% of cases with a front). Extreme ultra-short-term positive changes of air temperature in southern Poland in January occur most frequently with the advection of air from the south-west (43% of cases), the inflow of continental Polar air (42% of cases), anticyclonic situations (72% of cases), the occurrence of a high-pressure wedge over southern Poland (26% of cases), situations without atmospheric front (80% of cases). The direction of advection plays a secondary role in determining the values of extreme short-term changes in air temperature. More important is the speed of the influx of this air mass. Extreme ultra-short-term temperature changes are partly explained by circulation conditions. Rapid temperature changes can also occur as a result of small-scale processes in the atmosphere. © The Author(s) 2024.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85168692648,

title = {The Change and Variability of Snow Cover in Kraków in a 100-Year Observation Series},

author = { K. Piotrowicz and M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168692648&doi=10.14746%2fquageo-2023-0031&partnerID=40&md5=d39205e2bf0a28f14530f34cbb9cf910},

doi = {10.14746/quageo-2023-0031},

issn = {0137477X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Quaestiones Geographicae},

volume = {42},

number = {3},

pages = {213-222},

publisher = {Sciendo},

abstract = {This article presents the results of research on the changes and variability of snow cover in Kraków in the 100-year period 1921/22-2020/21 and in its two sub-periods covering the years of the slow and rapid territorial, urban and industrial development of Kraków (respectively; 1921/22-1960/61 and 1961/62-2020/21). The long-term variability of the number of days with snow cover, the maximum depth of the snow layer, the dates of the beginning and end of snow cover duration in the winter season, the potential snow cover duration and the index of snow cover stability were analysed. The directions of changes in the snow cover in the last 100 winter seasons in Kraków correspond to the global changes in air temperature presented in the latest IPCC reports: until the end of the 1950s there were no significant trends, or only small trends were observed, whereas from the beginning of the 1960s faster changes in the snow cover duration and maximum seasonal snow depth have been visible. In the last 60 years (1961/62-2020/21), the impact of global changes in Kraków has been joined by the impact of territorial, demographic and industrial development of the city, causing significant negative trends in snow cover with relative values of less than -9% · 10 years-1, both in the case of snow cover duration and its maximum depth in the winter season; these changes are statistically significant. Throughout the whole 100-year period (1921/22-2020/21) and in its second part (1961/62-2020/21), a decrease in snow cover stability has also been observed. © 2023 Katarzyna Piotrowicz et al., published by Sciendo.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85111153890,

title = {Correction to: Climate Change in Poland (Springer Climate, 10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8)},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111153890&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-030-70328-8_25&partnerID=40&md5=e855ccd791e34fe9c0108295e2ed4b53},

doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8_25},

issn = {23520698},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Springer Climate},

pages = {C1-},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media B.V.},

abstract = {The original version of the book was inadvertently published with incorrect Figures 23 and 33 in Chapter 11 and also the affiliation city name “Katowice” of the volume editor is corrected in web version. The book has been updated with the changes. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85063239573,

title = {Azores High and Hawaiian High: correlations, trends and shifts (1948–2018)},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063239573&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-019-02837-5&partnerID=40&md5=69ce18bbcd89312cc5520c62aacd6556},

doi = {10.1007/s00704-019-02837-5},

issn = {0177798X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},

volume = {138},

number = {1-2},

pages = {417-431},

publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},

abstract = {The paper focuses on investigation of ‘twin’ subtropical oceanic highs of the Northern Hemisphere, i.e. the Azores High (AH) and the Hawaiian High (HH) in January and July based on gridded 2.5° × 2.5° data of Reanalysis Project of the National Center for Atmospheric Research for the period 1948–2018. The aim is to answer three questions: (1) Are there any connections between AH and HH (both within and between the systems)? (2) What is the long-term variability and trends of the basic characteristics of AH and HH? (3) Do the AH and HH move, and if so, in what directions? The most important results are as follows: (1) the long-term trend of sea level air pressure in the AH centre in January is positive, statistically significant with the increase of 0.63 hPa/10 years, (2) pressure in both centres significantly relates with the latitude of each system; variables characterising the HH in January explain 11% of variation of the variables of the AH in July, (3) the NE-SW/SW-NE index proves the shifting of the AH in January from the south-west to the north-east until the 1990s of the twentieth century and again to the south-west in the twenty-first century, (4) the HH in January and July moved generally from the north-east to the south-west until the end of the twentieth century and shifted again to north-east during the twenty-first century, (5) the AH in July was characterised by complicated displacement system with the prevalence of the shifting from the north-east to the south-west with the exception for the period 1980–1990. In winter, the AH moves towards the land area of Europe in the second half of the twentieth century, while the HH moves towards the open Pacific. The statistically significant increase of pressure in the centre of the AH in January is closely related to the shifting of the system to the north-east. The positive pressure trend in the centre of the AH in January combined with the zero trend in July is the cause of diminishing difference between summer and winter air pressure value of the high. Due to increased sea surface temperature of the Atlantic, the AH does not lose its strength in winter as it used to a few decades ago. © 2019, The Author(s).},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85045068690,

