@article{2-s2.0-85208802198,

title = {Unique internal anatomy of vertebrae as a key factor for neck elongation in Triassic archosauromorphs},

author = { A. Rytel and D. Surmik and T. Szczygielski and S.N.F. Spiekman and T. van de Kamp and M. Zuber and T.M. Scheyer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85208802198&doi=10.1093%2fzoolinnean%2fzlae126&partnerID=40&md5=81daa9c4078217c905bc2572ffd9bfcf},

doi = {10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae126},

issn = {00244082},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},

volume = {202},

number = {3},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {The Triassic was a key period in the evolution of vertebrates, and reptiles in particular, giving rise to a plethora of successful lineages, some of which are still extant. One of the groups that flourished during the early Mesozoic were the tanysaurians (Archosauromorpha: Tanysauria). They had elongate neck vertebrae that in some genera reached extreme proportions. Here, we provide the first comprehensive description of the internal structure of these extraordinary elements, focusing on the famously bizarre Tanystropheus. Through computed tomography and sectioning, we were able to reveal some intriguing features comparable to those seen in pterosaurs and birds. However, contrary to what we see in pneumatic bones, cervicals of tanysaurians contain a singular voluminous cavity. This results in a cylindrical structure in these vertebrae, which likely provided durability, while contributing less to the weight of the neck. These insights are relevant for better understanding of a unique and extreme anatomy among tetrapods, which evolved as a result of very strict selection for some particular function. Importantly, our findings demonstrate that major modifications of the internal anatomy of vertebrae were not unique to derived avemetatarsalians (pterosaurs and dinosaurs), but more widespread among reptiles. © 2024 The Linnean Society of London.},

note = {0},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85165920613,

title = {The first record of fossilized soft parts in ossified tendons and implications for the understanding of tendon mineralization},

author = { D. Surmik and J. Słowiak and T. Szczygielski and M. Wojtyniak and D. Środek and M. Dulski and K. Balin and T. Krzykawski and R. Pawlicki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85165920613&doi=10.1093%2fzoolinnean%2fzlad001&partnerID=40&md5=4c921660ed7448c615950e932ab929a9},

doi = {10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad001},

issn = {00244082},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society},

volume = {198},

number = {3},

pages = {747-766},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

abstract = {Preservation of soft parts (collagen fibres; blood vessels and cells) in extinct vertebrates is rare and usually limited to fossilized bone and cartilage. Well-preserved coarse collagenous fibre bundles embedded in a mineralized matrix of tendons, as well as numerous hollow, tubular structures consistent morphologically with fibril bundles, blood vessels and associated cells, were identified in ossified tendons of Late Cretaceous ornithischians from North America and Central East Asia. Detailed, high-accuracy imaging, along with spectroscopic characterization of those fibrous structures and comparison with ossified tendons of modern-day turkeys, support the proposition that physiologically driven tendon ossification is common for avians and non-avian dinosaurs. The examined soft parts were preserved through the pathway of iron-induced crosslinking and alumino-silification, documenting a variety of pathways for the preservation of soft parts, depending on the burial environment. For the first time, the structure of dinosaur fossilized tendons is analysed in detail, revealing shared histogenetic principles with modern birds and the nature of preservation. © 2023 The Linnean Society of London.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85146349141,

title = {Bone abnormalities in the middle Anisian marine sauropsids from Winterswijk},

author = { D. Surmik and T. Szczygielski and J. Słowiak and M.P. Sander and B. Rothschild and P. Duda and N. Klein},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85146349141&doi=10.1002%2fjmor.21550&partnerID=40&md5=dac1f26a175dbec5bc10cc841bfa1682},

doi = {10.1002/jmor.21550},

issn = {03622525},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Morphology},

volume = {284},

number = {2},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {While the occurrence of skeletal pathologies in Middle Triassic marine reptiles has been poorly documented until now, massive accumulations of bone remains from the Germanic Basin provide the opportunities for documentation. Herein, we describe skeletal abnormalities in the Middle Triassic bone material from the Vossenveld Formation of Winterswijk, the Netherlands. The aim of the study is to distinguish in the studied bones pathologies resulting from malady or trauma and taphonomic alterations. Furthermore, an attempt was made to assess on how the pathologies also represent paleoecological data. Our survey led to the identification of one broken and healed bone, one case of abnormal coossification, and one case of posttraumatic fibro-osseous dysplasia. While the latter two pathologies give little insight into the ecology and function of the affected animals, the fractured dentary is attributed to Nothosaurus marchicus, a common sauropterygian macropredator. It proves that the individual survived long enough to heal, despite the injury hampering its hunting potential. One abnormally shaped humerus is interpreted as postmortem taphonomic deformation, emphasizing the necessity of utilization of detailed diagnostics to distinguish actual paleopathologies from nonbiological distortion. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Morphology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85144158378,

title = {An insight into cancer palaeobiology: does the Mesozoic neoplasm support tissue organization field theory of tumorigenesis?},

author = { D. Surmik and J. Słowiak and T. Szczygielski and M. Kamaszewski and S. Kalita and E.M. Teschner and D. Dróżdż and P. Duda and B. Rothschild and D. Konietzko-Meier},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85144158378&doi=10.1186%2fs12862-022-02098-3&partnerID=40&md5=14cc2eb16a5fb63d3c40c812238a980f},

