@article{2-s2.0-85064171739,

title = {Reply to Comment by M.F. Pereira, J.B. Silva and C. Gama on “Baltic provenance of top-Famennian siliciclastic material of the northern Rhenish Massif, Rhenohercynian zone of the Variscan orogen, by Koltonik et al., International Journal of Earth Sciences (2018) 107:2645–2669”},

author = { K. Kołtonik and A. Pisarzowska and M. Paszkowski and J. Sláma and R.T. Becker and M. Szczerba and W. Krawczyński and S. Hartenfels and L. Marynowski and S. Mazur and W. Franke},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85064171739&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-019-01692-z&partnerID=40&md5=1c52b1d945af9f8dd2b0ab24a4a05062},

doi = {10.1007/s00531-019-01692-z},

issn = {14373254},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85049616641,

title = {Baltic provenance of top-Famennian siliciclastic material of the northern Rhenish Massif, Rhenohercynian zone of the Variscan orogen},

author = { K. Kołtonik and A. Pisarzowska and M. Paszkowski and J. Sláma and R.T. Becker and M. Szczerba and W. Krawczyński and S. Hartenfels and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049616641&doi=10.1007%2fs00531-018-1628-4&partnerID=40&md5=fc4e9542019e6a4ab5bd747fe22988f3},

doi = {10.1007/s00531-018-1628-4},

issn = {14373254},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {107},

number = {8},

pages = {2645-2669},

publisher = {Springer Verlag},

abstract = {The provenance of top-Famennian sedimentary rocks linked to the Hangenberg Crisis from the northern Rhenish Massif (Germany) was investigated by the means of detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology. Based on the obtained age spectra, three main tectonothermal domains are recognized as possible sources: Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic (~ 2000–1000 Ma) units of Baltica and Early Paleozoic Caledonian orogen (~ 500–400 Ma). Our interpretation of the detritus having been derived from northern source areas, i.e., Baltica and the Scandinavian Caledonides, with a minor input of German-Polish (Rügen-Pomeranian) Caledonides, contradicts the traditional view that, during the Upper Devonian, the northern Rhenish Massif was supplied by detritus from the south. Complementary mineralogical, textural and geochemical analyses point to a derivation of the detritus of Drewer and Hangenberg Sandstones mainly from felsic, recycled continental crust. The elevated concentrations of Pb and Zn in the studied sections are a feature attributed to hydrothermal alteration related to the terminal Devonian synsedimentary volcanism or post-depositional Variscan deformation. © 2018, The Author(s).},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051246364,

title = {Exceptional preservation of hopanoid and steroid biomarkers in Ediacaran sedimentary rocks of the East European Craton},

author = { M. Goryl and L. Marynowski and J.J. Brocks and I. Bobrovskiy and A. Derkowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051246364&doi=10.1016%2fj.precamres.2018.07.026&partnerID=40&md5=855b36c23eb3545f9ec73af5eda75688},

doi = {10.1016/j.precamres.2018.07.026},

issn = {03019268},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Precambrian Research},

volume = {316},

pages = {38-47},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Thermally unstable hopanes with a biological 17β,21β (H)- configuration (ββ hopanes), hopenes, hopanoic acids and hopanols were identified as important constituents of Ediacaran to Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the East European Craton. Relatively high abundances of ββ hopanes in relation to αβ hopanes were identified in the Petersburg area and eastern Belarus, while in Volyn samples these compounds were found in traces. In addition, polar hopanoids including hopanols and hopanoic acids were found in most of the Petersburg and some Belarus and Volyn sedimentary rocks. The estimated equivalent of vitrinite reflectance for samples of lower maturity, measured based on C31ββ/(αβS + αβR + ββ) ratio is in the range 0.28–0.49% Rr, while for those of higher thermal maturity this parameter corresponds to 0.41–0.57% Rr. The values of the C31 22S/(S + R) ratio are in agreement with above data and are in the range of 0.1–0.3 for the Belarus and Petersburg samples, of 0.3–0.4 for Volyn, and of 0.4–0.5 for Lithuania, where ββ hopanes and hopanols were not detected or are present as traces. Moreover, there is good correlation (R2 = 0.8) between C31ββ/(αβS + αβR + ββ) and C31ENE/(H + ENE) ratio values (defined as ratio of C31 hopenes to αβ hopanes), which proves that less-stable ββ hopanes and hopenes are enriched in the same immature sedimentary rocks. The remarkable occurrence of a significant portion of sedimentary hopanes retaining the biological stereochemical configuration confirms that exceptionally immature Precambrian rocks can be found in some instances when these strata have undergone only a mild burial temperature history. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85053466208,