title = {Review of Polish contribution to snow cover research (1880-2017)},

author = { M. Falarz and M. Nowosad and E. Bednorz and S. Rasmus},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85045068690&doi=10.2478%2fquageo-2018-0002&partnerID=40&md5=9fac91cc44ca8a7442d4b5232b08842f},

doi = {10.2478/quageo-2018-0002},

issn = {0137477X},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Quaestiones Geographicae},

volume = {37},

number = {1},

pages = {7-22},

publisher = {Adam Mickiewicz University Press},

abstract = {The purpose of this article is to present the development of multifaceted research on snow cover conducted by Polish researchers in various parts of the world since the end of the 19th century up to the modern times. The paper describes Polish studies on physical and chemical properties of snow cover, its long-term changes, relationships between snow cover and climate, impact of snow cover on environmental conditions and human activity. This work is also an attempt to show the contribution of Polish snow-related research to the international achievements in this fields. © 2018 Author(s).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85019255938,

title = {Reconstruction of snow cover duration using solar radiation values (on the example of measurements in Southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland) [Rekonstrukcja czasu zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej na podstawie wartości albedo (na przykładzie pomiarów w południowej czȩści wyżyny Krakowsko-Czȩstochowskiej)]},

author = { M. Falarz and Z.A. Caputa and J. Partyka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019255938&partnerID=40&md5=f3fac6fc7cdf571a400c1acfc999c546},

issn = {00332135},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},

volume = {61},

number = {3-4},

pages = {195-207},

publisher = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},

abstract = {The main objective of the study is methodical one: development of a method to reconstruct the snow cover duration on the basis of measurements of solar radiation. The additional objective is cognitive: comparison of seasonal snow cover duration in various gcomorphological forms: concave (the bottom of the valley) and convex (plateau) and at different heights above sea level. Studies were carried out on the example of the nival conditions in southern Krakow-Czȩstochowa Upland: in Pradnik valley in Ojcow National Park. There were used daily and timely data of total and reflected shortwave solar radiation for the period 2008-2014, on the basis of which albedo values (α; %) were calculated. Actinometric measurements were performed on the Park Zamkowy station (PZ; 322 m a.s.l.) located in the bottom of the valley of Pradnik and in Lepianka Czajowska station (LCZ; 483 m a.s.l.) located on the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland. There were also used daily data describing the thickness of the snow cover in the PZ for the same period. Reconstruction of the number of days with snow cover in the LCZ was performed in three stages: 1.frequency of albedo values were examined in intervals for days with snow cover and days without snow cover in the PZ; 2. simulations of snow cover duration (number of days) were conducted in the PZ using different threshold values (bottom limit) of daily albedo and albedo for 6-9 UTC; 3. limits of albedo designated in the preceding stage research were the basis of reconstruction the number of snow cover in the LCZ; a day with snow cover was the day when the albedo was higher than the established limit values. Designated the boundary values of the albedo is 26% for the entire day and 34% for 6-9 UTC. The difference between these values is the result of albedo dependency on the Sun height. The average annual number of days with snow cover in the investigated period (2008-2014) is 80 in the PZ (observation data) and 75 in LCZ (reconstructed and observation data). In November, when snow cover is created, more days with snow on the ground is observed on the plateau (LCZ: 3 days in average), while from December to March, snow cover occurred longer in the bottom of the valley (PZ). The difference in the snow cover duration between the bottom of the Pradnik valley and the plateau of southern Kraków-Czȩstochowa Upland increases in particular months towards the end of the winter season: it is namely 1 day in January, 2 days in February and 3 days in March. The differences in snow cover duration between the bottom of the valley and the plateau are the resultant of two factors: altitude and topography. The altitude above sea level, plays a more important role in the formation of snow cover, while the morphology of the terrain is of greater importance in the process of melting the snow in the spring.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84871938560,