doi = {10.1186/s12862-022-02098-3},

issn = {27307182},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {BMC Ecology and Evolution},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

publisher = {BioMed Central Ltd},

abstract = {Background: Neoplasms are common across the animal kingdom and seem to be a feature plesiomorphic for metazoans, related with an increase in somatic complexity. The fossil record of cancer complements our knowledge of the origin of neoplasms and vulnerability of various vertebrate taxa. Here, we document the first undoubted record of primary malignant bone tumour in a Mesozoic non-amniote. The diagnosed osteosarcoma developed in the vertebral intercentrum of a temnospondyl amphibian, Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Krasiejów locality, southern Poland. Results: A wide array of data collected from gross anatomy, histology, and microstructure of the affected intercentrum reveals the tumour growth dynamics and pathophysiological aspects of the neoplasm formation on the histological level. The pathological process almost exclusively pertains to the periosteal part of the bone composed from a highly vascularised tissue with lamellar matrix. The unorganised arrangement of osteocyte lacunae observed in the tissue is characteristic for bone tissue types connected with static osteogenesis, and not for lamellar bone. The neoplastic bone mimics on the structural level the fast growing fibrolamellar bone, but on the histological level develops through a novel ossification type. The physiological process of bone remodelling inside the endochondral domain continued uninterrupted across the pathology of the periosteal part. Conclusions: Based on the results, we discuss our case study’s consistence with the Tissue Organization Field Theory of tumorigenesis, which locates the causes of neoplastic transformations in disorders of tissue architecture. © 2022, The Author(s).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85136129187,

title = {Comparative actualistic study hints at origins of alleged Miocene coprolites of Poland},

author = { T. Brachaniec and D. Środek and D. Surmik and R. Niedźwiedzki and G.L. Georgalis and B.J. Płachno and P. Duda and A. Lukeneder and P. Gorzelak and M.A. Salamon},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85136129187&doi=10.7717%2fpeerj.13652&partnerID=40&md5=68ca76356155997e9fb15891668b4cd0},

doi = {10.7717/peerj.13652},

issn = {21678359},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {10},

publisher = {PeerJ Inc.},

abstract = {Excrement-shaped ferruginous masses have been recovered from the Miocene of Turów mine in south-western Poland. These siderite masses have been the subject of much controversy, having been interpreted either as being coprolites, cololithes or pseudofossils created by mechanical deformation of plastic sediment. Here we present the results of mineralogical, geochemical, petrographic and microtomographical analyses. Our data indicate that these masses consist of siderite and iron oxide rather than phosphate, and rarely contain recognizable food residues, which may suggest abiotic origins of these structures. On the other hand, evidence in support of a fecal origin include: (i) the presence of two distinct morphotypes differing in size and shape, (ii) the presence of rare hair-like structures or coalified inclusions and (iii) the presence of rare fine striations on the surface. Importantly, comparative actualistic study of recent vertebrate feces shows overall resemblance of the first morphotype (sausage-shaped with rare coalified debris) to excrements of testudinoid turtles (Testudinoidea), whose shell fragment was found in the investigated locality. The second morphotype (rounded to oval-shaped with hair-like structures), in turn, is similar to the feces of some snakes (Serpentes), the remains of which were noted in the Miocene of the neighborhood areas. Other potential producers (such as lizards and crocodiles) and even abiotic origins cannot be fully excluded but are less likely. Copyright 2022 Brachaniec et al.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85107717672,

title = {Dinosaur senescence: a hadrosauroid with age-related diseases brings a new perspective of “old” dinosaurs},

author = { J. Słowiak and T. Szczygielski and B.M. Rothschild and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107717672&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-021-91366-1&partnerID=40&md5=9e8dd669f2de09a934de970004209dcd},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-021-91366-1},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {Senile vertebrates are extremely rare in the fossil record, making their recognition difficult. Here we present the largest known representative of the Late Cretaceous hadrosauriform Gobihadros mongoliensis showing features of cessation of growth indicating attainment of the terminal size. Moreover, this is the first non-avian dinosaur with an age-related pathology recognized as primary calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease indicating its advanced age. Because senile dinosaurs are so rare and thus “senescence” in dinosaurs is unclear, we also propose a new unified definition of a senile dinosaur: an individual which achieved the terminal size as revealed by the presence of the external fundamental system and closed transcortical channels, has completely secondary remodeled weight-bearing bones and possesses non-traumatic, non-contagious bone pathologies correlated with advanced age. © 2021, The Author(s).},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85114428654,

title = {The oldest nautiloid recorded from the Triassic Germanic Basin and the first ammonoid from the Aegean (Middle Triassic) of Poland [Le plus ancien nautiloïde du Trias du bassin germanique et la première ammonoïde de l’Égéen (Trias Moyen) de Pologne]},

author = { R. Niedźwiedzki and D. Surmik and A. Chećko and K. Paszcza and S. Jain and M.A. Salamon},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114428654&doi=10.1016%2fj.annpal.2021.102507&partnerID=40&md5=c152b9969b2c4182a7e2d3c3391c86c9},

doi = {10.1016/j.annpal.2021.102507},

issn = {07533969},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Annales de Paleontologie},

