@article{2-s2.0-85173474122,

title = {Preservation, diagenetic transformation and paleoecological significance of fungal saccharides from lignites and fossil wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and J. Smolarek-Lach and P.K. Singh and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173474122&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2023.104686&partnerID=40&md5=df01716b734890ef3ace85b7df6820f8},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2023.104686},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {185},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Fungi are a common component of terrestrial ecosystems, although their preservation as molecular fossils is relatively rare. Saccharides, such as arabitol, mannitol and trehalose, are important in biochemical processes, and are the dominant compounds in fungi, lichens and yeasts. Here we present gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of fungal saccharides in brown coal extracts and compare their distribution to extant white, brown, and soft-rot fungi. Distribution differs depending on the type of decay in modern and fossil wood-decomposing fungi. An arabitol/(arabitol + trehalose) ratio higher than 0.6 for extant and fossil fungi is diagnostic for soft and brown rot, while values below 0.4 are characteristic of white rot fungi. Values between 0.4 and 0.6 suggest a mixed origin of fungal saccharides. The observed differences may shed light on the type of fungal activity, in particular relatated to climatic conditions of the Cenozoic. We conclude that saccharides can be good indicators, sensitive to climate change, of wood degradation by fungi in thermally immature organic matter. As a case study, early Cenozoic lignites were formed on low latitudes in the tropics during or near the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum, as extant soft rot fungi can withstand extremes of temperature and humidity. The presence of these fungi is confirmed by the dominance of arabitol over trehalose in most of the Lower Cenozoic lignites and arabitol/(arabitol + trehalose) ratio values higher than 0.6. In contrast, Miocene detritic coals, which were formed in temperate to subtropical climates, contain saccharides derived from a mixture of different fungi with white rot predominance. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85152003184,

title = {Differences in hemicellulose composition and pectin detection in Eocene and Miocene xylites},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Goryl and M. Lempart-Drozd and M. Bucha and M.A. Majewski and M. Stępień and R. Loręc and J.J. Brocks and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85152003184&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2023.121416&partnerID=40&md5=8c204141aef9c55417784ccfe863983d},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121416},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {624},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The composition of hemicelluloses differ considerably in extant hardwood and softwood. In this study, we demonstrate that there are also significant differences between the hemicellulose composition of angiosperm and gymnosperm fossil wood (Eocene to Miocene). Because of the excellent preservation and high hemicellulose contents, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of xylites shows bands that are characteristic of various hemicelluloses and pectin (despite the overlapping of cellulose and lignin IR bands). In particular, fossil softwood samples show IR bands typical of mannose-containing hemicellulose. The composition of hemicellulose is determined through methanolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results correspond with those of extant softwood and hardwood hemicelluloses because of the excellent preservation of 13–35 Myr fossil wood deposited under reducing marine conditions. The main saccharide building blocks found in angiosperm Eocene and Miocene wood are glucose and xylose. In contrast, mannose, galactose, and glucose are dominant in gymnosperms. The relationship among xylose, mannose, and rhamnose suitably differentiates both fossil and extant woods. Moreover, the relatively high contents of rhamnose and galacturonic acid identified mainly in angiosperms indicate the presence of preserved pectin, which has not been previously documented in fossil organic matter. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy reveals the presence of xylogalacturonan fragments in a separate fraction of the angiosperm Eocene wood. The presence of pectin, a significantly labile carbohydrate polymer, confirms the perfect preservation of fossil wood in marine deposits. This study sheds new light on the identification of xylite affinities based on their hemicellulose composition and promotes research toward the palaeochemotaxonomy of fossil plants. © 2023},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85147541252,

title = {Preservation of labile organic compounds in sapropelic coals from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland},

author = { Á. Nádudvari and M. Misz-Kennan and M.J. Fabiańska and J. Ciesielczuk and T. Krzykawski and B.R.T. Simoneit and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85147541252&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2023.104186&partnerID=40&md5=396c170a48381df292c872f303db8608},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2023.104186},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {267},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Sapropelic coals were taken for study from coal mines and coal waste dumps in Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland. They showed unusual molecular compositions reflecting immature characteristics. The vitrinite reflectances 0.65-1.00% indicated mature organic matter (OM) and agreed with the Rock Eval Tmax (421-444oC). The OM maturity also was supported by the geochemical ratios, i.e., alkylnaphthalenes, dimethylphenanthrenes, methylbiphenyls and dibenzofuran or phenol and its methyl derivatives in the southern part of USCB. The petrographic features showed fine-grained and laminated OM, which is typical for sapropel with a dominance of vitrinite and inertinite macerals. The presence of fusinites and natural chars reflects paleowildfires prior to coal formation and/or peat fires. It is also confirmed by the presence of anthracene, methyl-anthracenes, and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds like anthrone, xanthone, fluorenone, and benzofluoren-11-ones. Rock Eval pyrolysis data showed very similar values as the humic coals from USCB, except for the elevated values of S2 (residual petroleum potential) and Hydrogen Index (HI) reflecting the presence of hydrogen-rich liptinite macerals. The distributions of n-alkanes, methylalkanes, alkylcyclohexanes and alkylbenzenes indicate a microbiological origin associated with microorganisms, including cyanobacteria or Botryococcus. In all samples 8β(H)-homodrimane dominated and indicated an anoxic environment of the deep lakes. The preservation of tetracyclic diterpenoids, diaster-13(17)-enes, ββ-hopanes, simonellite, bisnorsimonellite, cadalene, fatty acids, aromatic aldehydes and carboxylic acids from lignin degradation in sapropelic hard coals indicates an early diagenetic generation of these compounds from sapropels. Furthermore, during coalification, some the less thermally labile compounds can be preserved with increasing coal rank, while others isomerized or aromatized to more stable counterparts. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85135313507,

title = {The transition toward the Messinian evaporites identified by biomarker records in the organic-rich shales of the Tripoli Formation (Sicily, Italy)},

author = { Á. Nádudvari and M. Forzese and R. Maniscalco and A. Di Stefano and M. Misz-Kennan and L. Marynowski and T. Krzykawski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85135313507&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2022.104053&partnerID=40&md5=d95062882491fd96c91734503951577e},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2022.104053},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {260},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Pre-evaporitic Messinian deposits, consisting of a cyclic alternation of diatomites with lime mudstones, and laminated marls, crop out all over the Mediterranean area, representing important archives of deteriorating environmental conditions. The peculiar section of Torrente Vaccarizzo (Sicily) shows several intervals of organic-rich shales, exceptionally high in lipid biomarkers, interbedded mostly with diatomites, laminites, and lime mudstones. This research deals with geochemical analyses of organic-rich shales to characterize the depositional environments and the organic matter source, as well as to investigate the biological archives predating the extreme saline conditions of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. The biomarker compositions with the petrographic results reflect a change from oxic/dysoxic to dysoxic/anoxic conditions towards younger strata. Although a minor terrestrial input is displayed by saccharides and angiosperm biomarkers, such as amyrins, dicarboxylic acids, and lignin degradation products, most of the n-alkanes, isoprenoids, n-alkanoic acids, steroids, hopanes, and tocopherols are produced by marine hypersaline tolerant organisms. Sulfurization of organic compounds (mainly isoprenoids and n-alkanols) complements the pyrite mineralogy also indicating anoxia. The assessment of kerogen by Rock Eval pyrolysis revealed a moderate-good oil potential and indicated thermally immature organic matter, which is also confirmed by multiple geochemical parameters (e.g. hopane; sterane). Bituminite at this stage of thermal maturity is not prone to hydrocarbon generation, but depends on the degree of bacterial alteration. This work highlights the relevance of using biomarkers to characterize the response of biological communities to deteriorating environmental conditions. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85125539700,

