@article{2-s2.0-85192347284,

title = {Bloomery iron production in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) area during the Roman period: conditions during the metallurgical process and their uniformity between locations},

author = { K. Kupczak and R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda and Jan. Janiec},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85192347284&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-024-01266-6&partnerID=40&md5=4388d257b10f00046f3f1595b5155f32},

doi = {10.1186/s40494-024-01266-6},

issn = {20507445},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Heritage Science},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {The study assessed the uniformity of the metallurgical process carried out during the period of Roman influence in Poland. The age of the investigated material was confirmed based on an analysis of the 12C/14C isotope ratio in the charcoal found in slag. The comparison was based on four Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) locations. The evaluation included smelting temperature, viscosity of the metallurgical melt, oxidation–reduction conditions, and slag cooling rate determined based on geochemical (XRF) and mineralogical (XRD; SEM; EPMA) analyses. Despite the distance between individual sampling sites, the conditions in which smelting was carried out were similar for all samples. The liquidus temperature of the analyzed slags was in the range of 1150–1200 °C. Oxidation–reduction conditions were determined through thermodynamic calculations using SLAG software. In the temperature range of 1150–1200 °C, the oxygen fugacity had to be below logP O2 = − 13.20 to − 12.53 atm to reduce iron oxides to metallic iron. The viscosity of the metallurgical melt was calculated and ranged from 0.15 to 1.02 Pa s, indicating a low viscosity. The slag cooling rate determined based on olivine morphology was in the range of > 5 to 300 °C/h. Smelting parameters were compared with other locations in Poland, and similar results were obtained for slags from Masovia and Tarchlice. In the case of one site (Opole), despite the higher maximum value of liquidus temperature, it was indicated that the process could have taken place in similar conditions, and the differences resulted from contamination of the slag with material from the furnace/pit walls. © The Author(s) 2024.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85185124092,

title = {The use of predominance area diagrams (PAD) to determine the oxygen and sulfur fugacities prevailing during historical metallurgical processes: the case of fifteenth to seventeenth century copper slags from Polichno (Old Polish industrial district)},

author = { K. Kupczak and R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda and M. Ślęzak and P. Migas},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185124092&doi=10.1186%2fs40494-024-01171-y&partnerID=40&md5=e3ccb8a809b2437b135efee3c2b40acd},

doi = {10.1186/s40494-024-01171-y},

issn = {20507445},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Heritage Science},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {The study presents the first use of predominance area diagrams (PADs) to determine oxidation–reduction conditions during reconstructing historical copper smelting processes. The smelting temperature and oxygen and sulfur fugacities during smelting were determined based on experiments and the geochemical (ICP-MS/ES; XRF) and mineralogical (SEM; EPMA) analyses of the fifteenth to seventeenth century slags from Polichno (Holy Cross Mountains; Poland). Results obtained during high-temperature experiments allowed to determine the slags' solidus and liquidus temperatures. The liquidus temperature was in the range of 1100–1200 °C, and the solidus temperature was in the range of 800–1100 °C. Data on temperature conditions were used in thermodynamic calculations to construct predominance area diagrams and then to determine the ranges of oxygen and sulfur fugacities in which the formation of slags was possible. Slags from Polichno were formed with the oxygen fugacity in the range of logPO2 = − 4.30 (POL1; POL4 at 1200 °C) to − 14.08 atm. (POL3 at 1090 °C). In turn, the sulfur fugacity during slag formation ranged from logPS2 = − 2.50 (POL5 at 1200 °C) to − 6.92 (POL4 at 1060 °C) atm. The relatively high sulfur availability confirms using sulfide ores without prior roasting. The wide range of sulfur and oxygen fugacity indicates the process's heterogeneity. © The Author(s) 2024.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85160796827,

title = {Neoproterozoic ophiolite exotic blocks in the Outer Western Carpathians, southern Poland: a record of the fast ocean-floor cooling and alterations},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and A. Waœkowska and J. Golonka and T. Krzykawski and T. Kalinichenko},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160796827&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1679&partnerID=40&md5=0c6a20626ee128e641c73ad8d8765f15},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1679},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {67},

number = {1},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {Ophiolitic blocks, represented by metagabbro and serpentinite containing relict pyroxene, olivine, baddeleyite, zirconolite, Ni-pyrite and pyrrhotite, were found as exotic blocks in an olistostrome in the Magura Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians. The geochemical and isotopic features of the blocks suggest they represent mantle-derived rocks, with within-plate geochemistry signatures, modified by subduction, with lithospheric mantle input. A U-Pb apatite cooling age (614 ±3 Ma) is within age uncertainty of a published U-Pb zircon magmatic crystallization age (~614 Ma) implying rapid post-crystallization cooling. Pervasive alteration with replacement of primary minerals by low-temperature assemblages is observed in all rock fragments and is interpreted as contemporaneous with shearing. The secondary mineral assemblages and temperature modelling allow the interpretation that the pervasive ocean-floor metamorphism is the alteration in these meta-mafic rocks. These ophiolitic fragments can be linked to the Neoproterozoic break up of Rodinia/Pannotia. © 2023, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85142055229,

title = {Reconstruction of smelting conditions during 16th- to 18th-century copper ore processing in the Kielce region (Old Polish Industrial District) based on slags from Miedziana Góra, Poland},

author = { K. Kupczak and R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85142055229&doi=10.1111%2farcm.12837&partnerID=40&md5=4d28d5534a7f7c1dbcce97e0c7ea289d},

doi = {10.1111/arcm.12837},

issn = {0003813X},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Archaeometry},

volume = {65},

number = {3},

pages = {547-569},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {This study presents the first reconstruction of the smelting conditions in 16th- to 18th-century smelters from Miedziana Góra (Holy Cross Mountains; Poland). Based on geochemical (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry/emission spectrometry; X-ray fluorescence) and mineralogical analysis (X-ray diffractometry; scanning electron microscopy; electron probe micro-analysis) of historical slags, their chemical/phase composition and the basic smelting parameters (temperature; melt viscosity; and oxygen fugacity) were determined. Due to the differences in chemical and phase composition, slags from different smelting stages have been distinguished: hypocrystalline slags (MG6) from speiss/matte production and glassy (MG1–MG5) from matte conversion. In glassy slags, pyroxenes, quartz/cristobalite grains, and aggregates composed of metallic Cu and PbO are dispersed in the glass. Hypocrystalline slags are composed of wollastonites, anorthites, and metallic Cu. The temperature range at which the slags were formed was from ~1100°C (solidus temperature) to 1150–1200°C (liquidus temperature). The silicate melt's viscosity was from log η = 1.19 to 4.42 Pa s (at 1100–1200°C). The higher viscosity of MG1–MG5 slags indicates that, unlike MG6 slags, they were not formed during gravity separation. Information about the phase composition made it possible to determine the oxygen fugacity in the range of log fO2 = −4 to −12 atm. High oxygen fugacity indicates the oxidizing nature of the smelting process. © 2022 The Authors. Archaeometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of University of Oxford.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85134486910,

title = {Collision with Gondwana or with Baltica? Ordovician magmatic arc volcanism in the Marmarosh Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Ukraine)},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and J. Golonka and D. Chew and L. M. Stepanyuk and V. Belskyy and A. Waśkowska and L. Siliauskas and F. Drakou},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85134486910&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-022-02228-8&partnerID=40&md5=cdc81563d97c3438da2d7586b695e26e},

doi = {10.1007/s00531-022-02228-8},

issn = {14373254},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {111},

number = {7},

pages = {2181-2198},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH},

abstract = {The pre-Alpine Marmarosh Massif is a tectonically complex unit of the crystalline basement within the Eastern Outer Carpathians. In the eastern (Ukrainian) segment of this massif, two units have been identified—the Bilyi Potok Nappe and the Dilove Nappe. Petrological investigations coupled with zircon U–Pb dating were performed on metavolcanic rocks (porphyroids) and their phyllite host rocks, sampled from three locations within the Dilove Nappe. The geochemical characteristics of the meta-rhyodacite porphyroids revealed a volcanic arc affinity of the protolith, with U–Pb zircon ages of 452.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 461.5 ± 1.6 Ma and zircon saturation temperatures in the range of 823–892 °C. The phyllite host rocks (meta-tuff) yield a U–Pb zircon maximum estimate for the eruption age at 584.7 ± 2.9 Ma. Peak amphibolite-facies metamorphism (M1) was estimated at the pressure of 600–900 MPa with a temperature range of 560–600 °C. Retrogression (M2), possibly related to Alpine nappe stacking and shearing, is assumed to have taken place at 200–250 MPa and 384–222 °C. The volcanic arc is interpreted as an early Caledonian arc that was subsequently accreted to the margin of Baltica during the closure of the easternmost Tornquist Ocean rather than Cenerian (early Paleozoic) orogenic events on the margin of East Gondwana. © 2022, The Author(s).},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85123678976,

title = {Complete reconstruction of the process and conditions during gold smelting in the 15th–17th centuries in Złoty Stok based on metallurgical slags},

author = { R. Warchulski and K. Kupczak and A. Gawęda and R. Sitko},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123678976&doi=10.1111%2farcm.12752&partnerID=40&md5=42bca27f554fb8d49e9fa8c42bfef052},

doi = {10.1111/arcm.12752},

issn = {0003813X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Archaeometry},

volume = {64},

number = {4},

pages = {916-934},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Inc},

abstract = {This study presents the first complete reconstruction of gold metallurgy in Złoty Stok, Poland. The key parameters of the process (i.e.; temperature of smelting and solidification; melt viscosity; oxygen fugacity) are calculated using the remnants of the process: metallurgical slags. The slags consist of silicate phases (i.e.; olivine; pyroxene), sulfides and arsenides (i.e.; pyrrhotite; Fe2As), as well as glass. These slags are chemically dominated by SiO2 (< 56.60 wt%), MgO (< 18.36 wt%), FeO (< 15.36 wt%), and CaO (< 15.19 wt%). The obtained results indicate that the temperature during the metallurgical process was at least 1300–1350°C, and crystallization of the slags took place until they cooled to < 1200°C. The morphology of olivine crystals in the slags indicates large differences in their cooling rate, from 5 to 300°C/h. Strongly reducing conditions during the metallurgical process (−10.5 to −11.5 log fO2) was confirmed. Low melt viscosity (logƞ = 0.26 – 0.90 Pa s) facilitated the separation of the sulfide melt rich in gold from the silicate melt being the slag precursor. The obtained results allowed existing descriptions of the smelting process in Złoty Stok to be corrected. © 2022 The Authors. Archaeometry © 2022 University of Oxford.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85139913672,

title = {The Silesian Ridge in the light of petrological and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analyses of cohesive debrites from the Istebna Formation (Silesian Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians, Poland)},

author = { M. Szczuka and A. Gawęda and A. Waśkowska and J. Golonka and K. Szopa and D. Chew and F. Drakou},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85139913672&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1652&partnerID=40&md5=cff9f4da834c0c7dfd7c0bf0c48e84fc},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1652},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {66},