title = {Seasonal stability of snow cover in Poland in relation to the atmospheric circulation},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871938560&doi=10.1007%2fs00704-012-0642-x&partnerID=40&md5=4c5681c886050910714d9499b7d10700},

doi = {10.1007/s00704-012-0642-x},

issn = {0177798X},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Theoretical and Applied Climatology},

volume = {111},

number = {1-2},

pages = {21-28},

publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},

abstract = {The seasonal stability of snow cover (ISS) was defined as a percentage ratio of the real and the potential snow cover duration in a winter season. Main results of the study are as follows: (1) alternately occurring periods of high and low values of the index of snow cover stability did not appeared simultaneously in mountainous and non-mountainous areas; (2) in the majority of Poland area both zonal and meridional components of the atmospheric circulation influence the ISS; however, in south the meridional air flow reveals the stronger impact, mostly due to the intensification of the southern advection by the foehn effect; and (3) changes of two or three indices describing atmospheric circulation explain up to 50 % of the ISS in Poland. The diminishing stability of snow cover in Poland corresponds with an increasing intensity of the advection from the western sector in winter in the second half of the twentieth century in Europe. © 2012 The Author(s).},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-72249110125,

title = {Variability of selected extreme meteorological events in Poland},

author = { E.B. Łupikasza and Z. Bielec-Bąkowska and M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-72249110125&doi=10.7163%2fGPol.2009.1.1&partnerID=40&md5=4d5002dc00e6498df1959acec3ff407e},

doi = {10.7163/GPol.2009.1.1},

issn = {00167282},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Geographia Polonica},

volume = {82},

number = {1},

pages = {5-20},

publisher = {Polska Akademia Nauk},

abstract = {The principal aim of this paper is to analyze the trends of the multi-annual course of the selected characteristics of extreme precipitation, snow cover and atmospheric thunderstorms in the second half of the twentieth century in Poland. The results of these investigations show that in Poland it is only possible to determine a weak decreasing trend of extreme precipitation events in the S and especially in the SW part of the country. In northern Poland, opposite, although similarly weak, trends have also been observed. It is assumed that the most essential features of long-term changeability of extreme precipitation include a higher than average number of days with extremely high precipitation during the 1960s and 1970s, a distinctly lower frequency of such days during the 1950s, 1980s and in the first half of the 1990s. In Poland it is possible to distinguish four broad homogenous areas in terms of the long-term changes in the occurrence of extreme precipitation events. There is considerable regional differentiation when it comes to the occurrence of thunderstorms in Poland, and their long-term changeability does not show any clear trends. Only three stations have determined a weak increase in the number of thunderstorms during the last 120 years. In some stations, an increase in the number of days with thunderstorms during the winter seasons was also observed. There were no significant trends in extreme snow cover in Poland. The periods that contained large and small areas of extreme snow cover thickness occurred alternately. Since the winter season 1987/88, the area of extremely thin snow cover has remained at a relatively high level.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-37249016445,

title = {Snow cover variability in Poland in relation to the macro- and mesoscale atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-37249016445&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1505&partnerID=40&md5=25473052d5ce21d8e51ba43cab98de9c},

doi = {10.1002/joc.1505},

issn = {08998418},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Climatology},

volume = {27},

number = {15},

pages = {2069-2081},

abstract = {The main aim of the study is to investigate the atmospheric circulation impact on snow cover duration (SCD) and maximum seasonal depth of snow cover (MDS) in Poland in the twentieth century. The most important is to answer four questions: (1) which of the two, macro- or mesoscale atmospheric circulation, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes in Poland area? (2) which of the two, meridional (S-N/N-S) or zonal (W-E/E-W) advection, dominates in influencing the snow cover variability and changes? (3) are the atmospheric circulation-snow cover relationships stable with time or did they change in circulation epochs? (4) does any strong relation exist between the snow cover in Poland and the atmospheric circulation enabling the possibility to forecast the nival conditions for the next winter season? The principal results of the study are as follows: (1) the macroscale circulation connected to atmospheric patterns over the Atlantic Ocean impacts stronger on the SCD variability in Poland than the circulation patterns located directly over the Poland area; (2) during the period 1966/67-1995/96 the zonal circulation dominated over the meridional one in influencing the SCD variability and change (the exceptions were areas with the most intensive foehn effect); (3) the decreasing trend of the dependence strength of the SCD on the meridional circulation with respect to the increasing tendency for zonal circulation-SCD impact was observed in the twentieth century; (4) the meridional circulation dominated over the zonal one in influencing the SCD till the 1930s of the twentieth century only (5) the snow cover in Poland is positively correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in October prior to the winter season. The instability of the snow cover dependence on the atmospheric circulation in the twentieth century corresponds roughly to the circulation epochs and periods of intensity changes of the zonal/ meridional advection over Europe. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society.},