title = {Redox conditions, productivity, and volcanic input during deposition of uppermost Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous organic-rich siltstones in Spitsbergen, Norway},

author = { M. Rakociński and M. Zatoń and L. Marynowski and P. Gedl and J. Lehmann},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053466208&doi=10.1016%2fj.cretres.2018.02.014&partnerID=40&md5=da5a1175d604706aba1a5b6dbe87b497},

doi = {10.1016/j.cretres.2018.02.014},

issn = {01956671},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Cretaceous Research},

volume = {89},

pages = {126-147},

publisher = {Academic Press},

abstract = {In this paper, uppermost Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous black organic-rich siltstones (Rurikfjellet Formation) from Carolinedalen (Isfjorden; Spitsbergen) are studied using integrated palynological, petrographic, and geochemical methods (organic and inorganic geochemistry as well as Rock-Eval pyrolysis) in order to decipher the depositional conditions prevailing during their sedimentation, the type of organic matter from which they were formed, and their potential for generating hydrocarbons. The age of these investigated sediments encompasses an interval from the upper Tithonian-Berriasian to the Hauterivian, dated on the basis of dinocyst biostratigraphy. The ammonoids found in loose form at the base of the investigated section, such as Laugeites groenlandicus, are indicative of the upper part of the middle Tithonian. Based on palynology, biomarkers, and Rock-Eval data, the kerogen in the investigated siltstones from Isfjorden is of the mixed II/III type; the organic matter is mixed marine and terrestrial in origin, and represents the early to peak ‘oil window’ maturation stage (Tmax around 440 °C). These siltstones were deposited under a high-productivity regime with oxic/dysoxic bottom water conditions, as evidenced from the size distribution of pyrite framboids, in which pyrites with diameters >5 μm predominate. Values of Th/U and Corg/P ratios generally above 3 and 30, respectively, along with pristane/phytane ratios >2 and sterane/hopane ratios <0.3, also indicate oxic to suboxic sedimentary conditions in the water column. Anoxia, if present, must have been short-lasting and formed oxygen minimum zone in the water column. Elevated productivity in the photic zone may have been generated by an increase in volcanic activity, as confirmed by higher Hg contents and/or terrigenous nutrient supply. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85049562767,

title = {Binding of heavy metals by oxidised kerogen in (palaeo)weathered black shales},

author = { A. Derkowski and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049562767&doi=10.1016%2fj.chemgeo.2018.06.025&partnerID=40&md5=cd8319b820d53e736f6ddfeb056fa649},

doi = {10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.025},

issn = {00092541},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Geology},

volume = {493},

pages = {441-450},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Sub-aerial weathering of black shales drives the gradual leaching of sulphur- and organic-bound heavy metal elements, which are usually abundant in these rocks due to depositional conditions. The formation of oxygen functional groups in kerogen, however, can lead to an opposing mechanism - metal adsorption and binding, similar to a process common in soils. An increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) measured previously using metal complexes on black shales oxidised under laboratory conditions implies that the same phenomenon may occur in a naturally oxidised black shale. This idea was tested on a unique, well-developed and -preserved Permian palaeoweathering profile containing two neighbouring but diverse black shales from the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary in the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland). In the studied black shale beds, the oxygen groups formed in kerogen in the partially-weathered zone were found to be responsible for significant changes in adsorption properties measured using hexamminecobalt(III) and Cu(II)‑triethylenetetramine cations, which are common probes for CEC. Compared to a pristine part of black shales, the partially weathered zone was depleted of total organic carbon (TOC), sulphur, and sulphur- and organic-bound metals, and highly enriched in Cu, which is generally present in low levels in the nascent shales. In the partially weathered zone, where TOC content is reduced, apparent CEC values surpass the CECs predicted from the contents and structures of clay minerals, and correlate linearly with the content of oxygen groups developed during weathering. The adsorption properties of carboxyl groups in the oxidised kerogen are suggested as being responsible for the syn- or post-weathering enrichment in Cu caused by the remobilisation of older Cu-sulphide ores present in the area. As opposed to natural weathering, aggressive oxidation, e.g. under laboratory conditions produces a high proportion of cross-linked oxygen groups that do not participate in metal cation adsorption. The CEC values of artificially oxidised samples reached a limit corresponding to those of naturally oxidised shales. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {18},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051625696,