volume = {107},

number = {3},

publisher = {Elsevier Masson s.r.l.},

abstract = {During the Triassic in Europe, the Germanic Basin extended from England in the west to the eastern border of Poland in the east. Although cephalopods are common in some Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) horizons, there still persists a gap in the palaeontological record of the eastern part of the Germanic Basin, notably in the lowermost parts of the Lower Muschelkalk, spanning the latest Olenekian-Aegean interval. The present contribution attempts to fill this gap by presenting the first ammonoid (ceratitid Beneckeia sp.) and nautiloids (Germanonautilus cf. dolomiticus and G. cf. salinarius) from the Lower Gogolin Beds (Upper Silesia; Poland). These Germanonautilus are the oldest nautiloids found in the entire Germanic Basin. © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85115978282,

title = {Bone histology of eosauropterygian diapsid Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the middle triassic of Poland reveals new insights into taxonomic affinities},

author = { N. Klein and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85115978282&doi=10.4202%2fAPP.00850.2020&partnerID=40&md5=c34ab1db68ec38c75a61a82909762507},

doi = {10.4202/APP.00850.2020},

issn = {05677920},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Acta Palaeontologica Polonica},

volume = {66},

publisher = {Instytut Paleobiologii PAN},

abstract = {The status of Proneusticosaurus silesiacus from the Lower Muschelkalk (lower Anisian) of Poland is controversially discussed. Its femur was histologically sampled to learn more about its taxonomic affinities and life style. It shows a reduced central medullary cavity surrounded by a narrow medullary region and followed by a thick compact cortex, displaying strong osteosclerosis. The tissue type can be summarized as lamellar-zonal. The inner third of the cortex consists of well vascularized parallel-fibred bone and is interpreted as a phase of juvenile growth, whereas the middle and outer cortex is made of highly organized parallel-fibred to lamellar bone. Except for the inner cortex and local accumulations of longitudinally primary osteons in the middle cortex, the femur is widely avascular. The cortex of P. silesiacus is regularly stratified by rest lines. Altogether seven annual growth cycles are counted. The very low growth rate of P. silesiacus, as deduced from tissue type, makes taxonomical affinities to Nothosaurus spp. or basal pistosauroids (i.e.; humeri of aff. Cymatosaurus sp.) very unlikely. Proneusticosaurus silesiacus femoral histology does also not match any of the here studied femora of Eosauropterygia indet. Proneusticosaurus silesiacus shares similar low growth rates, the osteosclerotic femur, as well as pachyostotic vertebrae and ribs with the pachypleurosaurs Dactylosaurus gracilis and Neusticosaurus spp. and with the nothosaur Lariosaurus sp. These features are, however, most likely convergent and reflect the degree of secondary aquatic adaptation in shallow marine inhabitants. The high organized and low vascularized tissue, the implied low growth rate, the plesiomorphic femur morphology, and the strongly inclined zygapophyses of the vertebrae (contra roughly horizontal zygapophyses in other Eosauropterygia), makes P. silesiacus unique and evidence that this genus represents a valid genus within early Eosauropterygia. Proneusticosaurus silesiacus might represent one of the most basal members of Eosauropterygia so far known. © 2021 N. Klein and D. Surmik. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (for details please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85064056949,

title = {Iron-mediated deep-time preservation of osteocytes in a Middle Triassic reptile bone},

author = { D. Surmik and M. Dulski and B. Kremer and J. Szade and R. Pawlicki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064056949&doi=10.1080%2f08912963.2019.1599884&partnerID=40&md5=f390660cce95ef42a3bf316c0c40c56a},

doi = {10.1080/08912963.2019.1599884},

issn = {08912963},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Historical Biology},

volume = {33},

number = {2},

pages = {186-193},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Fossil bone cells (osteocytes) are known mainly from the shape-casting vacuities they leave behind after cell decay; however, they may occasionally be preserved as three-dimensionally fossilized soft parts. Here we present brownish to rust-coloured microbodies, extracted from a Middle Triassic (ca. 245 Ma) bone of the reptile Nothosaurus, which are morphologically consistent with bone cells of present-day vertebrates. In situ imaging shows that these structures, which are reminiscent of bone cells, are harboured in lacunae framed by the bone matrix. Chemical characterization using energy-dispersive X-ray, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of various phases of iron oxide mineralization. The predominant mineral phases are hematite and goethite; magnetite and maghemite appear to occur sporadically. It is not clear how these nanograined mineral phases were formed. Most likely mineralization proceeded very early and was triggered by local microenvironmental conditions favouring the precipitation of iron phases. The absence of a distinct signal indicating organic molecules suggests that the original bone cells underwent autolysis or other degradative processes before or during mineralization. © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85097840539,

title = {Assessment of serpulid-hydroid association through the Jurassic: A case study from the Polish Basin},

author = { J. Słowiński and D. Surmik and P. Duda and M. Zatoń},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097840539&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0242924&partnerID=40&md5=044fa35c9895ec4524847cf394eebc64},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0242924},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {15},