title = {High concentrations of HgS, MeHg and toxic gas emissions in thermally affected waste dumps from hard coal mining in Poland},

author = { Á. Nádudvari and J. Cabała and L. Marynowski and M. Jabłońska and M. Dziurowicz and D. Malczewski and B. Kozielska and P. Siupka and Z. Piotrowska-Seget and B.R.T. Simoneit and M. Szczyrba},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85125539700&doi=10.1016%2fj.jhazmat.2022.128542&partnerID=40&md5=dc4d622cf940b6c3ae23b6a2bebc9f65},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128542},

issn = {03043894},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},

volume = {431},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {This study aims to provide numerous environmental research approaches to understand the formation of mineral and organic mercury compounds in self-heating coal waste dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). The results are combined with environmental and health risk assessments. The mineralogy comprised accessory minerals in the fine fraction of thermally affected waste, i.e., Hg sulfides, most likely cinnabar or metacinnabar. Moreover, other metals, e.g., Pb, Zn and Cu, were found as sulfide forms. Apart from Hg, the ICP-ES/MS data confirmed the high content of Mn, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr and Ba in these wastes. The high concentration of available Hg resulted in elevated MeHg concentrations in the dumps. There were no correlations or trends between MeHg concentrations and elemental Hg, TS, TOC, and pH. Furthermore, we did not detect microbial genes responsible for Hg methylation. The organic compounds identified in waste and emitted gases, such as organic acids, or free methyl radicals, common in such burn environments, could be responsible for the formation of MeHg. The concentration levels of gases, e.g., benzene, formaldehyde, NH3, emitted by the vents, reached or surpassed acceptable levels numerous times. The potential ecological and human health risks of these dumps were moderate to very high due to the significant influence of the high Hg concentrations. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85116654445,

title = {Saccharides in atmospheric particulate and sedimentary organic matter: Status overview and future perspectives},

author = { L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85116654445&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemosphere.2021.132376&partnerID=40&md5=9b50b4f66d42c08a92e3e713dd6998b0},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132376},

issn = {00456535},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Chemosphere},

volume = {288},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Saccharides are omnipresent compounds in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Since the 2000s, their role in environmental and geochemical studies has significantly increased, but only anhydrosaccharides (mainly levoglucosan) have been reviewed. Here we present the wider knowledge about saccharides in organic matter of aerosols, bottom sediments, soils, dust, and sedimentary rocks. The main purpose here is to characterize the possible sources of saccharides, as well as sacharol formation, seasonal variability, and the possible applications in environmental and paleoenvironmental interpretations. Different saccharide sources were designated, including biomass burning, and particulate matter such as pollen, spores, lichen, and fungi, as well as polysaccharide decomposition as possible inputs of monosaccharides. The main focus was on the most common saccharides encountered in environmental samples and sedimentary rocks. These are the mono- and disaccharides glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose, and sacharols arabitol and mannitol. The anhydrosaccharides levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were evaluated as ancient wildfire indicators and industrialization tracers found in lacustrine sediments starting from Pleistocene to contemporary deposits. However, other anhydrosaccharides like xylosan and arabinosan were also found as products of fossil wood burning. These anhydrosaccharides have the potential to be further tracers of hemicellulose burning. Additional recommendations are proposed for future research, including environmental and paleoenvironmental topics that need to be addressed. © 2021 The Authors},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85111334635,

title = {Preservation of hemicellulose remnants in sedimentary organic matter},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Bucha and M. Lempart-Drozd and M. Stępień and M. Kondratowicz and J. Smolarek-Lach and M. Rybicki and M. Goryl and J.J. Brocks and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85111334635&doi=10.1016%2fj.gca.2021.07.003&partnerID=40&md5=3db5f77e50b98e7da685875bb2ec57e8},

doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2021.07.003},

issn = {00167037},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},

volume = {310},

pages = {32-46},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Cellulose has been identified in fossil material, but the preservation potential of hemicelluloses, which are less resistant to decomposition than cellulose, is generally considered very low. Here we present the discovery of hemicellulose in Miocene xylites (fossil wood) and Cretaceous xylo-detritic coals from Poland. The main building blocks of hemicelluloses in softwood are mannose, glucose, xylose with lesser amounts of galactose and arabinose. These saccharides were detected in the coals and xylites using independent geochemical methods. Based on chemical analysis, the lignites contained significant holocellulose (22–37%), α-cellulose (8–29%) and hemicellulose (7–13%). In the smoke from a xylite burn test, levoglucosan and mannosan were dominant, the latter a specific hemicellulose alteration product. Glucose and mannose products dominated after methanolysis, with minor galactose and xylose. The main hemicellulosic polysaccharides in lignite appear to be glucomannan and/or galactoglucomannan but with a lower mannose content, possibly connected to wood degradation by fungi. The preservation of hemicelluloses in fossil material may be due to structural interconnection between lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose (i.e. lignocellulose), common in extant wood. This is the first documentation of hemicelluloses in fossil material. Our results show that not only cellulose, but also hemicelluloses can persist for millions of years under favorable conditions with only minor structural changes due to slow microbial and/or diagenetic decay. In fossil wood, types of hemicellulose can help assess whether the ancient plants were related to gymnosperms or angiosperms. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85102972550,

title = {Monoterpenylabietenoids, novel biomarkers from extant and fossil Taxodioideae and sedimentary rocks},

author = { B.R.T. Simoneit and M. Rybicki and M. Goryl and M. Bucha and A. Otto and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85102972550&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2020.104172&partnerID=40&md5=f330e429889bbdaac445f551219bde7e},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2020.104172},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {154},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The presence of 7-p-cymenylferruginol and its diagenetic biomarkers occurring in Cenozoic fossil plants and Mesozoic siltstones and coals has been studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both 7α- and 7β-p-cymenylferruginol isomers were the dominant natural products, with two novel minor additional isomers, namely 3α- and 3β-p-cymenylferruginol, and two hydrocarbons, 7α- and 7β-p-cymenyldehydroabietane. The other tentatively assigned aromatic hydrocarbons were 9,10-p-cymenylretene and 9-p-cymenylsimonellite, which were present in Upper Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks with their further dehydrogenation products. Diterpenoid dimers were also tentatively identified in trace amounts, with 11- and 14-ferruginylferruginol as the dominant compounds. Our results show that the p-cymenylferruginols and p-cymenyldehydroabietanes are not thermally stable and that their occurrence in sedimentary rocks is controlled by the maturity of the organic matter (OM). Also, chamaecydin, identified for the first time in pre-Paleogene strata, was not detectable when the OM maturity based on vitrinite reflectance was higher than ∼0.45–0.5% Rr. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85089820782,

title = {Seasonal and vertical variability of saccharides and other organic tracers of PM10 in relation to weather conditions in an urban environment of Upper Silesia, Poland},