note = {41},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-38149076370,

title = {Detection and correction of inhomogeneity in the long-term snow cover series [Wykrywanie i korekta niejednorodności wieloletnich serii niwalnych]},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-38149076370&partnerID=40&md5=72bbf20e4246eb9f0f8eef6ffb71baaa},

issn = {01371983},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B},

volume = {61},

pages = {155-163},

abstract = {The aim of the study is verifying and correction of the homogeneity of snow cover series in Poland. The homogeneity of 50-year (1948/49-1997/ 98) series of the snow cover duration, the seasonal maximum depth and the sum of snow cover depth in 66 meteorological stations was investigated using the Alexandersson test. The correction procedure was based on the assumption of equal averages of ratios (or more seldom of differences) of snow cover values of the homogenised and the reference series for the periods before and after the homogeneity break. For the majority of cases the snow cover data before the homogeneity break were transformed. The snow cover duration series appeared to be the most sensitive to the homogeneity break. The inhomogeneities of these series were found in 12 meteorological stations in Poland. The main reasons for the inhomogeneities were changes in stations location, in particular these with significant altitude change (± 30 m to above ± 60 m). In some cases the reason for the break of snow series homogeneity was not explicit. In no case more than one homogeneity break in one series was detected. The Alexandersson test turned out to be helpful for the verifying of the homogeneity of long-term snow cover series. The verifying of the nival series homogeneity and the correction of inhomogeneous series enable to exclude incorrect results of the investigation and to avoid false conclusions, in particular these regarding the long-term climate changes.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-29844445172,

title = {Days with sultry weather in Poland [Dni z pogoda parna na obszarze Polski]},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-29844445172&partnerID=40&md5=4e6fed089689eb817b55c91d2b31354b},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {77},

number = {3},

pages = {311-323},

abstract = {The study concerns the occurrence of sultriness (with vapour pressure ≥ 18.8 hPa) across Poland. The spatial distribution of the number of days with sultry weather at 12 Coordinated Universal Time was analysed on the basis of data from 53 Polish meteorological stations over the period 1961-2000 (Fig. 2). The direction and magnitude of changes in the number of sultry days in the second half of the 20th century were investigated at a few measurement points, and the 24-hour course and duration of sultriness were also studied. The most important results of the investi gation can be expressed as follows: 1) the average number of days with sultry weather at 12 UTC is steadily greater as one moves across Poland in the NW-SE direction (Fig. 3A); the exceptions are the coastal area (with more sultry days than neighbouring regions) and that of mountains above ca. 1200 m a.s.l. in which sultry days do not occur; 2) the worst bioclimatic conditions in respect of sultriness exist in south-eastern Poland, while the best (most favorable) are in northern and western parts (away from the coast), and in the mountains; 3) the year-on-year variability in the number of sultry days is lowest in south-eastern Poland (40-50%), and highest in the low-mountain area (near to the upper limit for the occurrence of sultriness) and in some regions of northern Poland (>60%; Fig. 3C); 4) on 10-30% of the days with sultry weather at 12 UTC in the coastal area and 40-50% of such a days in most of the rest of Poland, the air temperature at 12 UTC was above 25°C (Fig. 3E); 5) other than in western Poland, an upward trend of statistical significance (at the 0.05 level) was observed in the second half of the 20th century for the number of sultry days (Fig. 4); 6) sultry weather is noted most often at 18 UTC, while it is rarest at 3 UTC (Fig. 5A); 7) the period 1966-2002 manifested an upward trend for the number of cases in which sultry weather persisted for at least 24 hours; at the same time, there was an upward trend for the duration of periods with sultry weather (Figs. 5C, 5D).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-27244457495,

title = {The influence of North Atlantic surface temperature on the snow cover duration in Poland [Wpływ zmian temperatury powierzchni Atlantyku północnego na czas zalegania pokrywy śnieżnej w Polsce]},

author = { M. Falarz and A.A. Marsz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-27244457495&partnerID=40&md5=898a524902c5369ea3e4cac816a55a39},

issn = {00332135},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geofizyczny},