number = {2},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {Exotic clasts present in flysch deposi ts of the Western Outer Carpathians enable inves tigat ion and reconstruction of the eroded crystali i ne basement of the Silesian Ridge. The flysch rocks of the Istebna Formati on (Jasnowice Member: Paleocene) in the Silesian Nappe contain magmatic and metamorphic clasts derived from the Silesian Ridge basement. The crystali ine rock fragments acquired from cohesive debrites were ana I yzed petrographically and geochemically, and zircon and rutile crystals were subject to LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating. Granitoid clasts yielded Meso-Variscan U-Pb zircon ages (325.7 and 330.6 Ma), with older (Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic) inheri ted cores and eNd330 = -12.0 (TDM age of 1.98 Ga). The orthogneiss clast yielded a protolith age of 1635 Ma and fingerprint of thermal reworking at ~288 Ma. Zircon crystals from the detrital clasts yielded similar U-Pb zircon ages to the granitoid clasts (311.5 to 391 and 331 Ma). The rutile crystals from sandstone yielded concordia age of 344.7 Ma. Zircon crystals from paragneiss, interpreted as a granitoid envelope, yielded 238U/206Pb ages between 557 and 686 Ma and include an inherited core of age ~1207.4 ±33.8 Ma. Age data from exotic clasts and the detrital zircon and rutile fraction suggest the core part of the Silesian Ridge was a Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic envelope intruded by Meso-Variscan granitoid plutons. © 2022, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85111029040,

title = {Two stages of Late Carboniferous to Triassic magmatism in the Strandja Zone of Bulgaria and Turkey},

author = { A. Sałacińska and I. Gerdjikov and A.P. Gumsley and K. Szopa and D. Chew and A. Gawęda and I. Kocjan},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111029040&doi=10.1017%2fS0016756821000650&partnerID=40&md5=471c5bcc488234b3535f3dbe80c8a3f6},

doi = {10.1017/S0016756821000650},

issn = {00167568},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Geological Magazine},

volume = {158},

number = {12},

pages = {2151-2164},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Although Variscan terranes have been documented from the Balkans to the Caucasus, the southeastern portion of the Variscan Belt is not well understood. The Strandja Zone along the border between Bulgaria and Turkey encompasses one such terrane linking the Balkanides and the Pontides. However, the evolution of this terrane, and the Late Carboniferous to Triassic granitoids within it, is poorly resolved. Here we present laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon ages, coupled with petrography and geochemistry from the Izvorovo Pluton within the Sakar Unit (Strandja Zone). This pluton is composed of variably metamorphosed and deformed granites which yield crystallization ages of c. 251-256 Ma. These ages are older than the previously assumed age of the Izvorovo Pluton based on a postulated genetic relationship between the Izvorovo Pluton and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous metamorphism. A better understanding of units across the Strandja Zone can now be achieved, revealing two age groups of plutons within it. An extensive magmatic episode occurred c. 312-295 Ma, and a longer-lived episode between c. 275 and 230 Ma. Intrusions associated with both magmatic events were emplaced into pre-Late Carboniferous basement, and were overprinted by Early Alpine metamorphism and deformation. These two stages of magmatism can likely be attributed to changes in tectonic setting in the Strandja Zone. Such a change in tectonic setting is likely related to the collision between Gondwana-derived terranes and Laurussia, followed by either subduction of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean beneath Laurussia or rifting in the southern margin of Laurussia, with granitoids forming in different tectonic environments. ©},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85106661618,

title = {Tracing pre-mesozoic tectonic sutures in the crystalline basement of the protocarpathians: Evidence from the exotic blocks from Subsilesian Nappe, Outer Western Carpathians, Poland},

author = { J. Golonka and A. Gawęda and A. Waśkowska and D. Chew and K. Szopa and F. Drakou},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85106661618&doi=10.3390%2fmin11060571&partnerID=40&md5=b7178488129ad548f8041db18f9bc648},

doi = {10.3390/min11060571},

issn = {2075163X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {11},

number = {6},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Pre-Mesozoic exotic crystalline blocks within the Outer Carpathian flysch have potential to unravel the nature of their eroded basement source(s) and to reconstruct the Paleozoic– Precambrian history of the Protocarpathians. Strongly tectonized Campanian–Maastrichtian grey marls in the Subsilesian Nappe of the Outer Western Carpathians in Poland contain a variety of different lithology types, including granitoids and andesites. Petrological investigations coupled with zircon and apatite U-Pb dating were performed on crystalline (subvolcanic) exotic blocks from a locality in the Subsilesian Nappe. U-Pb zircon dating yields magmatic crystallization ages of c. 293 Ma for the microgranitoid and c. 310 Ma for the andesite block, with inherited zircon cores yielding Archean, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Cadomian ages. Whole rock trace element and Nd isotope data imply that the melt source was composed of a significant Neoproterozoic crustal component in both the microgranite and andesite. The Late Carboniferous–Permian magmatic activity likely continues outside the Carpathian Belt and can be linked to a Late Paleozoic transtensional zone, which is a continuation of the Lubliniec–Kraków Zone that extends under the Carpathians to Moesia. This Late Paleozoic transtensional zone was probably reactivated during the Late Cretaceous under a transpressional regime within the Żegocina tectonic zone, which caused the uplift of the Subsilesian Ridge and intensive erosion. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85101768833,

title = {Central european variscan basement in the outer carpathians: A case study from the magura nappe, outer western carpathians, poland},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and J. Golonka and D. Chew and A. Waśkowska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85101768833&doi=10.3390%2fmin11030256&partnerID=40&md5=49f95489145692ad0df518eb1c24bc31},

doi = {10.3390/min11030256},

issn = {2075163X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {11},

number = {3},

pages = {1-18},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Exotic crystalline blocks within the Outer Carpathian flysch have the potential to establish the nature of their eroded basement source(s) and thus to reconstruct the paleogeography of the Outer Carpathians. Petrological investigations (including mineral analyses) coupled with zircon and apatite U-Pb dating were performed on an exotic crystalline block within Eocene siliciclastic rocks in the Rača Zone of the Magura Nappe in the Outer Western Carpathians, Poland. This exotic block is a large (c. 1 m diameter) pink porphyritic granitoid block found in the Osielczyk Stream, southeast of Osielec village in the Makowski Beskid mountains. The timing of magmatic crystallization is constrained by a U-Pb zircon age of 315.9 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.69), while inherited zircon cores yield Archean (c. 2780 Ma), Cadomian (541.8 ± 6.7 Ma; MSWD = 0.53), Devonian (417 ± 11 Ma; MSWD = 0.57) and Early Variscan (c. 374 Ma) ages. Apatites from the same sample yield a Tera Wasserburg lower intercept U-Pb age of 311.3 ± 7.5 (MSWD = 0.87). The granitoid exhibits geochemical characteristics typical of I-type granites and εNd(316 Ma) = 2.15 (with a TDM model age of 1.18 Ga) and87Sr/86Sr(316 Ma) = 0.704710. These data suggest a likely source region in the Saxo-Danubian Granite Belt, which possibly formed the basement of the Fore-Magura Ridge. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85099243883,

title = {Tracing proto-Rheic - Qaidam Ocean vestiges into the Western Tatra Mountains and implications for the Palaeozoic palaeogeography of Central Europe},

author = { J. Burda and U. Klötzli and J. Majka and D. Chew and Q.L. Li and Y. Liu and A. Gawęda and M. Wiedenbeck},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099243883&doi=10.1016%2fj.gr.2020.12.016&partnerID=40&md5=e784fb89951c2e31c70d4b4aee664d33},

doi = {10.1016/j.gr.2020.12.016},

issn = {1342937X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Gondwana Research},

volume = {91},

pages = {188-204},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {Zircon petrochronology from amphibolites and retrogressed eclogites from the basement of the Western Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians) reveals a complex rock evolution. An island-arc related basaltic amphibolite from Žiarska Valley shows three distinct zircon forming events: igneous zircon growth at ca. 498 Ma (Middle/Late Cambrian) and two phases of amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ca. 470 Ma (Early Ordovician) and at ca. 344 Ma (Early Carboniferous). A retrogressed eclogite from Baranèc Mountain records two zircon forming events: metamorphic zircon growth under eclogite-facies conditions at ca. 367 Ma (Late Devonian) and amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ca. 349 Ma (Early Carboniferous). These data contribute towards understanding and correlating major tectonothermal events that shaped the eastern margin of Gondwana in the Early Palaeozoic and its subsequent Variscan evolution. The metabasites record vestiges of two completely independent oceanic domains preserved within the Central Western Carpathians: (1) An Ediacaran to Cambrian oceanic arc related to the proto-Rheic - Qaidam oceans and metamorphosed to amphibolite-facies in the Early Ordovician subduction of the proto-Rheic - Qaidam arc during the Cenerian orogeny (ca. 470 Ma) and (2) Late Devonian oceanic crust related to a back-arc basin (Pernek-type), formed by the opening of the Paleotethys and metamorphosed to eclogite-facies during Devonian subduction (ca. 367 Ma). The common Variscan and later evolution of these oceanic remnants commenced with amphibolite-facies metamorphic overprinting in the Early Carboniferous (amphibolite: ca. 344 Ma; retrogressed eclogite: ca. 349 Ma) related to an Early Variscan consolidation and the formation of Pangea. None of the investigated rocks of the Central Western Carpathians show any evidence of being chronologically or palaeogeographically related to the Rheic Ocean, therefore any prolongation of the Rheic suture from the Sudetes into the Alpine-Carpathian realm is highly problematic. Instead, the Southern and Central Alpine Cenerian orogeny can be traced into the Central Western Carpathians. © 2020 International Association for Gondwana Research},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85088039706,

title = {Slags from Ruda Śląska, Poland as a large-scale laboratory for the crystallization of rare natural rocks: melilitolites and paralavas},

author = { R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda and K. Kupczak and K. Banasik and T. Krzykawski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088039706&doi=10.1016%2fj.lithos.2020.105666&partnerID=40&md5=9d90e3fec170517c9d23826f6d133b03},

doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105666},

issn = {00244937},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Lithos},

volume = {372-373},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Zinc and lead smelting slags from Ruda Śląska are unique in their chemistry and phase composition, which resemble rare natural rocks such as paralavas and melilitolites. Moreover, considering its size, we can treat a pyrometallurgical slag dump as a geological body. In slags from Ruda Śląska the assemblage melilite ± pseudowollastonite ± wollastonite ± plagioclase was discovered in glassy slag. High-temperature experiments were performed to determine the temperature conditions and to reconstruct the crystallization of such an assemblage. Two slag samples were subjected to complete melting and crystallization with controlled thermal gradients of: 53.25 °C/h, 15.20 °C/h and 7.60 °C/h. The results showed that crystal nucleation started at temperatures of 1250-1300 °C depending on the fluctuations of chemical composition. In both samples the thermal gradient only partly influenced the phase differentiation, being rather responsible for the disappearance of the primary glass. Moreover, even slight differences in chemical composition resulted in changes in phase assemblages under the same temperature conditions (mll + gls vs pwol+pl + mll + gls). It was proven that it is due to the combination of undercooling conditions and solidus dependences in the åkermanite – gehlenite solid solution. The occurrence of such phenomena should be considered in natural rocks with similar composition. In the case of the Ruda Śląska slags it explains the dominance of glassy slag in that location. The experiments gave us an opportunity to observe and precisely analyze crystallization in real time, providing new insights into the creation of slags and their natural analogues. However, the study has also shown that possible variations of the original crystallization should always be assessed. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85082011023,

title = {Neoarchean large igneous provinces on the Kaapvaal Craton in southern Africa re-define the formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup and its temporal equivalents},

author = { A.P. Gumsley and J. Stamsnijder and E.R. Larsson and U. Söderlund and T. Naeraa and M.O. De Kock and A. Sałacińska and A. Gawęda and F. Humbert and R.E. Ernst},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082011023&doi=10.1130%2fB35237.1&partnerID=40&md5=2ed39d0db711af749679673ccdfca3c7},