title = {Application of organic environmental markers in the assessment of recent and fossil organic matter input in coal wastes and river sediments: A case study from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (Poland)},

author = { Á. Nádudvari and L. Marynowski and M.J. Fabiańska},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051625696&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2018.07.012&partnerID=40&md5=9d11f7bdcd8d443e2f69d4c29a115f31},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2018.07.012},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {196},

pages = {302-316},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Various types of coal waste material (fresh; self-heated; soil-covered) and river sediments polluted by coal dust were studied. Characteristic geochemical features of recent vegetation input in river sediments were identified, e.g. the dominance of n-alkanols and n-alkanoic acids over n-alkanes. In the river sediments, several coal-related compounds were also found, e.g. n-alkylbenzenes, acetophenone and methylated phenols. The occurrence of sterols, stanols, vanillin, and methylbenzoic, benzeneacetic, oxalic, succinic and levulinic acids in coal waste samples (with the exception of fresh coal wastes) may indicate primitive soil-forming processes related to vegetation and moss cover. These compounds were also commonly identified in river sediments. Their distribution, characteristic of extant (as opposed to fossil) organic matter, was confirmed by several applied geochemical ratios, such as the EOP index (even-over-odd predominance) of fatty acids, (Σn-alkanoic acid + Σlong chain n-alkanes)/Σshort chain n-alkanes or (Σn-alkanoic acids + Σn-alkanols)/Σn-alkanes and various CPI (carbon preference indexes of n-alkanes). © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051110881,

title = {Paleoenvironmental conditions, source and maturation of Neogene organic matter from the siliciclastic deposits of the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin},

author = { E. Jaroszewicz and M.J. Bojanowski and L. Marynowski and M. Łoziński and A. Wysocka},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051110881&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2018.07.016&partnerID=40&md5=ec532415a464c92f1bce4789f7a5adf6},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2018.07.016},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {196},

pages = {288-301},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The Orava-Nowy Targ Basin (ONTB) is an intramontane depression filled with Neogene and Quaternary deposits located at the junction of the Inner and Outer Carpathians. The Neogene infill of the basin consists mainly of siliciclastic rocks with very common lignite intercalations and is mostly of fluvial or lake origin. The organic matter molecular analysis of seventeen Neogene samples confirmed the terrigenous origin of organic matter with a predominance of higher plant input in most samples, based on the distribution of n-alkanes and steranes, as well as the presence of tri- and tetracyclic diterpenoids, and triterpenoids representing oleanane, ursane, lupane, chrysene and picene derivatives. High concentrations of compounds originating from both angiosperms and gymnosperms suggest the presence of mixed forests. Additionally, important input of mosses into the primary organic matter is indicated by the high concentration of n-C23 and presence of hop-17(21)-enes in most samples. A high Average Aromatic Ring and Conifer Wood Degradation Index >0.7 indicate high activity of bacteria and wood-degrading fungi in the sedimentary environment. There was no evidence of weathering and scarce signs of biodegradation were identified. All samples were subjected to water washing. Huminite reflectance and biomarker-based parameters, as well as the presence of unsaturated pentacyclic triterpenoids and steroids indicate an immature organic matter. A trend of decreasing maturation of sediments from east to the west was observed, as was a similarity of thermal maturity between the Podhale Synclinorium and the ONTB, although the latter seems to be coincidental. A thermal gradient value of 35 °C/km was assumed for calculating the maximum thickness of eroded strata, resulting in 1–1.6 km for the SE area and a maximum temperature of the deepest buried samples equal to 45–65 °C. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85051109042,

title = {Lignite biodegradation under conditions of acidic molasses fermentation},