number = {12 December},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {The coexistence of sessile, tube-dwelling polychaetes (serpulids) and hydroids, has been investigated. Serpulid tubes bearing traces after hydroids are derived from different stratigraphic intervals spanning the Middle and Upper Jurassic, the rocks of which represent the diverse paleoenvironments of the Polish Basin. Although fossil colonial hydroids classified under the species Protulophila gestroi are a commonly occurring symbiont of these polychaetes during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, they seem to be significantly less frequent during the Jurassic and limited to specific paleoenvironments. The hydroids described here are represented by traces after a thin stolonal network with elongated polyp chambers that open to the outer polychaete tube’s surface with small, more or less subcircular apertures. Small chimney-like bulges around openings are an effect of the incorporation of the organism by in vivo embedment (bioclaustration) within the outer layers of the calcareous tube of the serpulid host. Considering the rich collection of well-preserved serpulid tubes (>3000 specimens), the frequency of bioclaustrated hydroids is very low, with an infestation percentage of only 0.6% (20 cases). It has been noticed that only specimens of the genus Propomatoceros from the Upper Bajocian, Lower Bathonian, Middle Bathonian, and Callovian have been found infested. However, the majority of bioclaustrated hydroids (17 cases) have been recorded in the Middle Bathonian serpulid species Propomatoceros lumbricalis coming from a single sampled site. Representatives of other genera are not affected, which is congruent with previous reports indicating that Protulophila gestroi was strongly selective in the choice of its host. A presumably commensal relationship is compared with the recent symbiosis between the hydroids of the genus Proboscidactyla and certain genera of sabellid polychaetes. © 2020 Słowiński et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85096575039,

title = {Bromalites from the Upper Triassic Polzberg section (Austria); insights into trophic interactions and food chains of the Polzberg palaeobiota},

author = { A. Lukeneder and D. Surmik and P. Gorzelak and R. Niedźwiedzki and T. Brachaniec and M.A. Salamon},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85096575039&doi=10.1038%2fs41598-020-77017-x&partnerID=40&md5=4b8339f8cb67dfe6fe34ae9504138037},

doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-77017-x},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

publisher = {Nature Research},

abstract = {A rich assemblage of various types of bromalites from the lower Carnian “Konservat-Lagerstätte” from the Reingraben Shales in Polzberg (Northern Calcareous Alps; Lower Austria) is described for the first time in detail. They comprise large regurgitalites consisting of numerous entire shells of ammonoid Austrotrachyceras or their fragments and rare teuthid arm hooks, and buccal cartilage of Phragmoteuthis. Small coprolites composed mainly of fish remains were also found. The size, shape and co-occurrence with vertebrate skeletal remains imply that regurgitalites were likely produced by large durophagous fish (most likely by cartilaginous fish Acrodus). Coprolites, in turn, were likely produced by medium-sized piscivorous actinopterygians. Our findings are consistent with other lines of evidence suggesting that durophagous predation has been intense during the Triassic and that the so-called Mesozoic marine revolution has already started in the early Mesozoic. © 2020, The Author(s).},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85088025034,

title = {Echinococcal hydatid cysts in a Pleistocene Camel},

author = { B.M. Rothschild and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088025034&doi=10.1080%2f08912963.2020.1792896&partnerID=40&md5=1668ce800d53b19a62372b697a30ce9c},

doi = {10.1080/08912963.2020.1792896},

issn = {08912963},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Historical Biology},

pages = {1-5},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {Echinococcal infection in camels has been considered a disease of domestication. Observation of bone lesions in a fossil camel further challenges the concept of such derivation. A metapodial of fossil camel, Camelops was examined macroscopically and radiologically. For comparative purposes, the gross anatomy of recent bovine bone with similar lesions was studied. Several slightly elliptical cystic metaphyseal cortical lesions, 7 × 9 mm in size, and smooth borders were recognised in the examined fossil. The studied lesions are interpreted as hydatid cyst pockets. Differential diagnosis suggests a hydatism as the most probable aetiology, documenting the oldest case of echinococcosis. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85062167537,

title = {New tomographic contribution to characterizing mesosaurid congenital scoliosis},

author = { T. Szczygielski and D. Dróżdż and D. Surmik and A. Kapuścińska and B.M. Rothschild},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062167537&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0212416&partnerID=40&md5=1c7db8552802df35dc0569bbb8f454f1},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0212416},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {14},

number = {2},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {The presence of a pathology in the vertebral column of the early Permian mesosaurid specimen ZPAL R VII/1, being one of the oldest amniotic occurrences of congenital scoliosis caused by a hemivertebra, was recently recognized. Here we provide CT data to further characterize the phenomenon. The affected hemivertebra is wedged (incarcerated) between the preceding and succeeding vertebrae. The neural canal is misshapen but continuous and the number of dorsal ribs on each side of the specimen corresponds with the number of the vertebrae, documenting its congenital (homeobox-related) derivation. © 2019 Szczygielski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85048297811,

title = {Tuberculosis-like respiratory infection in 245-million-year-old marine reptile suggested by bone pathologies},

author = { D. Surmik and T. Szczygielski and K. Janiszewska and B.M. Rothschild},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85048297811&doi=10.1098%2frsos.180225&partnerID=40&md5=68aa9a3aed0384cf47a6bac2a1e95b01},

doi = {10.1098/rsos.180225},

issn = {20545703},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Royal Society Open Science},