author = { L. Marynowski and E.B. Łupikasza and K. Dąbrowska-Zapart and Ł. Małarzewski and T. Niedźwiedź and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089820782&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2020.117849&partnerID=40&md5=d0c65b4e064f6a3a076cab7996c52eda},

doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117849},

issn = {13522310},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Environment},

volume = {242},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {PM10 samples collected over one year from the city of Sosnowiec, part of the Upper Silesia metropolis were studied. The locale was a gradient meteorological station, 4 m and 100 m above ground. The dominant compounds identified were anhydro-, mono- and disaccharides which were divided into three groups of organic tracers (OT): biomass burning (BB) including low-rank coal burning, pollen grains (PG) and fungal spores (FS). The BB group included: levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, complemented with vanillic and dehydroabietic acids. The PG group included: fructose, glucose and sucrose, supplemented with D-pinitol, and the FS tracers included: arabitol, mannitol and trehalose. Levoglucosan reached 1503 ng/m3 in heating season at 4 m and 983 ng/m3 at 100 m. These values are among the highest mean concentrations of levoglucosan reported in Europe, confirming severe pollution of the Upper Silesian urban environment. We also suggest that the significant levoglucosan levels during the non-heating seasons could be from wind advected polluted soil and dust. All FS tracers correlate well with fungal spore counts, while the correlation of pollen numbers with their typical molecular tracers is statistically less significant. Weather conditions significantly influence the concentration of OT in aerosols. Among these, air temperature is a factor that affects the occurrence/existence of OT in the atmosphere, while temperature inversions are the main phenomenon which determines elevated concentrations of pollutants and their vertical variation in ambient air. For example, the concentration of BB tracers can be twice as high at 4 m as at 100 m under moderate to strong temperature inversions associated with low wind speed. Water vapor pressure and sun irradiation are also important factors controlling OT concentrations. This is one of the first studies of vertical differences in organic tracers which presents the variability and complexity of the processes affecting their concentrations in ambient air. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85085246367,

title = {Variations in δ13C values of levoglucosan from low-temperature burning of lignite and biomass},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and A. Bechtel and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85085246367&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2020.138991&partnerID=40&md5=5bf73659efcd973eedd0974c9ab2c86c},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138991},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {733},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Levoglucosan, an anhydrosaccharide, is commonly used as an organic tracer for biomass burning, but has also been identified from coal smoke particulate matter (PM) including lignites. Here we showed that stable carbon isotope analysis specifically of levoglucosan may be one possible way to determine the relative contributions from coal combustion versus biomass burning sources. PM samples were collected from low-temperature burning/smoldering of Miocene lignites from Poland and basket willow (Salix viminalis L.) representative of biomass. The calculated levoglucosan δ13C values of xylites varied from −23.6 to −21.6‰, while for detritic coal samples they ranged from −24.2 to −23.1‰, with means of −22.7 and −23.7‰, respectively. The calculated levoglucosan δ13C value of basket willow wood was −27.1‰. Values of willow wood mixtures with xylite varied from −25.8 to −23.4‰ (with an increasing proportion of xylite), while values of mixtures of willow and detritic coal ranged from −26.9 to −24.6‰ (with an increasing proportion of detritic coal). The δ13C values for the mixtures changed proportionally to the contents of individual components with R2 = 0.88 and 0.89 for willow with xylite and detritic coal, respectively. The hopanoid distributions characteristic for low-temperature lignite/peat burning, with a predominance of 22R-α,β-homohopane, ββ-hopanes and hopenes, as well as low or very low values of the homohopane index, were observed in smoke PM from most lignite samples and absent in the basket willow sample. Thus, the relatively high content of hopanes (with the occurrence of 22R-α;β-homohopane; ββ-hopanes and hopenes) in atmospheric PM samples can be treated as additional tracers of lignite combustion. © 2020 The Authors},

note = {9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85079238246,

title = {Composition of organic compounds from low-temperature burning of lignite and their application as tracers in ambient air},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85079238246&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemosphere.2020.126087&partnerID=40&md5=55288df11ac7f26390e9127aa99067b1},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126087},

issn = {00456535},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Chemosphere},

volume = {249},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Levoglucosan, a product from thermal decomposition of cellulose, is widely known as an organic tracer of biomass burning, but has also been reported from coal smoke particulate matter (PM) including lignites. This study provides direct evidence that levoglucosan is generated not only during low-temperature burning/smoldering of xylite, but also from other lignite types including detritic and detroxylitic brown coals from Poland. Moreover, only trace amounts of mannosan and galactosan have been detected in PM of lignite smoke. The hopanes in lignite smoke PM comprise the thermodynamically unstable ββ-hopanes and hopenes, with values of the homohopane index 22S/(22S + 22R) ranging from 0.02 to 0.12. This is characteristic for immature organic matter, and combined with the presence of anhydrosaccharides can be used as tracers for lignite combustion in ambient air. Furthermore, almost all Miocene lignite smoke PM samples contain α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols, and prist-1-ene. This is the first report of the occurrence of all four tocopherol isomers in the geological record (in lignite extracts) and in lignite smoke PM samples. Lower α-tocopherol is observed for the lignite burn-test samples than in the corresponding lignite extracts, probably due to partial chain degradation to prist-1-ene during combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85081047423,

title = {Terpenoid biomarkers of ambers from Miocene tropical paleoenvironments in Borneo and of their potential extant plant sources},

author = { B.R.T. Simoneit and D.R. Oros and Ł. Karwowski and Ł. Szendera and J. Smolarek-Lach and M. Goryl and M. Bucha and M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85081047423&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2020.103430&partnerID=40&md5=bbc4d9da365e778a7079a51113ac8268},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2020.103430},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {221},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The chemical composition of ambers is highly diverse, characterized by the occurrence of a variety of terpenoids including: mono-, sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids. The direct analyses of their chemical constituents in total extracts using polar solvents permits the elucidation of unaltered natural products, which are characteristic of the source plants or paleobiome. At this time, knowledge is limited about the plant origins of fossil resins that formed in tropical climatic conditions. Here, we present the complex chemical characteristics of Miocene fossil resins (resinites; termed here as ambers) from the tropics of Kalimantan (Borneo; Indonesia). Extant plant resins from the same geoclimatic region were also analyzed to identify the potential botanical sources of the ambers. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses of total extracts (silylated and methylated) of natural and amber samples were carried out and compared with standard compounds. The main producers of resins forming these Miocene ambers were angiosperms - probably resins of Shorea and less likely Hopea, but not Dipterocarpus species. The key chemotaxonomic marker, present in the ambers and extant Shorea species, was asiatic acid. All samples were composed of sesquiterpenoids and triterpenoids in various proportions, without diterpenoids, characteristic for flowering plants. The sesquiterpenoids in the resins of both ambers and extant plants were primarily natural products with the cadinane skeleton. The triterpenoids of the extant resins of the Dipterocarpaceae and Miocene ambers were characterized by a prevalence of ursane over oleanane types. Polymerization of cadinoids in resins from Shorea species and in the ambers was not extensive. Based on the amber compositions we conclude that the molecular alteration of the Miocene deposits from Kalimantan is rather low, but differs depending on their location. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85076608823,

title = {Origin and significance of saccharides during initial pedogenesis in a temperate climate region},

author = { L. Marynowski and O. Rahmonov and J. Smolarek-Lach and M. Rybicki and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85076608823&doi=10.1016%2fj.geoderma.2019.114064&partnerID=40&md5=54ee9e53760ab5f89e7e8e87428a1e3f},

doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114064},

issn = {00167061},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Geoderma},

volume = {361},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Saccharides are common constituents of soils, but their role and origin in the initial phases of pedogenesis remain unclear. Here we show the detailed composition of neutral sugars extracted from arenosols at different development stages, combined with additional lipids of diverse origins using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). During the first stage (I) of development sucrose is the most abundant saccharide in the soil crust at up to 45,000 µg/g TOC. Sucrose is also the predominant compound in the second and third development stages, but its concentration decreased to the range of 1600 to 16,000 µg/g TOC. Stages II and III of soil development were characterized by a gradual increase in arabitol, mannitol and trehalose, compounds typical for fungi and lichen. Their abundances increased from several percent (compared to the major sucrose) to 10–32% for mannitol and 34–54% for trehalose. Moreover, in stage III there was a considerable increase in the contents of the saccharides: pinitol, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, arabinose, together with non-sugar compounds: dehydroabietic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and sitosterol. All these latter compounds are higher plant markers, mainly derived from conifer detritus. The relationships between the ratios of trehalose/sucrose vs. (mannitol + arabitol)/sucrose and TOC vs. (mannitol + arabitol)/sucrose differentiated precisely the top soil layer of arenosols which are covered by different stages of biological soil crust. Our study shows that free sugars, supplemented by lipid biomarkers and total organic carbon contents, are good indicators of soil in the initial phase of pedogenesis. © 2019 The Authors},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85057341552,

title = {Trehalose, mannitol and arabitol as indicators of fungal metabolism in Late Cretaceous and Miocene deposits},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Goryl and M. Bucha and J. Smolarek-Lach and A. Detman and A. Sikora and A. Chojnacka and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85057341552&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2018.11.003&partnerID=40&md5=9b63c4825a8532e9e734e81fc419aff9},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2018.11.003},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {201},

pages = {51-61},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Trehalose, mannitol and arabitol are the main saccharides of extant fungal metabolism, but their occurrence and distribution in geological materials have rarely been considered. Here, we identify these sugars in Miocene lignites and for the first time in Late Cretaceous mudstones and coals. The co-occurrence of trehalose, mannitol and arabitol in the sedimentary rocks investigated suggests their fungal origin, because these three saccharides are major compounds present in most modern fungi, including the very common mycorrhizal and wood-rotting groups. Therefore, we conclude that these sugars should be treated as new fungal biomarkers (biomolecules) present in geological rocks. Trehalose and mannitol are major compounds in total extracts of the samples and a sum of their concentration reaches 4.6 μg/g of sample. The arabitol concentrations do not exceed 0.5 μg/g, but in contrast to trehalose, the concentration correlates well with mannitol (R2 = 0.94), suggesting that they have the same, translocatory role in fungi. Based on the trehalose vs. mannitol and arabitol distributions in Cretaceous samples and their comparison with data for modern fungi, we preliminarily conclude that the coal seams from the Rakowice Małe (SW Poland) section were formed during warmer climatic periods than the overlying sediments. Furthermore, no DNA could be isolated from the samples of lignites and overlying sediments, whereas it was abundant in the control samples of maple, birch and oak wood degraded by fungi. This indicates an absence of recent fungi responsible for decay in lignites and implies that the saccharide origin is connected with ancient fungi. Other sugar alcohols and acids like D-pinitol, quinic acid and shikimic acid, were found for the first time in sedimentary rocks, and their source is inferred to be from higher plants, most likely conifers. The preservation of mono- and disaccharides of fungal origins in pre-Palaeogene strata implies that compounds previously thought as unstable can survive for tens to hundreds of millions of years without structural changes in immature rocks unaffected by secondary processes. © 2018},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051109042,

title = {Lignite biodegradation under conditions of acidic molasses fermentation},

author = { A. Detman and M. Bucha and B.R.T. Simoneit and D. Mielecki and C. Piwowarczyk and A. Chojnacka and M.K. Błaszczyk and M.O. Jędrysek and L. Marynowski and A. Sikora},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051109042&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2018.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=1f8699de70dced6cab2f6d1692fad27e},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2018.07.015},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {196},

pages = {274-287},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Lignite is difficult to degrade, thus stimulation of the autochthonous lignite microflora and introduction of additional microorganisms are required for lignite decomposition. Here, a packed bed reactor, filled with lignite samples from the Konin region (central Poland) was supplied continuously with M9 medium, supplemented with molasses (a by-product from the sugar industry), for 124 days to stimulate the autochthonous lignite microflora. Acidic fermentation of molasses was observed in the bioreactor. The simultaneous decomposition of lignite occurred under this acidic molasses fermentation condition. Our results show decay of free (non-bound) organic compounds during anaerobic lignite biodegradation. The concentrations of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and steroids present in non-biodegraded samples decreased significantly (some compounds to zero) during biodegradation. Interestingly, other compound classes like phenols, ketones and certain organic compounds increased. We interpret this phenomenon as a gradual decomposition of polymers, lignin and cellulose, present in the lignite. These changes resulted from microbial activity since they were not observed in pure solutions of short-chain fatty acids. The 16SrRNA profiling of the microbial community selected in the bioreactor revealed that the dominant bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, furthermore representatives of 16 other phyla were also found. All the known taxa of lignocellulolytic bacteria were represented in the microbial community. Synergistic relations between bacteria fermenting molasses and bacteria degrading lignite are assumed. The results confirm lignin degradation in acidic medium by bacteria under anaerobic conditions. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85037356247,

title = {Occurrence and significance of mono-, di- and anhydrosaccharide biomolecules in Mesozoic and Cenozoic lignites and fossil wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Bucha and J. Smolarek-Lach and M. Wendorff-Belon and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037356247&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2017.11.008&partnerID=40&md5=2d3cf3128c5a6ef57eaa5c7b988222f1},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.008},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {116},

pages = {13-22},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Mono-, di- and polysaccharides are common constituents of living organisms, but their occurrence and state of preservation in geological materials have only rarely been considered. Here, we present the monosaccharide, and for the first time the di- and anhydrosaccharide, identifications and distributions in Middle Miocene lignite and Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples. Detritic lignites contain fructose and glucose as dominant monosaccharides, and sucrose and trehalose as important disaccharides. Xylites contain monosaccharides (arabinose; arabinofuranose; glucose; and minor xylose and fructose), saccharols (erythritol; arabitol and mannitol), and also some disaccharides. The Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples contain glucose, glucofuranose and levoglucosan. The high content of holocellulose (up to 55 wt%) and co-occurrence of characteristic monosaccharides as arabinose, xylose and mannose in xylites suggests that not only cellulose, but also hemicellulose was preserved in samples as old as 13 Ma. Compounds like trehalose and mannitol appear to be products of wood-degrading fungi. Surprisingly, glucose, the most stable monosaccharide, and levoglucosan can occur in much older organic matter (ca. 168 Ma) as products from cellulose degradation, and possibly a remnant from wildfire burning of wood, respectively. Our findings confirm that saccharides can be preserved under favorable conditions in sedimentary organic matter of the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic eras, and can be used as specific biomarkers of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, fungal metabolism, and wildfire events. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that at least part of the saccharides may be preserved in sedimentary rocks as the free compounds, common in plants and microorganisms. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85017556257,