author = { A. Detman and M. Bucha and B.R.T. Simoneit and D. Mielecki and C. Piwowarczyk and A. Chojnacka and M.K. Błaszczyk and M.O. Jędrysek and L. Marynowski and A. Sikora},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85051109042&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2018.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=1f8699de70dced6cab2f6d1692fad27e},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2018.07.015},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {196},

pages = {274-287},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Lignite is difficult to degrade, thus stimulation of the autochthonous lignite microflora and introduction of additional microorganisms are required for lignite decomposition. Here, a packed bed reactor, filled with lignite samples from the Konin region (central Poland) was supplied continuously with M9 medium, supplemented with molasses (a by-product from the sugar industry), for 124 days to stimulate the autochthonous lignite microflora. Acidic fermentation of molasses was observed in the bioreactor. The simultaneous decomposition of lignite occurred under this acidic molasses fermentation condition. Our results show decay of free (non-bound) organic compounds during anaerobic lignite biodegradation. The concentrations of n-alkanes, n-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids and steroids present in non-biodegraded samples decreased significantly (some compounds to zero) during biodegradation. Interestingly, other compound classes like phenols, ketones and certain organic compounds increased. We interpret this phenomenon as a gradual decomposition of polymers, lignin and cellulose, present in the lignite. These changes resulted from microbial activity since they were not observed in pure solutions of short-chain fatty acids. The 16SrRNA profiling of the microbial community selected in the bioreactor revealed that the dominant bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, furthermore representatives of 16 other phyla were also found. All the known taxa of lignocellulolytic bacteria were represented in the microbial community. Synergistic relations between bacteria fermenting molasses and bacteria degrading lignite are assumed. The results confirm lignin degradation in acidic medium by bacteria under anaerobic conditions. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {23},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85042229293,

title = {Distribution of coal and coal combustion related organic pollutants in the environment of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region},

author = { Á. Nádudvari and M.J. Fabiańska and L. Marynowski and B. Kozielska and J. Konieczyński and D. Smołka-Danielowska and S.R. Ćmiel},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042229293&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2018.02.092&partnerID=40&md5=3b5271907fc1892434654c77fe63435b},

doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.092},

issn = {00489697},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {628-629},

pages = {1462-1488},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {In this study, a large sample set (276) was separated into up to 15 groups, including coal, fly ash, total particulate matter, coal wastes, river sediments, and different water types. Grouping the sample set into these categories helped to identify the typical features of combustion or water-washing and compare them using newly developed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diagnostic ratios. A wide range of organic pollutants were identified in samples, including aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-heterocycles, sulphur-heterocycles + trithiolane, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with oxygen functional groups. The distribution of compounds was significantly influenced by water washing or combustion. During the self-heating of coal wastes, secondary compounds such as chlorinated aromatics (chlorobenzene; chloroanthracene; etc.) or light sulphur compounds (e.g. benzenethiol and benzo[b]thiophene) were formed (synthesised). Since these compounds are generally absent in sedimentary organic matter, their origin may be connected with high-temperature formation in burning coal dumps. These compounds should be identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. The newly defined diagnostic ratios have worked well in separating samples (petrogenic and pyrogenic) and have pointed out the effect of incomplete combustion on self-heated coal waste, ash from domestic furnaces, or water washing and biodegradation of the studied compounds. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {36},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85059076839,

title = {Anomalous upper devonian mercury enrichments: Comparison of inductively coupled plasma – Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) analytical data},

author = { G. Racki and L. Marynowski and M. Rakociński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85059076839&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1419&partnerID=40&md5=4be4445bc66b6baa31e0c8ad791deb6f},

doi = {10.7306/gq.1419},

issn = {16417291},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geological Quarterly},