volume = {50},

number = {1-2},

pages = {13-29},

abstract = {The aim of this paper is to find an answer to the question whether there are statistically significant relationships between the snow cover duration in Poland and the sea surface temperature of different regions in the North Atlantic Ocean. Connections of the number of days with snow cover in the winter season at 66 meteorological stations located in Poland with anomalies of mean monthly sea surface temperature of the North Atlantic in so called "control grids" and with a few of the indices describing, in a complex way, some of the features of the changes in the heat distribution in the North Atlantic were examined using the methods of correlation and simple and multiple regressions. The correlations between the thermal conditions of the North Atlantic and the snow cover duration are synchronically - the observed changes in the duration of the period with snow cover are delayed by 4-5 months when referred to the year in which the changes in sea surface temperature took place. These correlations are relatively weak and changeable over time. They become stronger in periods in which zonal circulation prevails and at the time of stronger influence of meridional circulation they weaken. The sea areas whose changeability in thermal conditions indicates strongest correlations with the snow cover duration in Poland are located in the west part of the Atlantic Ocean. The snow cover duration in Poland is significantly influenced by the changes in thermal conditions of the Sargasso Sea over the period from January to May preceding the winter season and by the changes in currents regimes: 1) the cold Labrador Current in spring preceding the winter season and 2) the warm Florida Current in the period of winter preceding a winter season in Poland. The larger are heat resources in waters of the Sargasso Sea, the greater is the transport of warm waters carried with the Gulfstream and the stronger the influence of the cooled waters of the Labrador Current becomes, the shorter is the duration of snow cover in Poland in the following winter. The complex influence of the selected features of the sea surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean illustrated with the help of three combined indices enables to explain 53% of the many year changeability in the mean duration of the snow cover in Poland and 63% of changeability in the number of days with snow cover in the north east part of Poland. However, the standard estimation error remains at quite high level (20% or more of the mean many year value of the snow cover duration).},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-9744268980,

title = {Variability and trends in the duration and depth of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-9744268980&doi=10.1002%2fjoc.1093&partnerID=40&md5=62ace2ecae54949ed2209cd060afa70c},

doi = {10.1002/joc.1093},

issn = {08998418},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Climatology},

volume = {24},

number = {13},

pages = {1713-1727},

abstract = {This study investigates the changes and variability of the number of days with snow cover of ≥1 cm depth and the seasonal maximum snow cover depth at 66 meteorological stations throughout Poland, spanning a period of 50 (1948-49 to 1997-98) to 108 (1895-96 to 2002-03) winter seasons. A slight decreasing trend was observed with snow cover characteristics in most of Poland during the second half of the 20th century, but no change was distinguished for the longer periods. The snow cover changes are related to circulation changes, and particularly to the increased frequency of western advection over Poland. However, the scale of the snow cover change is not proportional to the air temperature changes, which have been found in many previous studies to display an increasing statistically significant trend in winter. An increasing trend of snow cover in the last 50 winter seasons is observed in areas with abundant snow cover only, i.e. in northeastern Poland (snow cover depth) and in the mountains (snow cover duration). In lowland areas of Poland the snow cover duration indicates an 8 year periodicity. The year-to-year variability of snow cover has been increasing, particularly during the second half of the 20th century. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.},

note = {64},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-4344697416,

title = {Change and variability of snow cover in Poland during the 20th century [Changements et variabilite de la duree de la persistance et de l'epaisseur du couche de neige en Pologne au XXe siecle]},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4344697416&partnerID=40&md5=5d6adc31649d23743b3dcd9aa9bc7c9c},

issn = {00125032},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Dokumentacja Geograficzna},

number = {29},

pages = {108-112},

abstract = {The aim of the study is to investigate long-term changes and variability of snow cover in Poland in the 20th century. The investigation involved homogenised data on the snow cover duration and seasonal maximum depth of snow cover from 66 meteorological stations in Poland spanning 50 to 108 winter seasons.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0036320985,

title = {Long-term variability in reconstructed and observed snow cover over the last 100 winter seasons in Cracow and Zakopane (southern Poland)},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036320985&doi=10.3354%2fcr019247&partnerID=40&md5=372bb487ccfb0897fbf52f5990b42238},

doi = {10.3354/cr019247},

issn = {0936577X},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Climate Research},