title = {Benzohopane Series, Their Novel Di-, Tri-, and Tetraaromatic Derivatives, and Diaromatic 23- and 24-Norbenzohopanes from the Lower Jurassic Blanowice Formation, Southern Poland},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017556257&doi=10.1021%2facs.energyfuels.6b03154&partnerID=40&md5=1bd4ead7ece940bd9bf00c35c9bc40c4},

doi = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03154},

issn = {08870624},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Fuels},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {2617-2624},

publisher = {American Chemical Society},

abstract = {A total of 17 novel di-, tri-, and tetraaromatic derivatives of the benzohopane series cyclized at C-16 or C-20 as well as 4 diaromatic 23- and 24-norbenzohopanes have been identified in the coal and surrounding sandstone samples from the Lower Jurassic Blanowice Formation of southern Poland using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their possible structures and formation pathway have been proposed on the basis of mass spectra and retention times. Bulk geochemical data and the presence of unsaturated benzohopane derivatives indicate low maturation of the Blanowice coals, characteristic for lignites. The diverse distributions of the benzohopane derivatives in the coals and surrounding sandstones showed differences in the extent of biodegradation. Our observations suggest that the di-, tri-, and tetraaromatic derivatives of benzohopanes cyclized at C-16 may be more resistant to biodegradation than regular benzohopanes. © 2017 American Chemical Society.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85010053608,

title = {Redox conditions and marine microbial community changes during the end-Ordovician mass extinction event},

author = { J. Smolarek-Lach and L. Marynowski and W. Trela and P. Kujawski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010053608&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2017.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=d6392489e111424b6dce7a745f360329},

doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.01.002},

issn = {09218181},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Global and Planetary Change},

volume = {149},

pages = {105-122},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The end-Ordovician (Hirnantian) crisis is the first globally distinct extinction during the Phanerozoic, but its causes are still not fully known. Here, we present an integrated geochemical and petrographic analysis to understand the sedimentary conditions taking place before, during and after the Late Ordovician ice age. New data from the Zbrza (Holy Cross Mountains) and Gołdap (Baltic Depression) boreholes shows that, like in other worldwide sections, the total organic carbon (TOC) content is elevated in the upper Katian and uppermost Hirnantian to Rhudannian black shales, but depleted (below 1%) during most of the Hirnantian. Euxinic conditions occurred in the photic zone in both TOC-rich intervals. This is based on the maleimide distribution, occurrence of aryl isoprenoids and isorenieratane, as well as a dominance of tiny pyrite framboids. Euxinic conditions were interrupted by the Hirnantian regression caused by glaciation. Sedimentation on the deep shelf changed to aerobic probably due to intense thermohaline circulation. Euxinia in the water column occurred directly during the time associated with the second pulse of the mass extinction with a termination of the end-Ordovician glaciation and sea level rise just at the Ordovician/Silurian (O/S) boundary. In contrast, we suggest based on inorganic proxies that bottom water conditions were generally oxic to dysoxic due to upwelling in the Rheic Ocean. The only episode of seafloor anoxia in the Zbrza basin was found at the O/S boundary, where all inorganic indicators showed elevated values typical for anoxia (U/Th > 1.25; V/Cr > 4.25; V/(V + Ni): 0.54–0.82 and Mo > 10–25 ppm). Significant differences in hopanes to steranes ratio and in C27–C29 sterane distribution between the Katian, Rhudannian and Hirnantian deposits indicate changes in marine microbial communities triggered by sharp climate change and Gondwana glaciation. The increase from biomarkers of cyanobacteria (2α-methylhopanes) after the O/S boundary implied enhanced microbial activity following the mass extinction event. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84995554168,

title = {Molecular tracers preserved in Lower Jurassic “Blanowice brown coals” from southern Poland at the onset of coalification: Organic geochemical and petrological characteristics},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and M. Misz-Kennan and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84995554168&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2016.09.012&partnerID=40&md5=ea86b5bdd29f4e9f33514cdc2d375fd7},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.09.012},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {102},

pages = {77-92},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The petrographic and molecular characteristics of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian “Blanowice brown coals” and associated sediments are described. These coals are generally dominated by vitrain macerals, although in one sample the inertinite is > 60%. This is interpreted as a result of wildfire or peat fire activity which was confirmed by the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments and elevated relative concentrations of unsubstituted PAHs in the samples. Vitrinite reflectance values are in the range of 0.49–0.56 %Ro and the C content varies from 30.3–61.9%, placing the coals within the sub-bituminous coal group. However, detailed characterization of coal extracts revealed their highly immature character, based on the occurrence of phenolic abietanes such as ferruginol, sugiol and 7-oxototarol, as well as other biomolecules including labdanoic acid, cholesterol and sitosterol. This is one of the first descriptions of natural product compounds in Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Moreover, in addition to typical lignin decomposition products, dicarboxylic acids with a preponderance of succinic acid were identified. To the best of our knowledge free dicarboxylic acids have not been reported previously from coal extracts. These acids are characteristic resin constituents. We speculate that a low (ca. 40–50 °C), but long-term, temperature influence led to an increased vitrinite reflectance values ca. 0.55 %Ro, with only minor changes to the composition of unstable biomarkers and biomolecules. Moreover, the resin matrix could protect unstable compounds against geochemical structural alteration. Vitrinite reflectance values may also be elevated due to oxidation which caused paler in colour reaction rims. The presence of phenolic abietanes and the absence of abietic and dehydroabietic acids suggest that the Cupressaceae and/or Podocarpaceae families were the most likely peat-forming plant species. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85027930117,

title = {Phenyl derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds as indicators of hydrothermal activity in the Silurian black siliceous shales of the Bardzkie Mountains, Poland},

author = { O. Grafka and L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027930117&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2014.09.006&partnerID=40&md5=a365b60bb2847587a1d1ab260aa0aeb9},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2014.09.006},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {139},

number = {1},

pages = {142-151},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {High relative concentrations of phenyl (Ph) derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were found in samples from the Silurian Z˙danów section (Bardzkie Mountains; Poland). These sedimentary rocks were characterized by the occurrence of all previously described Ph-PAC groups, including: phenylnaphthalenes, phenylphenanthrenes, terphenyls, phenyldibenzofurans, phenyldibenzothiophenes, and quaterphenyls, among which the phenylnaphthalenes and phenylphenanthrenes were most abundant. In all samples the thermally more stable isomers clearly dominated, while those with ortho- or α-substitution were present only as traces or absent. This suggests a high maturity of the investigated section, which was also confirmed by other molecular and petrographic thermal maturity parameters. Considering the highest abundances of Ph-PACs occur in the older part of the section, we suggest that the major factor controlling OM maturation was ascending hydrothermal fluids. Moreover, the significant peri-condensed aromatic compounds detected in the samples may have formed by dehydrocyclization of phenyl- and naphthyl-PAC precursors. If the formation of the PhPACs is strictly connected with alteration by ascending solutions, the interpretation of the inorganic geochemical results should be expanded to consider the impact of hydrothermal fluid migration. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84908010927,

title = {Molecular composition of fossil charcoal and relationship with incomplete combustion of wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and R. Kubik and D. Uhl and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908010927&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2014.09.003&partnerID=40&md5=c0be44270728561fffaa779276d001a6},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.09.003},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {77},