doi = {10.1130/B35237.1},

issn = {00167606},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin of the Geological Society of America},

volume = {132},

number = {9-10},

pages = {1829-1844},

publisher = {Geological Society of America},

abstract = {U-Pb geochronology on baddeleyite is a powerful technique that can be applied effectively to chronostratigraphy. In southern Africa, the Kaapvaal Craton hosts a well-preserved Mesoarchean to Paleoproterozoic geological record, including the Neoarchean Ventersdorp Supergroup. It overlies the Witwatersrand Supergroup and its world-class gold deposits. The Ventersdorp Supergroup comprises the Klipriviersberg Group, Platberg Group, and Pniel Group. However, the exact timing of formation of the Ventersdorp Supergroup is controversial. Here we present 2789 ± 4 Ma and 2787 ± 2 Ma U-Pb isotope dilution- thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) baddeleyite ages and geochemistry on mafic sills intruding the Witwatersrand Supergroup, and we interpret these sills as feeders to the overlying Klipriviersberg Group flood basalts. This constrains the age of the Witwatersrand Supergroup and gold mineralization to at least ca. 2.79 Ga. We also report 2729 ± 5 Ma and 2724 ± 7 Ma U-Pb ID-TIMS baddeleyite ages and geochemistry from a mafic sill intruding the Pongola Supergroup and on an east-northeast-trending mafic dike, respectively. These new ages distinguish two of the Ventersdorp Supergroup magmatic events: the Klipriviersberg and Platberg. The Ventersdorp Supergroup can now be shown to initiate and terminate with two large igneous provinces (LIPs), the Klipriviersberg and Allanridge, which are separated by Platberg volcanism and sedimentation. The age of the Klipriviersberg LIP is 2791-2779 Ma, and Platberg volcanism occurred at 2754-2709 Ma. The Allanridge LIP occurred between 2709-2683 Ma. Klipriviersberg, Platberg, and Allanridge magmatism may be genetically related to mantle plume(s). Higher heat flow and crustal melting resulted as a mantle plume impinged below the Kaapvaal Craton lithosphere, and this was associated with rifting and the formation of LIPs. © 2019 Geological Society of America.},

note = {27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85082117169,

title = {Two‐stage late jurassic to early cretaceous hydrothermal activity in the sakar unit of southeastern bulgaria},

author = { K. Szopa and A. Sałacińska and A.P. Gumsley and D. Chew and P. Petrov and A. Gawęda and A. Zagórska and E. Deput and N. Gospodinov and K. Banasik},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85082117169&doi=10.3390%2fmin10030266&partnerID=40&md5=c1031e19ad2e90069967da74468af388},

doi = {10.3390/min10030266},

issn = {2075163X},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Minerals},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {Southeastern Bulgaria is composed of a variety of rocks from pre‐Variscan (ca. 0.3 Ga) to pre‐Alpine sensu lato (ca. 0.15 Ga) time. The Sakar Unit in this region comprises a series of granitoids and gneisses formed or metamorphosed during these events. It is cut by a series of post‐Variscan hydrothermal veins, yet lacks pervasive Alpine deformation. It thus represents a key unit for detecting potential tectonism associated with the enigmatic Cimmerian Orogenic episode, but limited geochronology has been undertaken on this unit. Here we report age constraints on hydrothermal activity in the Sakar Pluton. The investigated veins contain mainly albite–actinolite– chlorite–apatite–titanite–quartz–tourmaline–epidote and accessory minerals. The most common accessory minerals are rutile and molybdenite. Apatite and titanite from the same vein were dated by U–Pb LA–ICP‐MS geochronology. These dates are interpreted as crystallization ages and are 149 ± 7 Ma on apatite and 114 ± 1 Ma on titanite, respectively. These crystallization ages are the first to document two stages of hydrothermal activity during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, using U– Pb geochronology, and its association with the Cimmerian orogenesis. The Cimmerian tectonothermal episode is well‐documented further to the east in the Eastern Strandja Massif granitoids. However, these are the first documented ages from the western parts of the Strandja Massif, in the Sakar Unit. These ages also temporally overlap with previously published Ar–Ar and K–Ar cooling ages, and firmly establish that the Cimmerian orogeny in the studied area included both tectonic and hydrothermal activity. Such hydrothermal activity likely accounted for the intense albitization found in the Sakar Unit. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85071262697,

title = {Rainwater-induced migration of potentially toxic elements from a Zn–Pb slag dump in Ruda Śląska in light of mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical investigations},

author = { R. Warchulski and M.J. Mendecki and A. Gawęda and M. Sołtysiak and M. Gadowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85071262697&doi=10.1016%2fj.apgeochem.2019.104396&partnerID=40&md5=b22dcb6041800cf693d9fc9a4ebcdb5b},

doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104396},

issn = {08832927},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Applied Geochemistry},

volume = {109},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The Upper Silesia region of Poland is known for its concentration of heavy industry, including mining and smelting. Slag dumps scattered across the region are the sources of pollutants such as Zn, Mn, As, Cd and Pb. At the slag dump in Ruda Śląska, it is possible to distinguish three types of slag: (i) slag associated with the muffle/lining material, composed of olivine, pyroxene, iron oxide, feldspar and glass; (ii) glassy slag composed of glass and single crystals of melilite and wollastonite; and (iii) slag composed of aggregates of melilite, wollastonite and anorthite. These concentrate Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), reaching up to 6130 mg/kg of As, 36300 mg/kg of Mn, 21700 mg/kg of Pb, 53600 mg/kg of Zn and 105 mg/kg of Cd. Rainfall-induced weathering causes PTE mobilisation to secondary phases, mainly carbonates, sulphates, oxides and hydroxides. Leaching tests based on the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) prove the release of PTEs from slags and secondary phases, which was further confirmed by significant PTE concentrations in a water sample from effluent next to the dump: 2710 μg/l Mn, 163 μg/l Zn, 52.5 μg/l Pb, 20.1 μg/l As, 0.98 μg/l Cd. This study is the first attempt to apply a combination of electromagnetic (EM) measurements and mineralogical investigations to pyrometallurgical Zn–Pb slags, and to precisely describe links between the obtained conductivity and in-phase results and phases building soils and sediments of the studied area. Contamination mapping, using combined scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EM methods, allowed to distinguish the main migration path of PTEs from the slag dump. This path is related to the effluent in which the presence of sulphides, oxides and hydroxides concentrating Cd, Zn, and Pb was determined to cause both high conductivity (>300 mS/m) and in-phase values (>6 ppt). On the other hand, soils from other areas outside the dump are not polluted by this migration path. Application of EM mapping confirmed its usefulness as a tool for tracking environmental contamination. For successful interpretation, however, it must always be used in combination with mineralogical/petrological methods. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85052391941,

title = {Geochemistry and apatite U–Pb geochronology of alkaline gabbros from the Nodoushan plutonic complex, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Central Iran: Evidence for Early Palaeozoic rifting of northern Gondwana},

author = { B. Shahsavari Alavijeh and N. Rashidnejad-Omran and F. Toksoy-Köksal and D. Chew and K. Szopa and J. Ghalamghash and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85052391941&doi=10.1002%2fgj.3270&partnerID=40&md5=53a149a5da2a3e526df4bce4ace85caf},

doi = {10.1002/gj.3270},

issn = {00721050},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Geological Journal},

volume = {54},

number = {4},

pages = {1902-1926},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {The Zagros Orogen formed during the Cenozoic collision of Arabia with Eurasia and resulted in the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Collision was preceded by a complicated tectonic history involving Pan-African orogenesis, Late Palaeozoic rifting and the formation of Neo-Tethys, and subsequent Mesozoic convergence on the northern margin of the ocean contemporaneous with ophiolite obduction on its southern margin. The Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) is a metamorphic belt within the Zagros Orogen of Gondwanan provenance. U–Pb zircon geochronology has revealed the presence of Pan-African igneous and metamorphic basement complexes, in addition to minor late Palaeozoic plutons and abundant Jurassic plutonic rocks. This study presents a LA-ICP-MS U–Pb apatite age of 440.7 ± 3.7 Ma from a gabbroic body on the central north-eastern margin of the SaSZ (Nodoushan region). Based on petrography and geochemistry, en route fractional crystallization of ascending magma was an important process in the evolution of the intrusive rocks. Geochemical characteristics imply that the south-west Nodoushan alkaline gabbroic magma was originated from the asthenospheric mantle source, whereas the high ratios of (La/Yb)N and (Dy/Yb)N are related to the low degree of partial melting from the garnet-bearing mantle source. Enrichment pattern of Nb, Ta, and Ti and depletion of Rb, Th, and Y are similar to the OIB pattern and intraplate alkaline magmatic rocks. High εNd(t) values (+1.29 to +1.50), low initial Sr isotopic ratios (0.703679–0.704098), and trace element ratios (e.g.; Nb/La; Ce/Pb; Ba/Nb; and Th/Nb) indicate that crustal contamination was insignificant in its petrogenesis. The petrogenesis of the Nodoushan alkaline gabbroic rocks could be related to the presence of extensional phase, upwelling and decompressional melting of asthenospheric mantle in the rift basin which was associated with the opening of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Late Ordovician to Silurian times. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85067198586,

title = {Neoproterozoic crystalline exotic clasts in the Polish Outer Carpathian flysch: remnants of the Proto-Carpathian continent?},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Golonka and A. Waśkowska and K. Szopa and D. Chew and K. Starzec and A. Wieczorek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85067198586&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-019-01713-x&partnerID=40&md5=84973acf0d2fcb3608e2bc8ae6214a4b},

doi = {10.1007/s00531-019-01713-x},

issn = {14373254},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {108},

number = {4},

pages = {1409-1427},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Crystalline exotic boulders within the sedimentary sequences of the Outer Carpathians likely represent Proto-Carpathian basement, which was exposed and eroded during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the Western Carpathian basin. The majority of the boulders were derived from the Silesian Ridge, which separated the Magura Basin and the Silesian Domains, and which became a source region during Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene tectonism. Felsic crystalline clasts within the Silesian Nappe yield U–Pb zircon magmatic protolith ages of 603.7 ± 3.8 Ma and 617.5 ± 5.2 Ma while felsic crystalline clasts within the Subsilesian Nappe yield an age of 565.9 ± 3.1 Ma and thus represent different magmatic cycles. The U–Pb zircon data also imply that the Silesian Ridge was a fragment of the eastern part of the Brunovistulia microcontinent. The presence of inherited zircon cores, dated at 1.3 and 1.7 Ga, suggests a Baltican source for the clasts, as opposed to Gondwana. We infer that Late Neoproterozoic felsic magmatism within the Proto-Carpathian continent represents a long-living magmatic arc, which formed during prolonged Timmanian/Baikalian rather than Pan-African/Cadomian orogenesis. Mafic exotic blocks, found within the Magura Nappe, yield U–Pb zircon ages of 613.3 ± 2.6 Ma and 614.6 ± 2.5 Ma and likely represent a fragment of an obducted ophiolitic sequence. The protolith of these mafic boulders could represent Paleoasian Ocean floor located to the east of Cadomia, obducted during later orogenic processes and incorporated into the accretionary prism. All analysed exotic clasts show no evidence for younger (Variscan) reworking, which is characteristic of both western Brunovistulia and the Central Western Carpathians and the Cadomian elements of Western Europe. The Silesian and Subsilesian basins thus had a likely source area in the eastern part of Brunovistulia, while the source of the Magura Basin was the Fore-Magura Ridge, whose basement potentially represents an accretionary prism on the margin of the East European Craton. © 2019, The Author(s).},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85062604031,