volume = {5},

number = {6},

publisher = {Royal Society Publishing},

abstract = {An absence of ancient archaeological and palaeontological evidence of pneumonia contrasts with its recognition in the more recent archaeological record. We document an apparent infection-mediated periosteal reaction affecting the dorsal ribs in a Middle Triassic eosauropterygian historically referred to as ‘Proneusticosaurus’ silesiacus. Highresolution X-ray microtomography and histological studies of the pathologically altered ribs revealed the presence of a continuous solid periosteal reaction with multiple superficial blebs (protrusions) on the visceral surfaces of several ribs. Increased vascularization and uneven lines of arrested growth document that the pathology was the result of a multiseasonal disease. While visceral surface localization of this periosteal reaction represents the earliest identified evidence for pneumonia, the blebs may have an additional implication: they have only been previously recognized in humans with tuberculosis (TB). Along with this diagnosis is the presence of focal vertebral erosions, parsimoniously compared to vertebral manifestation of TB in humans. © 2018 The Authors.},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85029873786,

title = {The oldest record of aquatic amniote congenital scoliosis},

author = { T. Szczygielski and D. Surmik and A. Kapuścińska and B.M. Rothschild},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85029873786&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0185338&partnerID=40&md5=5986bb10f88c3a5607eb38ed218904dd},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0185338},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {12},

number = {9},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {We report the first occurrence of congenital scoliosis in an early Permian aquatic parareptile, Stereosternum tumidum from Paraná state, Brazil. The spine malformation is caused by a congenital hemivertebra. These observations give insight into the biomechanical aspects of underwater locomotion in an axial skeleton-compromised aquatic amniote. This is the oldest record of a hemivertebra in an aquatic animal. © 2017 Szczygielski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84974733697,

title = {A re-evaluation of the historical ‘dinosaur’ remains from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Poland},

author = { T. Skawiński and M. Ziegler and Ł. Czepiński and M. Szermański and M. Tałanda and D. Surmik and G. Niedźwiedzki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84974733697&doi=10.1080%2f08912963.2016.1188385&partnerID=40&md5=6e8f32ac7112faef96c0ee49a35625bc},

doi = {10.1080/08912963.2016.1188385},

issn = {08912963},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Historical Biology},

volume = {29},

number = {4},

pages = {442-472},

publisher = {Taylor and Francis Ltd.},

abstract = {The so-called historical Polish discoveries of Triassic ‘dinosaurs’ have been repeatedly cited in papers and popular science books. Here, we re-evaluate each historical and purported Triassic dinosaur find from Poland. Additionaly, we describe several supposed ‘dinosaur’ bones collected by Polish geologists but only briefly mentioned: in regional geological journals, on collection labels, or in field notes. We attempt to assign all investigated specimens to the least inclusive taxon possible. Our revision indicates that part of this material represents non-dinosaur archosauromorph taxa. Most of the analysed specimens are fragmentary bones or isolated teeth and are indistinguishable from skeletal elements described from other well-known Triassic archosauromorph taxa. We conclude that fossils of dinosauriforms are present in the Upper Triassic of Silesia and Holy Cross Mountains. New analysis of Velocipes guerichi von Huene, 1932 holotype specimen from Kocury shows that it is the proximal part of fibula of a medium-sized theropod (or even neotheropod). Formally undescribed part of dinosauriform limb bone from the Holy Cross Mountains and V. guerichi from Silesia are the only identifiable dinosauromorph skeletal remains recognised in the Polish Triassic discovered prior to the description of Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Upper Carnian of Krasiejów. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85016394900,

title = {Unusual intraosseous fossilized soft tissues from the middle triassic nothosaurus bone},

author = { D. Surmik and B.M. Rothschild and R. Pawlicki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85016394900&doi=10.1007%2fs00114-017-1451-y&partnerID=40&md5=9883b29a941cff60564bf638c7575244},

doi = {10.1007/s00114-017-1451-y},

issn = {00281042},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Science of Nature},

volume = {104},

number = {3-4},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Fossilized soft tissues, occasionally found together with skeletal remains, provide insights to the physiology and functional morphology of extinct organisms. Herein, we present unusual fossilized structures from the cortical region of bone identified in isolated skeletal remains of Middle Triassic nothosaurs from Upper Silesia, Poland. The ribbed or annuli-shaped structures have been found in a sample of partially demineralized coracoid and are interpreted as either giant red blood cells or as blood vessel walls. The most probable function is reinforcing the blood vessels from changes of nitrogen pressure in air-breathing diving reptiles. These structures seem to have been built of extensible muscle layers which prevent the vessel damage during rapid ascent. Such suspected function presented here is parsimonious with results of previous studies, which indicate rarity of the pathological modification of bones associated with decompression syndrome in Middle Triassic nothosaurs. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85026482754,

title = {Two types of bone necrosis in the middle triassic pistosaurus longaevus bones: The results of integrated studies},

author = { D. Surmik and B.M. Rothschild and M. Dulski and K. Janiszewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026482754&doi=10.1098%2frsos.170204&partnerID=40&md5=e1b7e08250efde1ba447c0be59a640fd},

doi = {10.1098/rsos.170204},

issn = {20545703},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Royal Society Open Science},