pages = {22-31},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Upper Triassic charcoal extracts were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to recognize their molecular composition. Extractable compounds were divided into: (i) biomarkers, i.e. diagenetically changed primary wood components and (ii) products of combustion. Major compounds in the first group were: 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene and 1,2,5,6-tetramethylnaphthalene, cadalene, dehydroabietane, simonellite and retene. All of these are derived from resins. Moreover, propyl phenols, butyl acetophenones and pentyl acetophenones, as products of lignin breakdown, as well as fatty acids with a predominance of palmitic acid, typical constituents of wood, were also detected. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as ketones and aryl phenols, considered as high temperature combustion products, occurred at relatively low concentration in the samples due to their enhanced solubility in gelified, non-charred wood fragments, and vaporization of the major part of the burn products. Despite the low PAH concentrations, their distribution, with a significant contribution from typical pyrolytic compounds such as anthracene, 4H-cyclopenta[. def]phenanthrene, benz[. a]anthracene and benzo[. a]pyrene was typical for rapid combustion. We propose to estimate paleo-wildfire temperature based on the PAH concentrations in the paleo-charcoal samples. The presence of thermally less stable organic compounds and low PAH abundances indicates a temperature < 400. °C. High PAH amounts seem to be characteristic for charring between 400 and 500. °C. Above these temperatures PAH concentrations again decrease, but less stable compounds are absent. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {31},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84896294499,

title = {Determination of multiple organic matter sources in aerosol PM10 from Wrocław, Poland using molecular and stable carbon isotope compositions},

author = { M. Górka and M. Rybicki and B.R.T. Simoneit and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896294499&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2014.02.064&partnerID=40&md5=9390a1713799db540699f700d4e87110},

doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.064},

issn = {13522310},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Environment},

volume = {89},

pages = {739-748},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The natural and anthropogenic contributions of hydrocarbon groups (aliphatic and aromatic), as well as total organic carbon, in atmospheric PM10 dust (particulate matter <10μm) collected from Wrocław (SW Poland) were assessed using combined molecular (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - GC-MS) and stable carbon isotopic (isotope-ratio mass spectrometry - IR-MS) analyses. The PM10 samples were taken in the seasonal sampling program in 2007, and represent air pollution from all months of the year. The δ13C values of the total carbon varied seasonally from-27.6 to-25.3- The isotopic mass balance calculations confirmed greater coal burning input, reaching 70.5%, in the heating season and dominant transported sources 47.5% in the vegetative season. The data obtained for the aliphatic fractions: carbon preference index (CPI), carbon number maximum (Cmax), wax n-alkane contents (%WNA), and δ13C values of the aliphatic fractions (-36.6 to-29.4-), indicated a dominant anthropogenic origin (gasoline/diesel/coal combustion) and a lesser biogenic input (biomass burning and natural organic matter). Petroleum and coal combustion emissions were confirmed by the presence of hopanes and moretanes. The molecular analysis of the concentrations and diagnostic ratios of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the δ13C values of the aromatic fractions (-35.4 to-26.8-) indicated that the main PAH sources were also collectively from combustion of liquid fuels and coal. Based on PAH discrimination diagrams it is also clear that the main organic carbon source is derived from coal, biomass and petroleum combustion in both seasons. However, taking into account the PAH concentrations during the vegetative and heating seasons, coal and biomass burning seem to be their major source. Additionally, the polar organic compounds (mainly levoglucosan) confirmed a significant contribution from biomass burning to the total anthropogenic input. The general conclusion derived from coupling of organic tracer analysis and carbon isotopic data of PM10 was that the total carbon (including insoluble soot) is likely derived from fossil fuel combustion, while the extractable organic matter is a mixture from different sources with significant inputs of biomass burning. We have also shown that dominant organic tracers do not always represent the major input source in aerosol PM and the unresolved part of the organic matter (soot) is important in the carbon budget. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {59},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84877913365,

title = {Perylene as an indicator of conifer fossil wood degradation by wood-degrading fungi},

author = { L. Marynowski and J. Smolarek-Lach and A. Bechtel and M. Philippe and S. Kurkiewicz and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877913365&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2013.04.006&partnerID=40&md5=58cc07d7de1af2c0aaaecf0e3fee090e},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.006},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {59},

pages = {143-151},

abstract = {The occurrence of perylene in Middle Jurassic fossil wood and Miocene xylites from Poland is described, along with its correlation with unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as cellulose content. Both Middle Jurassic and Miocene wood remnants were of relatively low maturity [ca. 0.2-0.3% vitrinite reflectance (Rr)], had excellent preservation of biomarkers and biomolecules and, in the case of the Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples, generally good preservation of anatomical structures due to early diagenetic mineralisation. The results from 42 Middle Jurassic and 8 Miocene (most taxonomically defined) fossil wood fragments demonstrated a negative correlation between the concentration of perylene and those of generally typical conifer biomarkers (e.g. cadalene; dehydroabietane; simonellite and retene). In addition, good correlation (R2 0.81) was observed between the ratio of perylene to the above conifer biomarkers and the ratio of PAHs (phenanthrene and fluoranthene and pyrene) to the conifer biomarkers. This implies that the high concentration of perylene in fossil wood indicate its extensive degradation during decay, transport and early diagenesis. We defined a conifer wood degradation index as:CWDI=perylene/(perylene+cadalene+retene+simonellite+dehydroabietane),and observed a wide range of values (0.001 for less degraded wood to 0.95 for highly degraded samples). Anatomical wood preservation was associated with CWDI values. In most of the samples characterised by poorly preserved anatomy, high CWDI values were observed, while anatomically well-preserved samples generally had lower CWDI values. We determined similar δ13C values for perylene from the fossil wood samples (-26.4% to -27.8%), whereas the values for the conifer biomarkers were slightly higher and varied from -25.6% to -26.6%. In contrast, pyrene was depleted in 13C (-27.5% to -28.2%). The carbon isotope values of perylene are consistent with an origin from wood-degrading fungi. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {72},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80052295294,

title = {Effects of weathering on organic matter. Part II: Fossil wood weathering and implications for organic geochemical and petrographic studies.},

author = { L. Marynowski and E. Szełęg and M.O. Jędrysek and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052295294&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2011.06.017&partnerID=40&md5=2d8fab40809cd7465b8fcf2206c69cba},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.06.017},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {42},

number = {9},

pages = {1076-1088},

abstract = {Bulk geochemical, petrographical, mineralogical and molecular compositions of unweathered, weathered and transitional zones of a Middle Jurassic fossil wood were analyzed to trace changes caused by oxidative weathering of the immature terrestrial organic matter (OM). The occurrence of such zones was confirmed by the mineral composition, showing replacement of siderite and pyrite by goethite. Vitrinite reflectance analysis of weathered and unweathered fossil wood samples revealed that weathering elevated the vitrinite reflectance values by ca. 0.1%, which should be taken into account during modeling of low maturity terrestrial OM. In the weathered part of the wood, most of the biomarkers and biomolecules were totally removed or the concentration decreased significantly. The concentration of most of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) decreased by 50-80%, being >90% for the more reactive and less stable benzo[. a]pyrene and perylene. On the other hand, several aromatic compounds, like phenanthrene and its methyl derivatives, phenyl naphthalenes, fluoranthene and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds increased in concentration in the weathered zone. This results from processes such as formation of phenyl derivatives of PAHs and their cyclization, as well as aromatization of diterpenoids and incorporation of oxygen into aromatic structures. Weathering should always be considered in studies of fossilized terrestrial OM, especially in the case of thermal maturation modeling, because it significantly decreases the OM content and total sulfur content, changes vitrinite reflectance values and alters the extract composition as a result of organic compound degradation. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {40},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-79957501031,