title = {Cadomian protolith ages of exotic mega blocks from Bugaj and Andrychów (Western outer Carpathians, Poland) and their palaeogeographic significance},

author = { J. Burda and B. Woskowicz-Ślęzak and U. Klötzli and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062604031&doi=10.1515%2fgeochr-2015-0102&partnerID=40&md5=7883f55ecfe71091daaffd896692c601},

doi = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0102},

issn = {17338387},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Geochronometria},

volume = {46},

number = {1},

pages = {25-36},

publisher = {Sciendo},

abstract = {This study presents the first zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS ages and whole-rock Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd data from exotic blocks (Bugaj and Andrychów) from the Western Outer Carpathians (WOC) flysch. The CL images of the zircon crystals from both samples reveal typical magmatic textures characterized by a well-defined concentric and oscillatory growth zoning. A concordia age 580.1 ± 6.0 Ma of the zircons from the Bugaj sample is considered to represent the crystallization age of this granite. The zircon crystals from the Andrychów orthogneiss yield an age of 542 ± 21 Ma, interpreted as the uppermost Proterozoic, magmatic crystallization age of the granitoid protholith. The initial (at ca. 580 Ma) 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of the Bugaj granitoids (0.72997 and 0.72874) are highly radiogenic, pointing to the assimilation of an older, possibly strongly Rb enriched source to the Bugaj melt. The Nd isotope systematics (ϵ Nd580 -1.4 and 0.4) also point to a significant contribution of such a distinct mantle source. On the basis of the sequence of magmatic events obtained from U-Pb zircon ages, we suggest that exotic mega blocks deposited to the WOC basins were related to the Brunovistulicum Terrane. They belong to the group of Vendian/Cambrian granitoids representing the latest, posttectonic expression of the Cadomian cycle. © 2018 J. Burda et al, published by Sciendo.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85077840927,

title = {Continuous magma mixing and cumulate separation in the High Tatra Mountains open system granitoid intrusion, Western Carpathians (Poland/Slovakia): A textural and geochemical study},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and R. Włodyka and J. Burda and Q. Crowley and M. Sikorska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85077840927&doi=10.24425%2fagp.2019.126447&partnerID=40&md5=698c07c81d3e61a8c8e2eb1056cd7fbc},

doi = {10.24425/agp.2019.126447},

issn = {00015709},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Acta Geologica Polonica},

volume = {69},

number = {4},

pages = {549-570},

publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences},

abstract = {In this study the formation of the polygenetic High Tatra granitoid magma is discussed. Felsic and mafic magma mixing and mingling processes occurred in all magma batches composing the pluton and are documented by the typical textural assemblages, which include: mafic microgranular enclaves (MME), mafic clots, felsic clots, quartz-plagioclase-titanite ocelli, biotite-quartz ocelli, poikilitic plagioclase crystals, chemically zoned K-feldspar phenocrysts with inclusion zones and calcic spikes in zoned plagioclase. Geochemical modelling indicates the predominance of the felsic component in subsequent magma batches, however, the mantle origin of the admixed magma input is suggested on the basis of geochemical and Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and Pb isotopic data. Magma mixing is considered to be a first-order magmatic process, causing the magma diversification. The cumulate formation and the squeezing of remnant melt by filter pressing points to fractional crystallization acting as a second-order magmatic process. © 2019 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85040554743,

title = {Geochemistry, petrology and evolutionary computations in the service of archaeology: restoration of the historical smelting process at the Katowice–Szopienice site},

author = { R. Warchulski and P. Juszczuk and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040554743&doi=10.1007%2fs12520-016-0435-8&partnerID=40&md5=1036c3eb10378cfa220122f85d552085},

doi = {10.1007/s12520-016-0435-8},

issn = {18669557},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences},

volume = {10},

number = {5},

pages = {1023-1035},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Activity at the smelting plant at Katowice–Szopienice dates back to the nineteenth century. Currently, the Museum of Zinc has been funded at the site. Unfortunately, as a result of unrest during both World Wars, all technological descriptions were lost. Three historically described samples were provided by Museum of Zinc and additional slag and lining samples were collected directly from the furnace. “Enriched ore” is dominated by ZnS (89.5%) as sphalerite and wurtzite accompanied by gangue minerals. “Roasted ore” is composed mainly of zincite (74%) resulting from the oxidation of ZnS. Study has proved that “roasted ore with coke” sample description is inappropriate. It is zinc depleted and enriched in Si (22.93 wt.%), Al (9.16 wt.%), C (9.66 wt.%) and its phase composition suggest that it contains recycled lining material and coke. Such characteristics place sample as additions used for smelting process. Advanced mathematical tool, the differential evolution algorithm, was used for restoration of smelting process at the site. Algorithm proved great usefulness by providing low dispersed results for calculated compositions of loss on smelting (mainly yield) with the fitting error reduced down to 1.19 wt.%. Loss on smelting composition was dominated by Zn (41.40 wt.%), Si (9.67 wt.%) and C (9.50 wt.%). Proportion of roasted ore to addition in smelting process was estimated as 1:1.27 and loss on smelting share from batch was 62%. Geochemistry and petrology have provided rich qualitative information about the samples and smelting process, but in combination with evolutionary computations, high-quality quantitative data were obtained. © 2016, The Author(s).},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85043779838,

title = {Variscan post-collisional cooling and uplift of the Tatra Mountains crystalline block constrained by integrated zircon, apatite and titanite LA-(MC)-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and rare earth element analyses},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and D. Chew and G.J. O'Sullivan and J. Burda and U. Klötzli and J. Golonka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85043779838&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2018.03.012&partnerID=40&md5=9dac9b7086008c706e17d681280bebc6},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.012},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {484},

pages = {191-209},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of apatite, titanite and zircon from the metamorphic cover of the Western Tatra granite was undertaken to constrain the timing of metamorphic events related to the final stages of Variscan orogenesis and subsequent post-orogenic exhumation. Zircon was found only in one sample from the northern metamorphic envelope. U-Pb ages from the outermost rims of zircons define a concordia age of 346 ± 6 Ma, while the inner rims yield a concordia age of 385 ± 8 Ma. Apatite from three samples from the northern metamorphic envelope yield U-Pb ages of 351.8 ± 4.4 Ma, 346.7 ± 5.9 Ma and 342.6 ± 7.1 Ma. Titanite from an amphibolite from the southern metamorphic envelope yields a U-Pb age of 345.3 ± 4.5 Ma. The age of c. 345 Ma is interpreted to represent the climax of metamorphism and the onset of simultaneous exhumation of the entire Tatra Mountains massif, and is recorded mainly in the northern part of the metamorphic cover. In the southern metamorphic envelope, distinct populations of apatite can be recognized within individual samples based on their rare earth element (REE) and actinide contents. One population of apatite (Ap1) yields a relatively imprecise U-Pb age of 340 ± 31 Ma. This population comprises apatite grains with very similar trace element compositions to apatite in the northern amphibolite samples, which suggests they crystallized under similar metamorphic conditions to their northern counterparts. A second apatite population (Ap2) yields an age of c. 328 ± 22 Ma, which is interpreted as neocrystalline apatite that formed during a late-Variscan (hydrothermal?) process involving (P; F; Ca; REE)-rich fluid migration. The youngest generation of apatite (Ap3) yields a U-Pb age of 260 ± 8 Ma and may have resulted from thermal resetting associated with the regional emplacement of Permian A-type granites. The proposed tectonic model assumes that rapid uplift (and cooling) of the Tatra block initiated at ca. 345 Ma, contemporaneous with anatexis. Subsequent fluid migration, possibly facilitated by extension related to the opening of Paleo-Tethys, affected only the southern part of the Tatra block. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85033577992,

title = {Peak to post-peak thermal history of the Saglek Block of Labrador: A multiphase and multi-instrumental approach to geochronology},

author = { M.A. Kusiak and D.J. Dunkley and M.J. Whitehouse and S.A. Wilde and A. Sałacińska and P. Konečný and K. Szopa and A. Gawęda and D. Chew},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85033577992&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2017.10.033&partnerID=40&md5=fb522d70fd6549c417a21c953ecd764b},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.033},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {484},

pages = {210-223},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The Saglek Block of coastal Labrador forms the western margin of the North Atlantic Craton, where Archean gneisses and granulites have been reworked during the Paleoproterozoic. Previous work has established that the block is a composite of Eoarchean to Mesoarchean protoliths metamorphosed to upper amphibolite and granulite facies at around 2.8–2.7 Ga. New in-situ microbeam dating of accessory minerals in granoblastic gneisses reveals a complex peak to post-peak thermal history. Zircon growth at ca. 3.7–3.6 Ga provides the age of formation of the tonalitic protoliths to the gneisses. Further zircon growth in syn-tectonic granitic gneiss and monazite growth in a variety of orthogneisses confirm peak metamorphic conditions at ca. 2.7 Ga, but also reveal high-temperature conditions at ca. 2.6 Ga and 2.5 Ga. The former is interpreted as the waning stages of the 2.7 Ga granulite event, whereas the latter is associated with a younger phase of granitic magmatism. In addition, apatite ages of ca. 2.2 Ga may represent either cooling associated with the 2.5 Ga event or a previously unrecognized greenschist-facies metamorphism event that predates the Torngat Orogeny. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85020240132,

title = {The evolution of Eastern Tornquist-Paleoasian Ocean and subsequent continental collisions: A case study from the Western Tatra Mountains, Central Western Carpathians (Poland)},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Burda and J. Golonka and U. Klötzli and D. Chew and K. Szopa and M. Wiedenbeck},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85020240132&doi=10.1016%2fj.gr.2017.04.021&partnerID=40&md5=b869e7d91fe488fbdee5e4171fc07843},

doi = {10.1016/j.gr.2017.04.021},

issn = {1342937X},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Gondwana Research},

volume = {48},

pages = {134-152},

publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},

abstract = {The crystalline basement of the Tatra Mountains in the Central Western Carpathians, forms part of the European Variscides and contains fragments of Gondwanan provenance. Metabasite rocks of MORB affinity in the Tatra Mountains are represented by two suites of amphibolites present in two metamorphic units (the Ornak and Goryczkowa Units) intercalated with metapelitic rocks. They are interpreted as relics of ocean crust, with zircon δ18OVSMOW values of 4.97–6.96‰. Zircon REE patterns suggest oxidizing to strongly oxidizing conditions in the parent mantle-derived basaltic magma. LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of magmatic zircon cores yields a crystallization age of c. 560 Ma, with inherited components at c. 600 Ma, corresponding to the Pannotia break-up event and to the formation of the Eastern Tornquist–Paleoasian Ocean. However, the zircon rims of both suites yield evidence for two different geological histories. Zircon rims from the Ornak amphibolites record two overgrowth phases. The older rims, dated at 387 ± 8 Ma are interpreted as the result of an early stage of Variscan uplift while the younger rims dated at 342 ± 9 Ma are attributed to late Variscan collisional processes. They are characterized by high δ18OVSMOW values of 7.34–9.54‰ and are associated with migmatization related to the closure of the Rheic Ocean. Zircon rims from the Goryczkowa amphibolites yield evidence of metamorphism at 512 ± 5 Ma, subsequent Caledonian metamorphism at 447 ± 14 Ma, followed by two stages of Variscan metamorphism at 372 ± 12 Ma and 339 ± 7 Ma, the latter marking the final closure of the Rheic Ocean during late-Variscan collision. The presented data are the first direct dating of ocean crust formation in the eastern prolongation of the Tornquist Ocean, which formed a probable link to the Paleoasian Ocean. © 2017 International Association for Gondwana Research},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84996566965,