volume = {19},

number = {3},

pages = {247-256},

publisher = {Inter-Research},

abstract = {An attempt to reconstruct the seasonal snow cover data in Cracow (for 26 winter seasons) and Zakopane (for 19 winter seasons) at the turn of the 20th century based on climatic data was made by using multiple regression. The results of the reconstruction were more successful for the station located at lower altitude (Cracow, 206 m above sea level) and allowed an analysis of nival conditions to be extended over 104 winter seasons. The reconstructed data obtained for Zakopane (857 m above sea level) appear to be overestimated for the number of snow cover days and sum of daily snow cover depth. Thus, they were excluded from further calculations. The mean snow cover duration at Zakopane (128 d yr-1) is twice as long as that at Cracow. An analysis of long-term variability of seasonal snow cover duration, seasonal maximum snow depth and sum of daily snow cover depth in Cracow for the period 1895/96-1998/99 and in Zakopane for the periods 1895/96-1998/99 and 1914/15-1998/99 showed no statistically significant trend in any case. The statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing trend of snow cover duration at both stations (-13 d/10 yr in Cracow, -8 d/10 yr in Zakopane) in the period 1961-1990 could be selected for the whole period investigated. The variation coefficient for snow cover duration is over twice as large for Cracow (37%) as for Zakopane (15%).},

note = {30},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0036081817,

title = {The climatic causes of changes and long-term variability in the snow cover of the Polish Tatra Mountains [Klimatyczne przyczyny zmian i wieloletniej zmienności wystepowania pokrywy śnieżnej w polskich Tatrach]},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036081817&partnerID=40&md5=9be275c08739592cd7758562161f2895},

issn = {00332143},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geograficzny},

volume = {74},

number = {1},

pages = {83-108},

abstract = {The project investigated the dependence between long-term snow cover variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains and changes in major climatic factors (air circulation, temperature and precipitation) as analysed individually and in combination. The results are as follows: - the greatest relative changes of snow cover are indicated by the seasonal maximum and sum of daily snow cover depth across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains (with a downward trend in most cases); - the meridional (N-S/S-N) atmospheric circulation clearly predominates over the zonal (W-E/E-W) circulation in the shaping of snow conditions and their long-term variability in the Polish Tatra Mountains. This is caused by the amplifying effect the foehn winds have on the differences between the northerly and southerly atmospheric circulation; - mean maximum air temperature has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of snow cover at the foot of the Tatra-Mountains. A diminishing of this effect with altitude is caused by the fact that air temperature remains irrelevant to snow conditions (stays below 0°C) for a longer and longer part of the year with increasing altitude above sea level; -snowfall has the greatest impact on the long-term variability of the snow cover across the entire vertical profile of the Tatra Mountains. Just as with air temperature, its impact grows weaker with greater altitude above sea level; - an analysis of the combined effect of the factors on snow cover variability over time confirms the dominating role of snowfall at all analysed altitudes. At the foot of the Tatra Mountains, the mean maximum temperature and the N-S/S-N circulation also proved to be significant within the combined climatic factor impact; - the combined effect of the three main climatic factors on snow cover accounts for between 24 and 66 per cent of its long-term variability, respectively in the highest climatic zones and at the foot of the mountains; - the weakening correlation between snow cover variability and the climatic elements and factors analysed which is noted with altitude indicates that other factors, not covered here, have a growing impact on the long-term changes of snow cover in higher climatic zones. The most significant of these factors include the wind and sun conditions.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0034590103,

title = {Methods of the reconstruction of snow cover in the period before regular nival observations (with an example of Cracow) [Metody rekonstrukcji pokrywy śnieznej w okresie przed rozpoczȩciem regularnych obserwacji niwalnych (na przykładzie Krakowa)]},

author = { M. Falarz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034590103&partnerID=40&md5=d8475bc9406a8729e71ce06eba25791c},

issn = {01371983},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska. Sectio B},

number = {55-56},

pages = {133-144},

abstract = {The paper contains a description, application and comparison of three methods of the snow cover reconstruction based on available data of climatic elements and indices. The reconstruction allows to extend an analysis of nival conditions in Cracow over 105 winter seasons (1895/96-1999/2000). The multiple regression method was used to reconstruct a seasonal (method 1) and monthly (method 2) number of days with snow cover. Brown and Goodison's (1996) method based on a model including the daily precipitation and temperature data was adopted and used for the reconstruction of daily snow cover depth (method 3). All methods were calibrated in a basic period, then verified in an independent control period when both snow cover and other climatic data were available and finally were used for the reconstruction of nival conditions in the period before the beginning of regular snow cover observations. The results of snow cover reconstruction are satisfactory for all three methods. The best results seem to be obtained for the method 3, indicating the smallest differences between reconstructed and observed snow cover characteristics.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}