title = {Effects of weathering on organic matter: I. Changes in molecular composition of extractable organic compounds caused by paleoweathering of a Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) marine black shale},

author = { L. Marynowski and S. Kurkiewicz and M. Rakociński and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79957501031&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2011.04.001&partnerID=40&md5=d3ba79849f23be8abeb9c9180a0b57de},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.04.001},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {285},

number = {1-4},

pages = {144-156},

abstract = {A detailed bulk and molecular study on paleoweathering of a Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) black shale from the Kowala quarry in the Holy Cross Mountains of Poland, revealed significant changes in total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS) and extract compositions. Paleoweathering resulted in a 97% decrease in TOC and total loss of sulfur, as well as changes in carbonate contents, extract yields and percentage yields of the organic fractions. Pyrite framboids, which are used extensively in paleoecological studies, decreased considerably in the partially weathered zone and totally vanished in the weathered zone. The decrease in TOC is accompanied by a pronounced reduction of organic compound concentrations, but the degradation range differs in the individual weathering zones. Here we show that less stable compounds such as low molecular weight aromatics (e.g. methylnaphthalenes; dibenzofuran; and dibenzothiophene), isorenieratane and its diagenetic products, or maleimides decrease significantly or disappear already in the partially weathered zone, while the more stable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) decrease (~. 90%) only in the weathered and highly weathered zones. Besides the organic matter (OM) content, the influence of paleoweathering on the distributions of organic compounds is important in the context of paleoenvironment, source and maturity interpretations. Almost all sterane and triterpane biomarker parameters change their values in the highly weathered zone, but some ratios, e.g. the 2-MeH index, are almost totally resistant to change. The aryl isoprenoid ratio (AIR) values decrease gradually with weathering. This modifies completely the potential interpretation of the nature of the photic zone anoxia. In addition to degradation of OM, some PAHs like benzo[. b]fluoranthene increase in concentration in the partially weathered zone due to their formation from phenyl-derivatives. The correct recognition of paleoweathering in outcrop and drill core samples aids in the proper interpretation of biomarker parameters and contributes to a better understanding of the processes which took place during weathering. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {82},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-70450215204,

title = {Widespread upper triassic to lower jurassic wildfire records from poland: Evidence from charcoal and pyrolytic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons},

author = { L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-70450215204&doi=10.2110%2fpalo.2009.p09-044r&partnerID=40&md5=ce2599195563922c92cdcf213177ee2b},

doi = {10.2110/palo.2009.p09-044r},

issn = {08831351},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Palaios},

volume = {24},

number = {12},

pages = {785-798},

abstract = {Laboratory tests indicate that 15 O2, instead of 12, is required for the propagation of a widespread forest fire, a 3 increase from what was previously assumed. The presence of widespread wildfire records in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic of Central Europe suggests that the lower limit for O2 during this time was at least 15. Wildfire records are based on the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments and elevated concentrations of pyrolytic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In all samples charcoal fragments are large to medium-sized and angular, suggesting that they were transported by rivers only short distances after charcoalification. Calculated combustion temperatures vary with stratigraphic position and average 295377 °C, which is characteristic for ground or near-surface wildfires. The most extensive wildfires occurred in the earliest Jurassic and their intensities successively decreased with time. Average concentrations of the sum of pyrolytic PAHs for the lowermost Jurassic Zagaje Formation reached ∼1253 g/g total organic carbon (TOC), whereas for the Upper TriassicLower Jurassic Skloby Formation they did not exceed ∼16 g/g TOC. Charcoal-bearing sequences were also characterized by the presence of phenyl-PAHs (Ph-PAHs) and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds. The dominance of the more stable Ph-PAH isomers in these immature to low-maturity sedimentary rocks supports their pyrolytic origin. The oxygenated PAHs may also be derived from combustion processes. © 2009 SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).},

note = {132},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-63149143198,

title = {Levoglucosan and other cellulose and lignin markers in emissions from burning of Miocene lignites},

author = { D. Fabbri and C. Torri and B.R.T. Simoneit and L. Marynowski and A.I. Rushdi and M.J. Fabiańska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-63149143198&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2009.01.030&partnerID=40&md5=3d7b2e2148ea4b4ef02fe936889f4e0c},

doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.030},

issn = {13522310},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Environment},

volume = {43},

number = {14},

pages = {2286-2295},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Levoglucosan (L), mannosan (M), galactosan (G) and other cellulose and lignin markers from burn tests of Miocene lignites of Poland were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess their distributions and concentrations in the smoke. Their distributions were compared to those in the pyrolysis products of the lignites. Levoglucosan and other anhydrosaccharides are products from the thermal degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose and are commonly used as tracers for wood smoke in the atmosphere. Here we report emission factors of levoglucosan in smoke particulate matter from burning of lignite varying from 713 to 2154 mg kg-1, which are similar to those from burning of extant plant biomass. Solvent extracts of the lignites revealed trace concentrations of native levoglucosan (0.52-3.7 mg kg-1), while pyrolysis yielded much higher levels (1.6-3.5 × 104 mg kg-1), indicating that essentially all levoglucosan in particulate matter of lignite smoke is derived from cellulose degradation. The results demonstrate that burning of lignites is an additional input of levoglucosan to the atmosphere in regions where brown coal is utilized as a domestic fuel. Interestingly, galactosan, another tracer from biomass burning, is not emitted in lignite smoke and mannosan is emitted at relatively low concentrations, ranging from 7.8 to 70.5 mg kg-1. Thus, we propose L/M and L/(M + G) ratios as discriminators between products from combustion of lignites and extant biomass. In addition, other compounds, such as shonanin, belonging to lignans, and some saccharides, e.g., α- and β-glucose and cellobiose, are reported for the first time in extracts of bulk lignites and of smoke particulate matter from burning these lignites. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {159},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-42149099933,

title = {Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of miocene lignites: Geochemical and environmental implications},

author = { D. Fabbri and L. Marynowski and M.J. Fabiańska and M. Zatoń and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-42149099933&doi=10.1021%2fes7021472&partnerID=40&md5=72336afc7837804d189a264884ae310b},

doi = {10.1021/es7021472},

issn = {0013936X},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Science and Technology},

volume = {42},

number = {8},

pages = {2957-2963},

abstract = {Using the pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and off-line pyrolysis/silylation methods for lignites from three Miocene brown coal basins of Poland resulted in the characterization of many organic compounds, including dominant cellulose degradation products such as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucofuranose, and 1,4:3,6-dianhydroglucopyranose. Levoglucosan is a general source-specific tracer for wood smoke in the atmosphere and recent sediments. The presence of unusually high levels of this compound in brown coal pyrolysates suggests that a portion of this compound concentration in some airsheds may originate from lignite combustion. On the other hand, nonglucose anhydrosaccharides, in particular, mannosan and galactosan, typical of hemicellulose, are not detected in those lignite pyrolysates investigated. This indicates that mannosan and galactosan are better specific tracers for combustion of contemporary biomass in those regions were the utilization of brown coals containing fossilized cellulose is important. © 2008 American Chemical Society.},