title = {Age and origin of fluorapatite-rich dyke from Baranec Mt. (Tatra Mts., Western Carpathians): A key to understanding of the post-orogenic processes and element mobility},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and D. Chew and U. Klötzli and A. Müller and M. Sikorska and P. Pyka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84996566965&doi=10.1515%2fgeoca-2016-0026&partnerID=40&md5=f108d0bb1a62a7ffa531f0e670518981},

doi = {10.1515/geoca-2016-0026},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {67},

number = {5},

pages = {417-432},

publisher = {Walter de Gruyter GmbH},

abstract = {On the southeastern slope of the Baranec Mount in the Western Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) an apatite-rich pegmatite-like segregation was found in the subvertical fault zone cutting metapelitic rocks. Two zones: felsic (F) and mafic (M) were found, differing in mineral assemblages and consequently in chemistry. Fluorapatite crystals yield a LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of 328.6 ± 2.4 Ma. A temperature decrease from 634 °C to 454 °C at a pressure around 500 to 400 MPa with oxygen fugacity increasing during crystallization are the possible conditions for formation of the pegmatite-like segregation, while secondary alterations took place in the temperature range of 340-320 °C. The Sr-Nd isotope composition of both apatite and whole rock point toward a crustal origin of the dike in question, suggesting partial melting of (P; F; H2O)-rich metasedimentary rocks during prolonged decompression of the Tatra Massif. The original partial melt (felsic component) was mixed with an external (F; H2O)-rich fluid, carrying Fe and Mg fluxed from more mafic metapelites and crystallizing as biotite and epidote in the mafic component of the dyke. © 2016 Geologica Carpathica.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84961859357,

title = {Mineralogy and origin of coarse-grained segregations in the pyrometallurgical Zn-Pb slags from Katowice-Wełnowiec (Poland)},

author = { R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda and J. Janeczek and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84961859357&doi=10.1007%2fs00710-016-0439-1&partnerID=40&md5=800a08fc08ff021df0041383b0bd385f},

doi = {10.1007/s00710-016-0439-1},

issn = {09300708},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},

volume = {110},

number = {5},

pages = {681-692},

publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},

abstract = {The unique among pyrometallurgical slags, coarse-grained (up to 2.5 cm) segregations (up to 40 cm long) rimmed by “aplitic” border zones occur within holocrystalline historical Zn-smelting slag in Katowice, S Poland. Slag surrounding the segregations consists of olivine, spinel series, melilite, clinopyroxene, leucite, nepheline and sulphides. Ca-olivines, kalsilite and mica compositionally similar to oxykinoshitalite occur in border zones in addition to olivine, spinel series and melilite. Miarolitic and massive pegmatite-like segregations are built of subhedral crystals of melilite, leucite, spinel series, clinopyroxene and hematite. Melilite, clinopyroxenes and spinels in the segregations are enriched in Zn relatively to original slag and to fine-grained border zones. The segregations originated as a result of crystallization from residual melt rich in volatiles (presumably CO2). The volatile-rich melt was separated during fractional crystallization of molten slag under the cover of the overlying hot (ca. 1250 °C) vesicular slag, preventing the escape of volatiles. That unique slag system is analogous to natural magmatic systems. © 2016, The Author(s).},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84939631782,

title = {Episodic construction of the Tatra granitoid intrusion (Central Western Carpathians, Poland/Slovakia): consequences for the geodynamics of Variscan collision and Rheic Ocean closure},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Burda and U. Klötzli and J. Golonka and K. Szopa},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84939631782&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-015-1239-2&partnerID=40&md5=b253de659bcf0b087bb9be0788427a8d},

doi = {10.1007/s00531-015-1239-2},

issn = {14373254},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {105},

number = {4},

pages = {1153-1174},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {The Tatra granitoid pluton (Central Western Carpathians; Poland/Slovakia) is an example of composite polygenetic intrusion, comprising many magmatic pulses varying compositionally from diorite to granite. The U–Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon dating of successive magma batches indicates the presence of magmatic episodes at 370–368, 365, 360, 355 and 350–340 Ma, all together covering a time span of 30 Ma of magmatic activity. The partial resorption and recycling of former granitoid material (“petrological cannibalism”) was a result of the incremental growth of the pluton and temperature in the range of 750–850 °C. The long-lasting granitoid magmatism was connected to the prolonged subduction of oceanic crust and collision of the Proto-Carpathian Terrane with a volcanic arc and finally with Laurussia, closing the Rheic Ocean. The differences in granitoid composition are the results of different depths of crustal melting. More felsic magmas were generated in the outer zone of the volcanic arc, whilst more mafic magmas were formed in the inner part of the supra-subduction zone. The source rocks of the granitoid magmas covered the compositional range of metapelite–amphibolite and were from both lower and upper crust. The presence of the inherited zircon cores suggests that the collision and granitoid magmatism involved crust of Cadomian consolidation age (c. 530 and 518 Ma) forming the Proto-Carpathian Terrane, crust of Avalonian affinity (462; 426 Ma) and melted metasedimentary rocks of volcanic arc provenance. © 2015, The Author(s).},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84946061825,

title = {Composition and element mobilization in pyrometallurgical slags from the Orzeł Biały smelting plant in the Bytom-Piekary ͆laskie area, Poland},

author = { R. Warchulski and A. Gawęda and M. Kądziołka-Gaweł and K. Szopa},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946061825&doi=10.1180%2fminmag.2015.079.2.21&partnerID=40&md5=18374edf64b8f8e38b0410f000a9c6bd},

doi = {10.1180/minmag.2015.079.2.21},

issn = {0026461X},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogical Magazine},

volume = {79},

number = {2},

pages = {459-483},

publisher = {Mineralogical Society},

abstract = {Wastes accumulated at Piekary ͆l?skie, Poland, are the result of 150 years of continuous working of the Orzeł Biały smelting plant. Slags are composed of: oxides (spinel; hematite; zincite); silicates and aluminosilicates (olivine; monticellite-kirschteinite; titanite; merwinite; pyroxene; melilite; feldspars: plagioclases and plumbean K-feldspar; nepheline; kalsilite; leucite); sulfides (pyrrhotite; rudashevskyite; galena), metallic phases (pure iron and iron-arsenic mixture) and secondary phases (gypsum; rapidcreekite; apatite). Interstices between the crystalline phases are filled by glass, concentrating toxic and potentially harmful elements, e.g. up to 53.22 wt.% PbO. The sequence of crystallization of primary phases depended on the local variability of oxygen fugacity and degree of calcination, while the texture type resulted from the cooling time and partial pressure of volatiles. Suggested crystallization temperatures are in the range of 1200-1500°C. Bulk chemical analyses show that the slags are composed mainly of SiO2, Al2O3,Fe2O3, MgO and CaO. Among the potentially harmful elements, Zn is the most common, reaching up to 5.93 wt.%, Pb is present in concentrations up to 3.9 wt.% and As in weathered samples exceeds 1 wt.%. Leaching tests of these elements confirms As mobility as Zn and Pb are preferably leached from fresh slags, while As is present in greater amounts in leachate from weathered slag samples. The documented amounts of As, Zn, Pb and their mobility in slags produce an environmental risk, as this material is currently used widely for commercial purposes. © 2015 Mineralogical Society 2015.},

note = {27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84947274741,

title = {Petrogenesis of kyanite-quartz segregations in mica schists of the Western Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)},

author = { P. Pyka and A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and A. Müller and M. Sikorska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947274741&doi=10.1515%2fmipo-2015-0007&partnerID=40&md5=d00b528405e9d2afd66a3d3621d0c3db},

doi = {10.1515/mipo-2015-0007},

issn = {18998291},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogia},

volume = {45},

number = {3-4},

pages = {99-120},

publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},

abstract = {In the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia) metamorphic complex, kyanite-quartz segregations with biotite-rich selvage occur in mylonitized mica schists. In this paper, the problem of fluid flow and aluminium mobility during the uplift of the crystalline massif, and the position of the segregations in the history of Western Tatra metamorphic complex, is adressed. The reaction Alm + Rt → Ilm + Ky + Qtz is considered to be the result of a pressure drop from above to below 9 kbar. Ti-in-biotite geothermometry shows the temperature range to be 579-639°C that is related to heating and decompression associated with granite intrusion. Major-element mass-balance calculations show that Al remained stable in the selvage + segregation system whereas other elements (e.g. Cr; HFSE) were mobilized. The kyanite-quartz segregations formed from local fluids generated during dehydration of the metapelitic rocks during uplift. The main mechanism was likely diffusion-driven mass-transfer into extension-related cracks. © 2014 Paulina Pyka et al., published by De Gruyter Open.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84910009149,

title = {LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating and REE patterns of apatite from the Tatra Mountains, Poland as a monitor of the regional tectonomagmatic activity},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa and D. Chew},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84910009149&doi=10.2478%2fs13386-013-0171-0&partnerID=40&md5=59e756a1ac041a8e5a687eae31af78f5},

doi = {10.2478/s13386-013-0171-0},

issn = {17338387},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Geochronometria},

volume = {41},

number = {4},

pages = {306-314},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {This study presents apatite LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age and trace elements concentrations data from different granite types from the Tatra Mountains, Poland. Apatite from monazite and xenotime-bearing High Tatra granite was dated at 339 ± 5 Ma. The apatite LREE patterns reflect two types of magmas that contributed to this layered magma series. Apatite from a hybrid allanite-bearing diorite from the Goryczkowa Unit was dated at 340 ± 4 Ma with apatite LREE depletion reflecting the role of allanite and titanite during apatite crystallization. Apatite crystals from a hybrid cumulative rock from the Western Tatra Mountains were dated at 344 ± 3 Ma. Apatite is one of the main REE carriers in this sample and exhibit flat REE patterns.Taking into account the relatively low closure temperature of the U-Pb system in apatite (350–550°C), the c. 340 Ma apatite ages mark the end of high temperature tectonometamorphic activity in the Tatra Mountains. © 2014, Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Wien.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84880296551,

title = {Age and origin of the tourmaline-rich hydraulic breccias in the Tatra Granite, Western Carpathians},

author = { A. Gawęda and A. Müller and H. Stein and M. Kądziołko-Gaweł and S. Mikulski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880296551&doi=10.3190%2fjgeosci.140&partnerID=40&md5=f5e64f74dc43ef8f164b56364a46a5f8},

doi = {10.3190/jgeosci.140},

issn = {18026222},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Geosciences (Czech Republic)},

volume = {58},

number = {2},

pages = {133-148},

abstract = {In the crystalline basement of the Tatra Mountains (Poland/Slovakia) two types of tourmaline-rich breccia zones are described, both having originated from magmatic fluids and showing a 350 ± 1 Ma Re-Os model age. Both T1 brecciated pegmatites and T2 vein-breccias are cemented by a tourmaline-quartz matrix. In T1 breccias, the metasomatic replacement of feldspars by tourmaline and overgrowths of small Tur2 tourmalines on the primary pegmatitic Tur1 tourmaline crystals suggest an important role for metasomatic processes. The microcrystalline nature of the quartz-tourmaline matrix and high vacancy ratios in the X-site in tourmaline from T2 breccias reflect relatively rapid crystallization from an oxidized fluid. The formation of both types of breccias is related to the internal structure of the Tatra granitoid intrusion. The layered character of the granitoid body probably stimulated the formation of pegmatite-like pockets, with local overpressure causing metasomatic alteration, rock brecciation and cementation by tourmaline (T1 breccias), the final hydrofracturing of overburden rocks and fluid escape. The resulting fracture zones (T2) are interpreted as the paths for fluid migration and rapid crystallization as the pressure and temperature dropped from 7.5-6 kbar and 630-570 °C in the case of the T1 brecciated pegmatites to 2.5-1.5 kbar and 465-430 °C in the vein T2 breccias.},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84885054439,