volume = {4},

number = {7},

publisher = {Royal Society Publishing},

abstract = {Avascular necrosis, diagnosed on the basis of either a specific pathological modification of the articular surfaces of bone or its radiologic appearance in vertebral centra, has been recognized in many Mesozoic marine reptiles as well as in present-day marine mammals. Its presence in the zoological and paleontologic record is usually associated with decompression syndrome, a disease that affects secondarily aquatic vertebrates that could dive. Bone necrosis can also be caused by infectious processes, but it differs in appearance from decompression syndrome-associated aseptic necrosis. Herein, we report evidence of septic necrosis in the proximal articular surface of the femur of a marine reptile, Pistosaurus longaevus, from the Middle Triassic of Poland and Germany. This is the oldest recognition of septic necrosis associated with septic arthritis in the fossil record so far, and the mineralogical composition of pathologically altered bone is described herein in detail. The occurrence of septic necrosis is contrasted with decompression syndrome-associated avascular necrosis, also described in Pistosaurus longaevus bone from Middle Triassic of Germany. © 2017 The Authors.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84961575435,

title = {Spectroscopic studies on organic matter from triassic reptile bones, Upper Silesia, Poland},

author = { D. Surmik and A. Boczarowski and K. Balin and M. Dulski and J. Szade and B. Kremer and R. Pawlicki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961575435&doi=10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0151143&partnerID=40&md5=d48e06e74a102ceafd8d8f8d9caf96b1},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0151143},

issn = {19326203},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLoS ONE},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

publisher = {Public Library of Science},

abstract = {Fossil biomolecules from an endogenous source were previously identified in Cretaceous to Pleistocene fossilized bones, the evidence coming from molecular analyses. These findings, however, were called into question and an alternative hypothesis of the invasion of the bone by bacterial biofilm was proposed. Herewith we report a new finding of morphologically preserved blood-vessel-like structures enclosing organic molecules preserved in ironoxide-mineralized vessel walls from the cortical region of nothosaurid and tanystropheid (aquatic and terrestrial diapsid reptiles) bones. These findings are from the Early/Middle Triassic boundary (Upper Roetian/Lowermost Muschelkalk) strata of Upper Silesia, Poland. Multiple spectroscopic analyses (FTIR; To F-SIMS; and XPS) of the extracted "blood vessels" showed the presence of organic compounds, including fragments of various amino acids such as hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine as well as amides, that may suggest the presence of collagen protein residues. Because these amino acids are absent from most proteins other than collagen, we infer that the proteinaceous molecules may originate from endogenous collagen. The preservation of molecular signals of proteins within the "blood vessels" was most likely made possible through the process of early diagenetic iron oxide mineralization. This discovery provides the oldest evidence of in situ preservation of complex organic molecules in vertebrate remains in a marine environment. © 2016 Surmik et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.},

note = {25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84954106921,

title = {Theropod courtship: Large scale physical evidence of display arenas and avian-like scrape ceremony behaviour by Cretaceous dinosaurs},

author = { M.G. Lockley and R.T. Mccrea and L.G. Buckley and J. Deock Lim and N.A. Matthews and B.H. Breithaupt and K.J. Houck and G.D. Gierliński and D. Surmik and K.S. Kim and L. Xing and D.Y. Kong and K. Cart and J. Martin and G. Hadden},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954106921&doi=10.1038%2fsrep18952&partnerID=40&md5=8cb8e3c6d8280ba92884226d7cf4f782},

doi = {10.1038/srep18952},

issn = {20452322},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {6},

publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},

abstract = {Relationships between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and extant and fossil birds are a major focus of current paleobiological research. Despite extensive phylogenetic and morphological support, behavioural evidence is mostly ambiguous and does not usually fossilize. Thus, inferences that dinosaurs, especially theropods displayed behaviour analogous to modern birds are intriguing but speculative. Here we present extensive and geographically widespread physical evidence of substrate scraping behavior by large theropods considered as compelling evidence of "display arenas" or leks, and consistent with "nest scrape display" behaviour among many extant ground-nesting birds. Large scrapes, up to 2 m in diameter, occur abundantly at several Cretaceous sites in Colorado. They constitute a previously unknown category of large dinosaurian trace fossil, inferred to fill gaps in our understanding of early phases in the breeding cycle of theropods. The trace makers were probably lekking species that were seasonally active at large display arena sites. Such scrapes indicate stereotypical avian behaviour hitherto unknown among Cretaceous theropods, and most likely associated with terrirorial activity in the breeding season. The scrapes most probably occur near nesting colonies, as yet unknown or no longer preserved in the immediate study areas. Thus, they provide clues to paleoenvironments where such nesting sites occurred.},

note = {22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85001129904,

title = {Hemilopas mentzeli, an enigmatic marine reptile from the Middle Triassic of Poland revisited},

author = { D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85001129904&doi=10.1127%2fnjgpa%2f2016%2f0614&partnerID=40&md5=a0cad7903a89d238404126cc0597c90d},

doi = {10.1127/njgpa/2016/0614},

issn = {00777749},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie - Abhandlungen},