note = {57},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-35448935598,

title = {Compositions, sources and depositional environments of organic matter from the Middle Jurassic clays of Poland},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Zatoń and B.R.T. Simoneit and A. Otto and M.O. Jędrysek and C. Grelowski and S. Kurkiewicz},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-35448935598&doi=10.1016%2fj.apgeochem.2007.06.015&partnerID=40&md5=8a92b1c7c813fb040bf67f87162ec2b0},

doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.06.015},

issn = {08832927},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Applied Geochemistry},

volume = {22},

number = {11},

pages = {2456-2485},

abstract = {The comprehensive biomarker characteristics from previously undescribed Middle Jurassic clays of Poland are presented. The molecular composition of the organic matter (OM) derived from clays of Aalenian to Callovian age has not changed significantly through time. High relative concentrations of many biomarkers typical for terrestrial material suggest a distinct dominance of OM derived from land plants. Increasing concentrations of C29-diaster-13(17)-enes towards the northern part of the basin indicate an increase in terrestrial input. This terrestrial material would have originated from the enhanced transport of organic matter from land situated at the northern bank of the basin, i.e., the Fennoscandian Shield. The organic matter was deposited in an oxic to suboxic environment, as indicated by relatively low concentrations of C33-C35 homohopanes, moderate to high Pr/Ph ratio values, an absence of compounds characteristic for anoxia and water column stratification, such as isorenieratane, aryl isoprenoids and gammacerane, as well as common benthic fauna and burrows. δ18O measurements from calcitic rostra of belemnites suggest that the mean value of the Middle Jurassic sea-water temperature of the Polish Basin was 13.1 °C. It is suggested that this mirrored the temperature of the lower water column because belemnites are considered here to be necto-benthic. The organic matter from the Middle Jurassic basin of Poland is immature. This is clearly indicated by a large concentration of biomarkers with the biogenic configurations, such as ββ-hopanes, hop-13(18)-enes, hop-17(21)-enes, diasterenes and sterenes. The identification of preserved, unaltered biomolecules like ferruginol, 6,7-dehydroferruginol and sugiol in Protopodocarpoxylon wood samples from these sediments present particularly strong evidence for the presence of immature OM in the Middle Jurassic sediments. Moreover, the occurrence of these polar diterpenoids is important due to the fact that they are definitely the oldest known natural products detected in geological samples. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {71},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-33847104164,

title = {Biomolecules preserved in ca. 168 million year old fossil conifer wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and A. Otto and M. Zatoń and M. Philippe and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847104164&doi=10.1007%2fs00114-006-0179-x&partnerID=40&md5=4486f1315d2164060c5881916d6ff634},

doi = {10.1007/s00114-006-0179-x},

issn = {00281042},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Naturwissenschaften},

volume = {94},

number = {3},

pages = {228-236},

abstract = {Biomarkers are widely known to occur in the fossil record, but the unaltered biomolecules are rarely reported from sediments older than Paleogene. Polar terpenoids, the natural products most resistant to degradation processes, were reported mainly from the Tertiary conifers, and the oldest known are Cretaceous in age. In this paper, we report the occurrence of relatively high concentrations of ferruginol derivatives and other polar diterpenoids, as well as their diagenetic products, in a conifer wood Protopodocarpoxylon from the Middle Jurassic of Poland. Thus, the natural product terpenoids reported in this paper are definitely the oldest polar biomolecules detected in geological samples. The extracted phenolic abietanes like ferruginol and its derivatives (6;7-dehydroferruginol; sugiol; 11;14-dioxopisiferic acid) are produced only by distinct conifer families (Cupressaceae s. l.; Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae), to which Protopodocarpoxylon could belong based on anatomical characteristics. Therefore, the natural product terpenoids are of great advantage in systematics of fossil plant remains older than Paleogene and lacking suitable anatomical preservation. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.},

note = {52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0036070069,

title = {Phenyldibenzofurans and phenyldibenzothiophenes in marine sedimentary rocks and hydrothermal petroleum},

author = { L. Marynowski and M.J. Rospondek and R. Meyer Zu Reckendorf and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036070069&doi=10.1016%2fS0146-6380%2802%2900040-2&partnerID=40&md5=d959cb34404b47d58fd087e4eade8274},

doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00040-2},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {33},

number = {7},

pages = {701-714},

abstract = {The phenyl derivatives of dibenzo[b,d]furan and dibenzo[b,d]thiophene, so far not reported in geological samples, have now been identified in some sedimentary rocks, bitumen and hydrothermal petroleum through a comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic standards. All four possible positional isomers were detected for each phenyldibenzo[b,d]furan (PhDBF) and phenydibenzo[b,d]thiophene (PhDBT). Their elution sequence is 1-, 4-, 2- and 3-phenyldibenzo[b,d]furan and 1-, 4-, 2- and 3-phenyldibenzo[b,d]thiophene on apolar stationary phases. In contrast to phenyldibenzofurans, the distributions of the thiophene series is controlled mainly by the organic matter maturity. In the most mature samples 4-, 2- and 3-PhDBTs prevail over I-PhDBT, while less mature samples contain mainly 4-PhDBT or 1-PhDBT and 2-, 3-PhDBTs occur at comparable concentrations. However, in samples of low maturity, in addition to the phenyldibenzo[b,d]thiophene C18H12S series, other structural isomers of C18H12S possessing very similar mass spectra were detected. These are likely to be either naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes and/or phenylnaphtho[b]thiophenes. PhDBFs and PhDBTs are likely to be intermediate products in the formation of more condensed heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic compounds like triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]thiophene and triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]furan, and benzobisbenzofurans and benzobisbenzothiophenes, which are commonly detected in geological samples. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},

note = {52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-0035144917,

title = {Phenylnaphthalenes and polyphenyls in Palaeozoic source rocks of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland},

author = { L. Marynowski and F. Czechowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0035144917&doi=10.1016%2fS0146-6380%2800%2900150-9&partnerID=40&md5=a609ba65cc60c67ac2196f63cd0d588e},

doi = {10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00150-9},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {32},

number = {1},

pages = {69-85},

abstract = {Source rocks from a marine depositional setting from Palaeozoic formations in the Holy Cross Mountains region (Midlands, Poland) were analysed for aromatics using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The occurrence of two novel series of aromatic hydrocarbons in these sediments, namely phenyl derivatives of fused ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PhPAH) and polyphenyls (PPh), was established. Furthermore, the methyl derivatives of these compounds were also present. The chromatographic behaviour of the triaromatic members of the series, i.e. two isomers of phenylnaphthalene (1-PhN and 2-PhN) and three isomers of terphenyl (o-TrP, m-TrP and p-TrP) was evaluated using authentic standards. The isomeric composition of the phenylnaphthalenes (PhNs) and terphenyls (TrPs) was found to depend on thermal maturity. In the lower maturity samples abundances of 1-PhN and o-TrP are higher. Increase in sample maturity is indicated by an increase in the relative abundance of 2-PhN as well as m-TrP and p-TrP. Three thermal maturity parameters of the organic matter based on the relative abundances of the PhN and TrP isomers are proposed: PhNR = 2-PhN/1PhN},

note = {56},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}