title = {Indialite-rich paralava from a coalmine waste-dump, Sosnowiec, Poland},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Janeczek and M. Kierepka and M. Kądziołko-Gaweł and T. Krzykawski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84885054439&doi=10.1127%2f0077-7757%2f2013%2f0238&partnerID=40&md5=48936a7de22d814ae483414c8de0fa40},

doi = {10.1127/0077-7757/2013/0238},

issn = {00777757},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen},

volume = {190},

number = {3},

pages = {237-251},

abstract = {High-temperature (>1000 °C) melting and pyrometamorphism of Carboniferous psammitic-pelitic rocks caused by spontaneous combustion of coal in a coal mine waste dump, Sosnowiec, Poland, produced paralava and clinker. Local differences in oxygen fugacity, melt density and viscosity led to the formation of two varieties of paralavas both with andesitic composition: reduced (dark grey) and oxidized (red). Abundant Fe-rich idiomorphic indialite (X Fe = 0.47-0.63) occurs in reduced paralava together with spinel, magnetite, hematite, rare phosphides, minor Fe-rich sapphirine and relic pyrite, monazite, xenotime, and zircon. Only few acicular crystals of indialite, skeletal spinel, and hematite occur in the oxidized paralava in addition to abundant partially resorbed quartz inherited from the sedimentary protolith. Partial melting of monazite under reducing conditions did not reset its U-Th-Pb ages despite mobilization of P and subsequent precipitation of secondary (Fe;Mn;Mg;Ca)-phosphides. Fractional crystallization combined with redox conditions was a major mechanism controlling mineral and chemical compositions of paralava. © 2013 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84896694172,

title = {U-Pb zircon age of the youngest magmatic activity in the high tatra granites (Central Western Carpathians)},

author = { J. Burda and A. Gawęda and U. Klötzli},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896694172&doi=10.2478%2fs13386-013-0106-9&partnerID=40&md5=3e0ff5edb0baa7e0a5463fb39c8ca0db},

doi = {10.2478/s13386-013-0106-9},

issn = {17338387},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Geochronometria},

volume = {40},

number = {2},

pages = {134-144},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {Detailed cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of zircon crystals, coupled with Laser Abla-tion Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon dating was used to develop new insights into the evolution of granitoids from the High Tatra Moun-tains. The zircon U-Pb results show two distinct age groups (350±5 Ma and 337±6 Ma) recorded from cores and rims domains, respectively. Obtained results point that the last magmatic activity in the Ta-tra granitoid intrusion occurred at ca. 330 Ma. The previously suggested age of 314 Ma reflects rather the hydrothermal activity and Pb-loss, coupled with post-magmatic shearing. © 2013 Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.},

note = {27},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84896083712,

title = {Geochronology and petrogenesis of granitoid rocks from the Goryczkowa Unit, Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians)},

author = { J. Burda and A. Gawęda and U. Klötzli},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896083712&doi=10.2478%2fgeoca-2013-0029&partnerID=40&md5=f2adda680deed4b33e1f11be6416ab5d},

doi = {10.2478/geoca-2013-0029},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {64},

number = {6},

pages = {419-435},

publisher = {Slovak Academic Press Ltd},

abstract = {The geochemical characteristics as well as the LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon age relationship between two granitoid suites found in the Goryczkowa crystalline core in the Western Tatra Mountains were studied. The petrological investigations indicate that both granitoid suites were emplaced at medium crustal level, in a VAG (volcanic arc granites) tectonic setting. However, these suites differ in source material melted and represent two different magmatic stages: suite 1 represents a high temperature, oxidized, pre-plate collision intrusion, emplaced at ca. 371 Ma while suite 2 is late orogenic/anatectic magma, which intruded at ca. 350 Ma. These data are consistent with a period of intensive magmatic activity in the Tatra Mountain crystalline basement. The emplacement of granitoids postdates the LP-HT regional metamorphism/ partial melting at ca. 387 Ma and at 433-410 Ma, imprinted in the inherited zircon cores.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84880591308,

title = {The petrogenesis of granitoid rocks unusually rich in apatite in the Western Tatra Mts. (S-Poland, Western Carpathians)},

author = { K. Szopa and A. Gawęda and A. Müller and M. Sikorska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84880591308&doi=10.1007%2fs00710-012-0262-2&partnerID=40&md5=99a5cd9868967426344ea44c344d8335},

doi = {10.1007/s00710-012-0262-2},

issn = {09300708},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},

volume = {107},

number = {4},

pages = {609-627},

publisher = {Springer-Verlag Wien},

abstract = {In the bottom part of the tongue-shaped, layered granitoid intrusion, exposed in the Western Tatra Mts., apatite-rich granitic rocks occur as pseudo-layers and pockets between I-type hybrid mafic precursors and homogeneous S-type felsic granitoids. The apatite-rich rocks are peraluminous (ASI = 1.12-1.61), with P2O5 contents ranging from 0.05 to 3.41 wt.% (<7.5 vol.% apatite), shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline. Apatite is present as long-prismatic zoned crystals (Ap1) and as large xenomorphic unzoned crystals (Ap2). Ap1 apatite and biotite represent an early cumulate. Feldspar and Ap2 textural relations may reflect the interaction of the crystal faces of both minerals and support a model based on local saturation of (P; Ca; F) versus (K; Na; Al; Si; Ba) in the border zones. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the apatite rocks and for pure apatite suggest apatite was a main REE carrier in these rocks. Minerals characteristics and the whole rock chemistry suggest both reduced S-type and I-type magma influenced the apatite-rich rocks. The field observations, mineral and rock chemistry as well as mass-balance calculations point out that the presence of apatite-rich rocks may be linked to the continuous mixing of felsic and mafic magmas, creating unique phosphorus- and aluminium-rich magma portions. Formation of these rocks was initially dominated by the complex flowage-controlled and to some extent also gravity-driven separation of early-formed zoned minerals and, subsequently, by local saturation in the border zones of growing feldspar and apatite crystals. Slow diffusion in the phosphorus-rich magma pockets favoured the local saturation and simultaneous crystallization of apatite and feldspars in a crystal-ladden melt. © 2012 The Author(s).},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84876031767,

title = {The origin of post-magmatic Ca-Al minerals in granite-diorite mingling zones: The Tatra granitoid intrusion, Western Carpathians},

author = { A. Gawęda and R. Włodyka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876031767&doi=10.1127%2f0077-7757%2f2012%2f0228&partnerID=40&md5=6664e652992adaa43c585ff389a92222},

doi = {10.1127/0077-7757/2012/0228},

issn = {00777757},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen},

volume = {190},

number = {1},

pages = {29-47},

abstract = {Secondary mineral assemblages from thin contact zones of mafic and felsic rock portions in the polygenetic granitoid pluton of Western Tatra and High Tatra Mountains are described. The growth of these assemblages was stimulated by the presence of mafic (dioritic) rocks, represented by both mafic precursors and mafic microgranular enclaves. The mafic rocks acted as the sources of elements necessary for Ca-Al silicates and actinolite crystallization, while the physical contact of the two rock types provided a path for fluid circulation and cation exchange. In case of the Western Tatra mingling zone, the mineral assemblage consists of actinolite + garnet (G1 and G2) + titanite (Ttn1 and Ttn2) + epidote + chlorite + muscovite. In the High Tatra Mts. mingling zones the secondary mineral assemblage comprises garnet (G2) + epidote + chlorite + muscovite + magnetite. Actinolite grew in two stages. The first stage involved crystallization from high temperature hydrothermal fluids, separated from the magma, at relatively high oxygen fugacity. The second stage was a result ofcrystallization from a subsolidus fluid phase at lower temperatures and oxygen fugacities. Different models of secondary Ca-garnet growth (G1 and G2) can be applied for the two described examples of secondary alteration. The crystallization of G1 garnet started at many centres and involved the independent development of discrete crystals. Widespread chlorite, postdating the garnet formation, preserves the Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio of parent biotite. In the High Tatra grani-toid, G2 garnet lenses are products of early biotite alterations that grew simultaneously with chlorite and epidote in free spaces and secondary magnetite governing the Fe budget. The lack of titanite in the latter assemblage may reflect poorly developed biotite chloritization restricted to the vicinity of garnet and epidote lenses. The growth of secondary minerals occurred in two stages: first stage under the increasing oxygen fugacity at pressures of ca 3.5 kbar and temperatures from 485 °C to 377 °C, and the second stage under conditions of decreasing oxygen fugacity, high silica activity in hydrothermal fluid and at temperature falling from 380 °C to 300-220 °C. © 2012 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80955151633,

title = {Magma hybridization in the Western Tatra Mts. granitoid intrusion (S-Poland, Western Carpathians)},

author = { J. Burda and A. Gawęda and U. Klötzli},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80955151633&doi=10.1007%2fs00710-011-0150-1&partnerID=40&md5=cd744a983c5c97c110cbd1805b8368c1},

doi = {10.1007/s00710-011-0150-1},

issn = {09300708},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogy and Petrology},

volume = {103},

number = {1-4},

pages = {19-36},

abstract = {In the Variscan Western Tatra granites hybridization phenomena such as mixing and mingling can be observed at the contact of mafic precursors of dioritic composition and more felsic granitic host rocks. The textural evidence of hybridization include: plagioclase-K-feldspar-sphene ocelli, hornblende- and biotite-rimmed quartz ocelli, plagioclase with Ca-rich spike zonation, inversely zoned K-feldspar crystals, mafic clots, poikilitic plagioclase and quartz crystals, mixed apatite morphologies, zoned K-feldspar phenocrysts. The apparent pressure range of the magma hybridization event was calculated at 6.1 kbar to 4.6 kbar, while the temperature, calculated by independent methods, is in the range of 810°C-770°C. U-Pb age data of the hybrid rocks were obtained by in-situ LA-MC-ICP-MS analysis of zircon. The oscillatory zoned zircon crystals yield a concordia age of 368 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 1.1), interpreted as the age of magma hybridization and timing of formation of the magmatic precursors. It is the oldest Variscan magmatic event in that part of the Tatra Mountains. © 2011 The Author(s).},

note = {33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84858735523,

title = {The origin of magmatic layering in the High Tatra granite, Central Western Carpathians - Implications for the formation of granitoid plutons},

author = { A. Gawęda and K. Szopa},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858735523&doi=10.1017%2fS1755691012010146&partnerID=40&md5=8ba0cbd9ad99d9262a0696836292af20},