volume = {282},

number = {2},

pages = {209-223},

publisher = {Gebruder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung},

abstract = {New material from the Muschelkalk of Silesia, southern Poland, is described and attributed to Hemilopas mentzeli v. Meyer, 1851, a species previously considered a nomen dubium. It is here reinstated as a valid taxon on the basis of a newly presented neotype and specific diagnosis. A possible position of Hemilopas mentzeli in a phylogenetic tree of early diapsids, is discussed and its relationship with Saurosphargidae; a family of marine diapsids basal to Sauropterygia is hypothesized. A similar tooth morphology shared by different early diapsids is considered convergent. © 2016 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85000634229,

title = {Depositionai conditions of vertebrate remains w ithin the Lower Muschelkalk (Anisian) peritidal carbonates of the "Stare Gliny" quarry near Olkusz (Krak6w-Silesia region, southern Poland) [Warunki depozycji szczqtkow kr^gowcow w osadach Srodowisk okoloplywowych dolnego wapienia muszlowego (anizyku) w kopalni Stare Gliny" kolo Olkusza]},

author = { M. Matysik and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85000634229&partnerID=40&md5=fdd49169e5f3cf976a57361b161bff9f},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {64},

number = {7},

pages = {495-503},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {A detailed sedimentological study of the Lower-Middle Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) carbonate succession exposed at the "Stare Gliny" quarry near Olkusz (Krakow-Silesia region; southern Poland) revealed numerous vertebrate remains within its lowermost sedimentary unit. This 7-m-Thick package onlaps a gently-inclined surface of a paleoisland made of the Devonian (Givetian) dolostones, and was deposited during a transgressive phase of the second Middle Triassic transgression onto the southern Poland. The package consists largely of: 1) unfossiliferous dolosiltites and fine-grained dolarenites, the tops of which commonly contain root molds and small-scale karstic forms; 2) breccias (minor conglomerates) with lithoclasts of Givetian dolostones; 3) dolocretes; and 4) dolomitic shales. This lithofacies association represents a restricted lagoon which experienced longer periods of emersion. A minor occurrence of cryptalgal laminites reflects only temporary sedimentation in the intertidal zone of a tidal flat. The bone fragments occur within all types of lithofacies, but the macro- scopically distinguishable specimens have been found exclusively in the dolocretes. The poor preservation and advanced disarticulation of bones hinder unequivocal assessment of their affinity. The small size of hones suggests that they represent prolucertiforms (perhaps juvenile Macrocnemus,) or other small archosauromorphs similar in sizes to Protorosaurus or Czatkowiella whose remains were found in the 1950s within cave deposits, in the same outcrop. Macrocnemus widely inhabited Middle Triassic lagoons and tidal flats across Paleo-Europe and thus seems to fit well to the peritidal setting surrounding the "Stare Gliny" paleoisland. The bone-hearing package occurs 30 metres below the 5-m-Thick oncolitic package that is widely regarded as a correlation horizon over the entire Krakow-Silesia region, and 15 metres below the sequence boundary marking the top of the Gorazdze Beds in the Opole region and the Olkusz Beds in the Krakow-Silesia region. On the basis of these correlations, a conclusion can be made that the vertebrate assemblage is Bithynian/Pelsonian (middle Anisian) in age.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84936804021,

title = {Coprolites of marine vertebrate predators from the Lower Triassic of southern Poland},

author = { T. Brachaniec and R. Niedźwiedzki and D. Surmik and T. Krzykawski and K. Szopa and P. Gorzelak and M.A. Salamon},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84936804021&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.06.005&partnerID=40&md5=03de779ec6aa3c50fd80a47a25cbf1f8},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.005},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {435},

pages = {118-126},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Numerous coprolites are described for the first time herein from the Lower Triassic (Olenekian) shallow marine sedimentary rocks in southern Poland. X-ray Diffraction and geochemical analyses show that they are preserved as calcium phosphate with small admixtures of quartz and calcite. Additionally, SEM and thin section studies revealed that they contain highly fragmented faunal remains (crinoids; molluscs and vertebrates). The size, shape, geochemistry, biostratigraphic distribution and co-occurrence with vertebrate skeletal remains imply that the coprolites at hand were likely produced by nothosaurids, the durophagous sauropterygian reptiles and actinopterygian (ray-finned) fish. The large number of recorded coprolites implies that durophagous predation has been intense during the Early Triassic and suggests that the so-called Mesozoic Marine Revolution probably started soon after the end-Permian extinction. Furthermore, discovery of sinusoidal trails attributable to nematodes in some coprolites implies that the intestinal parasitic associations with these predators had already evolved by at least the Early Triassic. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84888872438,

title = {LA-ICP-MS analysis of rare earth elements in marine reptile bones from the Middle Triassic bonebed (Upper Silesia, S Poland): Impact of long-lasting diagenesis, and factors controlling the uptake},

author = { M. Kowal-Linka and K.P. Jochum and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84888872438&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2013.10.038&partnerID=40&md5=2bd2b7ad6540482efe6832fb88753baf},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.10.038},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {363},