doi = {10.1017/S1755691012010146},

issn = {17556910},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh},

volume = {102},

number = {2},

pages = {129-144},

abstract = {The High Tatra granite intrusion is an example of a Variscan syn-tectonic,tongue-shaped intrusion. In some portions of the intrusion, structures occur which appear to be ofsedimentary origin. These include structures similar to graded bedding, cross-bedding, troughs andflame structures, K-feldspar-rich cumulates and magmatic breccias. Formation of these structuresmight be related to changing magma properties, including crystal fraction, development of a crystalmush and a decrease in magma viscosity, stimulated by influx of mafic magma and high volatilecontent. The suggested processes in operation are: gravity-controlled separation, magma flowsegregation, deposition on the magma-chamber floor, filter pressing and density currents stimulatedby tectonic activity.The formation of the sedimentary structures was also aided by the presence of large numbers ofxenoliths that acted as a heat sink and influenced the thermal field in the intrusion, stimulating rapidcooling and crystal nucleation. Sinking xenoliths deformed the layering and, to some extent,protected the unconsolidated crystal mush from erosion by magma flowing past.Areas with well-developed sedimentary magmatic structures can be viewed as having involvedmagma rich in crystals locally forming closely-packed networks from which residual melt wasextracted by filter pressing, and preserved in leucocratic pods and dykes. Interleaved, non-layeredgranite may be interpreted to have formed from the magma with initially low crystal fractions.It is suggested that the intrusion was formed from numerous magma injections representingdifferent stages in the mixing and mingling of felsic and mafic sources. It solidified by gravitationdrivencrystal accumulation and flow sorting on the magma chamber floor and on the surfaces oflarge numbers of xenoliths. Shear stress acting during intrusion might have influenced the formationof magmatic structures. © 2011 The Royal Society of Edinburgh.},

note = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-67349092444,

title = {Shear-influenced partial melting in the Western Tatra metamorphic complex: Geochemistry and geochronology},

author = { J. Burda and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-67349092444&doi=10.1016%2fj.lithos.2009.01.010&partnerID=40&md5=dd784cccf707711ec2c5cda7bd5a71de},

doi = {10.1016/j.lithos.2009.01.010},

issn = {00244937},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Lithos},

volume = {110},

number = {1-4},

pages = {373-385},

abstract = {The geochemical and isotopic characteristics as well as the age relationship between the migmatites and leucogranites, present in the metamorphic basement of the Western Tatra Mts. (Tatric Superunit - Central Western Carpathians), were studied. The suggested process for their formation was the progressive melting of the same metapelitic source under differing P-T-aH2O conditions during shearing. The migmatitic leucosomes started to form by vapour-present partial melting. As the melting developed, with increasing temperature and stress, muscovite dehydration-melting under both vapour-present and vapour-absent conditions was continued, giving rise to the formation of leucogranite melt pockets of different size. Coupled feldspar-governed fractionation and restite removal influenced the chemical and mineralogical zonation in leucogranite bodies, accumulated in the pressure shadows. No fractionation was observed in migmatitic leucosomes. U-Pb TIMS and LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon and monazite ages obtained from anatectic leucosome and leucogranite indicate that the partial melts crystallized at ca. 360-365 Ma. The zircon U-Pb ages reflect the span of time encompassing partial melting, melt separation and crystallization. The effect of the incipient crystallization of the partial melt is recorded by the inner part of the isometric zircons (Th/U < 0.1) which yielded an age of 365.1 ± 2.4 Ma (2σ). Their growth continued until the metamorphic climax at ca. 750 °C and 8 kbar. Elongate zircons (Th/U > 0.1) yielding an age of 360.5 ± 1.9 Ma (2σ) crystallized during initial cooling accompanied by melt crystallization. The two zircon populations bracket the time interval during which the analyzed monazite-(Ce) crystallized (ca. 365-360 Ma). The U-Pb age of the leucogranite zircons (359.1 ± 1.2 Ma) supports the thesis that the leucogranites crystallized from melt expelled from the migmatised metapelites. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},

note = {34},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-51449100976,

title = {An apatite-rich enclave in the High Tatra granite (Western Carpathians): Petrological and geochronological study},

author = { A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-51449100976&partnerID=40&md5=3ab6af3929012b851904aa32459cb8da},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {59},

number = {4},

pages = {295-306},

abstract = {A mafic, coarse-grained apatite-rich enclave found in the High Tatra granite, Western Carpathians, is an ultrapotassic rock with mixed (mantle-crustal) geochemical and mineralogical signatures. A U-Pb zircon age dates the intrusion at 345 ± 5.1 Ma. Zircon cores preserve ages of 361 ± 7.6 Ma and 391 ± 4.6 Ma. The apatite-rich rock could be interpreted as a cumulate material related to common Tatra granite of comparable age (360-340 Ma). This rock, of very unusual mineralogy, is an atypical cumulate formed in rocks of granitoid composition.},

note = {19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-31544449190,

title = {Origin of organic matter from tectonic zones in the Western Tatra Mountains crystalline basement, Poland: An example of bitumen - Source rock correlation},

author = { L. Marynowski and A. Gawęda and P. Poprawa and M.M. Zywiecki and B. Kępińska and H. Merta},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-31544449190&doi=10.1016%2fj.marpetgeo.2005.08.001&partnerID=40&md5=3d75aba5cae45361a9f1780009cc53d5},

doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2005.08.001},

issn = {02648172},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},

volume = {23},

number = {2},

pages = {261-279},

abstract = {Solid bitumens of unknown origin, found in brittle tectonic shear zones cutting the crystalline basement of the Western Tatra Mts, show uniform geochemical characteristics that suggest a uniform source for the original hydrocarbons. On the basis of GC-MS data, a similarity between these solid bitumens and organic matter dispersed in the Mesozoic source rocks of Podhale Trough and sedimentary cover of the northern Tatra Mts is observed. The organic matter in the Mesozoic source rocks shows a higher maturation level than that in the solid bitumens. The molecular composition of the organic matter in both the solid bitumens and the basement rocks is significantly different from that in the Paleogene sedimentary rocks infilling the Podhale Trough. These immature to early mature Paleogene sedimentary rocks contain organic compounds typical of terrestrial plants, both conifers (simonellite and retene) and angiosperms (lupane; oleanane and taraxastene), which are absent in the solid bitumens and in the Mesozoic source rocks. Water-CO2 fluid inclusions in quartz sealing the shear zones have marine-like salinity, a dominance of CaCl2 and Mg2+ depletion, suggesting genetic affinity to dolomitised carbonate rocks such as potential Middle Triassic source rocks. The low maturity of the solid bitumen in the shear zones relative to its Mesozoic source can be explained by continued maturation of the Mesozoic source rocks after expulsion and migration into the shear zones. The results of hydrocarbon-generation modeling indicate that oil expulsion from the Mesozoic source rocks, its migration through the shear zones, and the subsequent maturation of the Mesozoic source rocks all occurred within a short Oligocene time interval. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-21744449845,

title = {The polygenetic vein mineralization in the crystalline rocks of the Suwałki anorthosite massif (NE Poland) [Poligeniczna mineralizacja żyłowa w skałach krystalicznych suwalskiego masywu anortozytowego (NE Polska)]},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Wiszniewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-21744449845&partnerID=40&md5=586986a530a3b546308ac2a8206f1bfc},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {53},

number = {4},

pages = {327-332},

abstract = {The detailed research studies of selected secondary polyphase carbonate-sulphate mineralisations infilling fissures and fractures has been carried out in the crystalline rocks of the Suwałki Anorthosite Massif (SAM). This massif, emplaced within the Mesoproterozoic rapakivi-type Mazury Complex (ca. 1.56 Ga), has been subjected to several tectono-hydrothermal events resulting in extensive mineralization in several stages. The deformation regime changed from the ductile compressional to brittle extentional. Both ductile and brittle shear zones enabled the mineralisation precipitation in the sequence C1 (dolomite) or C1 (calcite) + chlorite ⇒ pseudotachylyte C2 (calcite) ⇒C3 (calcite) + smectite ⇒Qtz1 ⇒C3 (continued) ⇒Brt ⇒ Qtz2 ⇒ Anh. The results of mineralogical and stable isotope studies indicate that the vein mineralization originated from the mixed hydrothermal to hypergenic fluids with admixture of marine-type sulphate waters during the last stage of mineralization.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-13844266075,

title = {The petrogenesis of quartz-diorites from the Tatra Mountains (Central Western Carpathians): An example of magma hybridisation},

author = { A. Gawęda and T. Doniecki and J. Burda and M. Kohut},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-13844266075&doi=10.1127%2f0077-7757%2f2005%2f0181-0005&partnerID=40&md5=4f5e9016f3ec8dcc64c2f37cb4ea6f03},

doi = {10.1127/0077-7757/2005/0181-0005},

issn = {00777757},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen},

volume = {181},

number = {1},

pages = {95-109},

abstract = {Quartz diorites, one of four granitoid varieties distinguished in the Tatra Mts., were found as enclaves in the composite Tatra granite pluton and as small intrusions in the metamorphic envelope. The rocks display contrasting mineralogical and petrological features, suggesting the involvement of crustal and mantle magma sources in their genesis. The presence of monazite and xenotime, the prevalence of zircons with low IT indexes, and intermediate Nd/Th ratios all suggest a parental magma of crustal character. On the other hand, the presence of allanite, metaluminous - subaluminous chemistry, and low Rb/Sr ratios (0.064-0.108) suggest a mantle influence. The isotopic (Nd and Sr) data are also typical of mantle-related magmas. The quartz diorites probably crystallised from hybrid magmas, with mingling of felsic (crustal) and mafic (mantle) magmas as a major process. The stabilisation of the mineral composition of the hybrid magma took place over a wide temperature interval from above 800 °C to below 600 °C. Though intrusion probably took place during decompression, pressure data from Al-in-hornblende geobarometry relate only to late magmatic overprinting (at about 4 kbars). The quartz diorites represent pre-plate collision magmas and could be mafic precursors of the felsic Tatra granitoids. © 2005 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-11244283440,

title = {Petrology of the Galway Granites from Connemara and Leinster Granites from Kildare-Wilcklow, Ireland - Field Workshop EUROGRANITES 2004 [Petrologia granitów Galway z Connemara i granitów Leinster z Kildare-Wicklow, Irlandia - Warsztaty terenowe EUROGRANITES 2004]},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Wiszniewska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-11244283440&partnerID=40&md5=47f70962d03cf043bdc7fe47c304f326},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {52},

number = {11},

pages = {1030-1031},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-12444259667,

title = {Geology, geophysics, geothermics and deep structure of the West Carpathians and their basement: Outline of problems},

author = { R. Aubrecht and J. Chowaniec and A. Gawęda and J. Golonka and B. Kępińska and M. Krobicki and J. Lefeld and M. Lewandowski and M. Michalik and F. Picha and M. Potfaj and N. Oszczypko and E. Słaby and A. Ślączka and A. Uchman},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12444259667&partnerID=40&md5=582d8519710fced103878fb9782776cf},

issn = {0138015X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Series M: Miscellanea},

volume = {28},

number = {363},

pages = {7-8},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-12444253845,

title = {Detailed field geology, geophysics, geothermics: Guide and itinerary},

author = { K. Birkenmajer and J. Chowaniec and A. Gawęda and J. Golonka and B. Kępińska and M. Krobicki and J. Lefeld and M. Michalik and M. Sidorczuk and A. Uchman and J. Tyszka and A. Wierzbowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-12444253845&partnerID=40&md5=3c540d130ad5cf42488b9e1997ea22c9},

issn = {0138015X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Series M: Miscellanea},

volume = {28},

number = {363},

pages = {65-80},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0141683737,

title = {Metamorphic and magmatic development of the Variscan basement of the Tatra Mts},

author = { A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141683737&partnerID=40&md5=113da7f9270c7bd714775b62395c1eb8},

issn = {0138015X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Series M: Miscellanea},

volume = {28},

number = {363},

pages = {115-118},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0141572330,

title = {Migrabitumens - The link between the Podhale Trough and the crystalline basement of the Western Tatra Mts},

author = { A. Gawęda and L. Marynowski and B. Kępińska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141572330&partnerID=40&md5=86cef48217c7578266d79a45712623d4},