pages = {213-228},

abstract = {The rare earth elements (REE) contained in fossil bones are widely used for provenance and palaeoenvironmental studies. Earlier works suggested that the REE uptake is limited to early diagenesis, but more recent research provided evidence of long-term open-system diffusion in fossil bones. We analysed thin-walled reptile bones, all collected from the same Middle Triassic (~245Ma) marine bonebed, comprising vertebrate remains of likely different ages, to check the influence of the long-term diagenesis on the concentrations of REE, in terms of impact of pore water; the upper parts of the bones are contained in a low-permeability crinoidal limestone, whereas their lower parts have been affected by diagenetic fluids for a long time. We measured REE and other trace element contents in 29 bones using LA-ICP-MS (totally 660 spots in 45 depth profiles). Neither the absolute concentrations of the REE and the REE intra-bone PAAS-normalised patterns, nor the inter-element ratios and the La, Ce and Eu anomalies appear useful to distinguish between the likely older and younger bones in the bonebed. The MREEN enrichment combined with the flat intra-bone distributions of the REE lead to conclusion that REE fractionation and substitution for Ca were the most important processes responsible for the selective uptake. The low-permeability host rock and diagenetic fluids had a significant impact on the trace element uptake and their intra-bone distribution patterns. The lower parts of the bones that likely had a long-lasting contact with the diagenetic fluids reveal a relative enrichment in the REE and their easier diffusion into the bone centres. The ability of fossil bones to incorporate trace elements over a long time-span strongly limits the usage of particularly the older samples for provenance and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Additionally, the presented new analyses fill the gap between the available databases of trace element concentrations in fossil bones with regard to Middle Triassic samples. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {41},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84857644697,

title = {Bromalites from the Middle Triassic of Poland and the rise of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution},

author = { M.A. Salamon and R. Niedźwiedzki and P. Gorzelak and R. Lach and D. Surmik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857644697&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2012.01.029&partnerID=40&md5=88a1fa1a0b25294ec8083a19af98df73},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.029},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {321-322},

pages = {142-150},

abstract = {Durophagous predation has been an important cause of significant evolutionary changes in the history of life. One of the most dramatic predation-driven changes in marine ecosystems occurred during the middle and late Mesozoic, which has been called the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR). At this time, diversification of various predators elicited many escalation-related adaptations among prey taxa including trends toward infaunalization, elaboration of armor shells, and environmental restriction. However, the rise of this phenomenon has been the source of considerable debate. Initially, it has been argued that these major evolutionary changes began in the Jurassic and continued to accelerate in the Cretaceous. Although recent reports have shown that the MMR may have actually started soon after the end-Permian extinction in some groups, Triassic records of predation on benthic organisms are still very scant. Here, we report several bromalites (most probably regurgitalites) from the Middle Triassic of the Gogolin Formation, Upper Silesia, southern Poland. They are in a form of distinct and packed accumulations of intermingled fossil remains composed primarily of various angular bivalve shell fragments with sharp, non-abraded margins as well as crinoid ossicles with common signs of breakage. These dispersions of material are up to 99. mm in maximum diameter. It is suggested that these accumulations represent orally ejected waste produced by durophagous animals, most probably by durophagous sharks, colobodontid fish, placodonts, and some pachypleurosaurs or sauropterygian reptiles. All of these taxa have been recorded in the Middle Triassic of Poland. The feasibility of these vertebrates as potential agents of the present bromalites is discussed. We suggest that many morphological and behavioral innovations in the Triassic gastropods, bivalves and crinoids are escalation-related adaptations to durophagous predators and that the Mesozoic Marine Revolution was a far more prolonged evolutionary event than its name indicates. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-79960519044,

title = {New vertebrate assemblage from marginal-marine and land Lower Keuper strata (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Miedary, Silesia, SW Poland [Nowy zespół krȩgowców z marginalnomorskich i la̧dowych osadów dolnego kajpru (ladyn, środkowy trias) z Miedar na Śla̧sku]},

author = { T. Sulej and G. Niedźwiedzki and R. Niedźwiedzki and D. Surmik and M. Stachacz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79960519044&partnerID=40&md5=a8b86f39d435feb76db78fa96368c27e},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {59},

number = {5},

pages = {426-430},

abstract = {Vertebrate remains, mostly nothosaurid vertebrae and long bonesarchosaur partially presetted long bones and teeth (probably rauisuchid remains)fish teeth and scalesare described from the Lower Keuper Miedaiy Beds (LadinianMiddle Triassic) of MiedaiySilesiaSW Poland. The analyzed vertebrate fossils were collected from three lithologie ally different types of deposits. The first assemblagewhich contains nothosaurid and fish remainsoccurs in yellowish dolomiteswhere poorly preseved invertebrate macrofossils were also found (marine bivalves and brachiopods). In grey-yellowishsometimes greenish or red claysrare isolated bones and teeth of large archosaur were found. In sandstone intercalations partially preserved and highly disarticulated fish fossils were identified. In all assemblages osteological remains are generally very well preserved. This new interesting vertebrate bones association from the upper part of the Middle Triassic marginal-marine strata of Poland has been correlated with age-equivalents from other regions of Europe.},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-55049138060,

title = {Middle Triassic vertebrate locality near Żyglin in Upper Silesia, Poland [Stanowisko kregowców środkowego triasu koło Żyglina na Górnym Ślasku]},

author = { W. Bardziński and D. Surmik and M. Lewandowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-55049138060&partnerID=40&md5=4141907de4f03701067414b6cd9967bd},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {56},

number = {7},

pages = {532-536},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}