issn = {0138015X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Series M: Miscellanea},

volume = {28},

number = {363},

pages = {119-122},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0141572374,

title = {Inner Carpathians: Tatra Mountains},

author = { A. Gawęda and J. Lefeld and M. Michalik and A. Uchman},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0141572374&partnerID=40&md5=399fec764afc090868573e75ef73b7bd},

issn = {0138015X},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

journal = {Publications of the Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Series M: Miscellanea},

volume = {28},

number = {363},

pages = {57-64},

publisher = {Polish Academy of Sciences},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0036740862,

title = {Tourmalines from the Western Tatra Mountains (W-Carpathians, S-Poland): Their characteristics and petrogenetic importance},

author = { A. Gawęda and A. Pieczka and J. Kraczka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036740862&doi=10.1127%2f0935-1221%2f2002%2f0014-0943&partnerID=40&md5=81fd35e564be9a10c9066a009e1090a5},

doi = {10.1127/0935-1221/2002/0014-0943},

issn = {09351221},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {European Journal of Mineralogy},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

pages = {943-955},

publisher = {E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung},

abstract = {Tourmalines are the most important Fe-Mg minerals in the pegmatites and leucogranites intruding the crystalline core of the Western Tatra Mountains (South Poland). They also occur in the folded host rocks inside the contact zone. The chemical composition and the weak zonation of the investigated tourmalines are both consistent with the field observations which suggest their magmatic/late magmatic origin and a close association with the Li-poor leucogranites and Al-rich, Ca-poor metasediments. The irregular distribution of the tourmaline-bearing rocks can be interpreted as reflecting three factors, i.e., limited boron and water availability in the metasedimentary rocks during anatexis, variable oxygen fugacity (controlled partly by the presence of graphite) and restricted mobility of the mafic cations, necessary for tourmaline formation. The exsolution of a boron-rich fluid phase, incompatible with silicate melt, and its escape along a shear zone is also considered. The differences in Fe3+/Fe2+ characterising the Western Tatra tourmalines could result both from fO2 variations in the source metasediments during anatexis and from the interaction of magmatic/postmagmatic fluids with the metamorphic host rocks.},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0035036136,

title = {Hydrocarbons migration in tectonic zones of the western Tatra Mountains Crystalline basement (Central Western Carpathians)},

author = { L. Marynowski and A. Gawęda and S. Cebulak and M.O. Jędrysek},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035036136&partnerID=40&md5=ce40ee85e8b192368e68591610ab6a5f},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {52},

number = {1},

pages = {3-14},

abstract = {In the Western Tatra Mountains crystalline basement a bituminous matter was found in tectonic zones (faults, shatter zones). The tectonic zones run NE-SW cutting both the Variscan crystalline basement and its sedimentary Mesozoic cover. Oxyreactive Thermal Analyses of whole rock samples and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analyses of extractable organic matter revealed that the bitumens in question are heavy fractions of crude oils. The source rocks of the bitumens were marine shales and lacustrine sediments, relatively poor in organic material, accumulated in suboxic shelf conditions. The thermal maturity of the bitumens was determined as the oil-window stage (RCS = 0.74-0.82 %). The terrestrial organic matter admixture was negligibly small, so we can suggest the age of the source material may be older than Tertiary (by comparison with the other Carpathian oils). The comparison with the Outer Carpathian crude oils showed that the Western Tatra bitumens resemble Jurassic oils more than Paleogene ones. Jurassic and Upper Triassic carbonates and black shales from the overthrust Tatricum sequences seem to be a more plausible source rocks for the investigated bitumens. The tectonic zones, rejuvenated after or during Miocene uplift of the Tatra Block served as the paths for bitumens migration.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0034458140,

title = {Structure and origin of pseudotachylites from the High Tatra Mts [Struktura i geneza pseudotachlitów Tatr Wysokich]},

author = { A. Gawęda and R. Piwkowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034458140&partnerID=40&md5=70f22740c3c2582a7fc96171d76c0961},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {48},

number = {8},

pages = {722-726},

abstract = {Pseudotachylites occur in the High Tatra Mts as vein rocks with inhomogeneous structure. They are composed of clastic material (47.5% vol.:albite, K-feldspar, quartz, fragments of older breccias with hematitic matrix) and afanitic matrix (52.5% vol.), dark violet in colour. The matrix is ultramylonite, coloured by ground hematite. Occasionally and irregularly disposed enhanced concentrations of TiO2 can be observed. Pseudotachylite veins are the result of mylonite injection into open fissures. Mylonitized rock was poorer in silica than the granodiorite, forming the present host rock. In the contact zone with granodiorite there is a discontinuous thin layer of glass, similar in composition to "minimum granite, formed as the result of fusion of afanitic matrix by the frictional heat generated in the fault zones. Partial melting was a subordinate process and melt formed at the contact was solidified rather quickly, preventing the mixing with the ultramylonite. Formation of pseudotachylites was younger than hematite mineralisation and was connected with young seismic processes accompanying the uplift of the crystalline basement of the Tatra Mts.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0033805015,

title = {Geochemistry and palaeotectonic setting of amphibolites from the Western Tatra Mountains, southern Poland},

author = { A. Gawęda and J.A. Winchester and K. Kozłowski and W. Narębski and J.G. Holland},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033805015&doi=10.1002%2f1099-1034%28200004%2f06%2935%3a2%3c69%3a%3aAID-GJ838%3e3.0.CO%3b2-V&partnerID=40&md5=c3105f6bf1fb5c02dcb58ea1a725cf8e},

doi = {10.1002/1099-1034(200004/06)35:2<69::AID-GJ838>3.0.CO;2-V},

issn = {00721050},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Geological Journal},

volume = {35},

number = {2},

pages = {69-85},

publisher = {John Wiley and Sons Ltd},

abstract = {Amphibolites from the crystalline basement of the Western Tatra Mountains, which are found as small lenses within migmatitic gneisses and mica schists, were formed during pre- or early Variscan amphibolite-facies metamorphic events, and subsequently intruded by the post-metamorphic Variscan Tatra Granite. The amphibolites occur in both the upper and lower metamorphic complexes, which are separated by a major subhorizontal shear zone in the Western Tatra Mountains. The amphibolites can be divided into three types: Massive, striped and garnetiferous. The striped and massive amphibolites, concordant with a dominant S1 foliation, and the garnet amphibolites, which cross-cut the S1 banding in the gneisses, were all originally intrusive dolerites. The striped amphibolites (consisting primarily of hornblende, andesine and quartz), and later, cross-cutting garnet-hornblende-andesine-quartz-bearing amphibolites, predominate in the lower part of the dominantly migmatitic upper complex, and are exposed mainly on the ridges. The massive amphibolites, which contain a similar mineral assemblage, mainly occur in the usually unmigmatized lower structural unit. Chemical studies indicate that three amphibolite suites are present, which probably originated as a series of enriched tholeiites, similar to more recent plume-influenced magmas, which were derived by partial melting of a spinel lherzolite with primitive mantle composition and compositionally slightly modified by crustal contamination. The amphibolites were intruded as dolerites into clastic sediments which had accumulated in an extensional basin floored by attenuated continental crust, a situation similar to that of amphibolites found in metamorphic complexes within the Variscan belt, e.g. in the Orlica-Snieznik area of the Sudetes, where amphibolites chemically similar to those in the Western Tatra also occur. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0033305884,

title = {Preliminary palaeomagnetic study of the High Tatra granites, Central Western Carpathians, Poland},

author = { J. Grabowski and A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033305884&partnerID=40&md5=5ad2a41b616c77921d34075d84a02e63},

issn = {00235873},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Kwartalnik Geologiczny},

volume = {43},

number = {3},

pages = {263-276},

abstract = {Variscan granitoids of the High Tatra Mts. in Poland were the subject of palaeomagnetic, petrographical and rock magnetic investigations. The sampled rocks were granodiorites, rarely tonalites showing weak hydrothermal alterations (chloritisation, epidotisation). 31 hand samples from 7 localities were palaeomagnetically investigated. Stable palaeomagnetic directions of Late Palaeozoic age were isolated in four localities (mean direction: D = 193°},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0342614894,

title = {The origin of graphite in the crystalline basement of the Western Tatra Mts. (Western Carpathians, S-Poland)},

author = { A. Gawęda and S. Cebulak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0342614894&partnerID=40&md5=a35256d4b2b801ac5f82ac3822874e70},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {50},

number = {4},

pages = {295-303},

abstract = {Metamorphic rocks with graphite contents from 0.1 wt. % to 4 wt. % were analysed using Oxyreactive Thermal Analysis as a main tool with supporting X-ray and optical methods. Two generations of graphite were found in these rocks: 1. predominant graphite Gph1 of organic origin (graphitized petroleum coke); 2. hydrothermal graphite Gph2, in association with postmagmatic muscovite, albite and quartz. The P-T conditions of final graphitization for Gph1 were assumed as 7.5-10 kbar and 700-780 °C. The hydrothermal graphite precipitation took place at the temperature of 700-730 °C and pressure about 6 kbar and continued during cooling up to 400 °C and 2 kbar of pressure.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0032595209,

title = {Oxyreactive thermal analysis of dispersed organic matter, kerogen and carbonization products: A tool for investigation of the heated rock masses},

author = { S. Cebulak and A. Gawęda and A. Langier-Kuźniarowa},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0032595209&doi=10.1023%2fA%3a1010147315595&partnerID=40&md5=6c8dcfb39157ce92599cd03b8f4434b8},

doi = {10.1023/A:1010147315595},

issn = {14182874},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry},

volume = {56},

number = {2},

pages = {917-924},

publisher = {Springer Netherlands},

abstract = {This paper presents the results of oxyreactive thermal analyses of organic matter in rocks, heated naturally during diagenetic to metamorphic processes. During the experiments we traced the reactions in the temperature range up to 900°C, it means from the very beginning of diagenetic transformations to the highest real temperatures acting in the Earth's crust as a solid phase. The results showed that TA could be a tool for the reconstruction of thermal regime in natural coal-bearing systems. © 1999 Akadémiai Kiadó.},

note = {8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-17144452907,

title = {Origin and Rb-Sr isotope age of pegmatites from the Western Tatra Mts. - A revised geochemical study},

author = { A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-17144452907&partnerID=40&md5=84c427b03de76da0b1b4c4d9e88cd503},

issn = {02365278},

year  = {1996},

date = {1996-01-01},

journal = {Acta Geologica Hungarica},

volume = {39},

number = {SUPPL.},

pages = {55-57},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0029480185,

title = {Geochemistry and Rb/Sr isochron age of pegmatites from the western Tatra Mts. (S-Poland)},

author = { A. Gawęda},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029480185&partnerID=40&md5=d224b3aa5c6ca0e89c78cb0bc7723426},

issn = {13350552},

year  = {1995},

date = {1995-01-01},

journal = {Geologica Carpathica},

volume = {46},

number = {2},

pages = {95-99},

abstract = {According to geochemical data, the pegmatites from the Western Tatra Mts crystallized from a water-saturated melt, peraluminous in composition, rather poor in trace elements, at temperatures below 700°C. Their origin is connected with partial melting of metamorphic rocks. A Rb/Sr whole-rock isochron study indicates that the pegmatites under consideration were emplaced during the early Hercynian period. They yield an age of 345 ± 9.5 Ma and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70625 ± 0.0002. The low value of the initial Sr isotope ratio suggests a significant admixture of mantle-derived material in the parent rocks melted during metamorphic processes in the Western Tatra crystalline complex. -Author},

note = {24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}