volume = {62},

number = {3},

pages = {487-495},

publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},

abstract = {Mercury geochemistry is emerging recently as a hot topic in chemostratigraphical and facies research, owing to the diagnostic character of Hg enrichments as a proxy of volcanic activity (crucial in the context of assumed causal links between volcanic cataclysms and mass extinctions). Thus, as a prerequisite to such far-reaching interpretations, reliable analytical determinations of Hg concentrations are necessary. In conventionally performed analyses in sedimentary geochemistry, Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is usually applied, as an analytical standard for trace elements, including Hg. However, with a detection limit (DL) of 10 ppb, such measured values have been questioned as a conclusive geochemical indicator of Hg anomalies, and, instead, far more accurate techniques, such as Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS; DL = 0.2 ppb), are requested. As a preliminary test of this view, we present comparative analysis of 91 samples from three sections encompassing the key Frasnian-Famennian and Famennian-Tournaisian boundary intervals in Morocco (Lahmida), Germany (Kahlleite) and Uzbekistan (Novchomok), for which Hg concentrations were determined by both methods in the same samples. Despite some differences, especially at low Hg concentrations, both analytical methods reveal the same 12 extraordinarily enriched samples in excess of 1 ppm (with one exception; the determination error is <20%), as well as similar overall chemostratigraphic patterns characterized by a few prominent Hg spikes, with a top value of 5.8 ppm. The Hg concentrations determined by ICP-MS and AAS are significantly correlated, as high as r = 0.98 (Novchomok), even if the first method reveals a general tendency toward slightly heightened values (by ~ 15 to 30% for medians). Therefore, ICP-MS results can conclusively be used in mercury chemostratigraphy in order to recognize extraordinary volcanic (or other) signals, at least in the Devonian geological record. False Hg anomalies were not generated by these conventional ICP-MS determinations. © 2018, Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85047823298,

title = {Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: A volcanic trigger proved?},

author = { G. Racki and M. Rakociński and L. Marynowski and P.B. Wignall},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047823298&doi=10.1130%2fG40233.1&partnerID=40&md5=63e78531d000adffba52e62fdc2e45b6},

doi = {10.1130/G40233.1},

issn = {00917613},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Geology},

volume = {46},

number = {6},

pages = {543-546},

publisher = {Geological Society of America},

abstract = {The Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) global event, one of the five largest biotic crises of the Phanerozoic, has been inconclusively linked to rapid climatic perturbations promoted in turn by volcanic cataclysm, especially in the Viluy large igneous province (LIP) of Siberia. Conversely, the triggers of four other Phanerozoic mass extinction intervals have decisively been linked to LIPs, owing to documented mercury anomalies, shown as the diagnostic proxy. Here, we report multiple Hg enrichments in the two-step late Frasnian (Kellwasser) crisis interval from paleogeographically distant successions in Morocco, Germany, and northern Russia. The distinguishing signal, > 1 ppm Hg in the domain of closing Rheic Ocean, was identified in different lithologies immediately below the F-F boundary and approximately correlated with the onset of the main extinction pulse. This key Hg anomaly, comparable only with an extreme spike known from the end-Ordovician extinction, was not controlled by increased bioproductivity in an anoxic setting. We suggest, therefore, that the global chemostratigraphic pattern near the F-F boundary records a greatly increased worldwide Hg input, controlled by the Center Hill eruptive pulse of the Eovariscan volcanic acme, but likely not manifested exclusively by LIP(s). Consequently, all five major biotic crises of the Phanerozoic have now been more reliably linked to volcanic cataclysms. © 2018 Geological Society of America.},

note = {83},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85040625332,

title = {Methanogenic fermentation of lignite with carbon-bearing additives, inferred from stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes},

author = { M. Bucha and M.O. Jędrysek and D. Kufka and Ł. Pleśniak and L. Marynowski and K. Kubiak and M.K. Błaszczyk},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85040625332&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2017.11.020&partnerID=40&md5=6f1e34f6e03a0b600146325b3a2b5209},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2017.11.020},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {186},

pages = {65-79},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Lignite from the Konin area (Poland) was used as a substrate for incubation experiments to evaluate its potential for simulation of biogenic methane production. Lignite was incubated with a bacterial inoculum enriched from lake sediments, mineral media, and various supplemental components for microbial life. Additives, such as acetate, methanol, glucose, nutrient broth, and yeast extract, can significantly increase methane production. At the same time, biodegradation of these additional carbon sources leads to overestimation of methane yield. In this paper, selected geochemical properties (total organic carbon content; stable isotopic composition of carbon δ13C) were analyzed in order to evaluate changes in the organic matter of fermented lignite. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and hydrogen was applied in order to identify sources of methane and carbon dioxide formation. TOC decreased in range from 1.4 to 9.6% in lignite after fermentation. The δ13C value of lignite used in the experiments (−25.2‰) decreased after incubation to values in range from −27.1 to −26.2‰. Methane yield per g of TOC (lignite + organic carbon in nutrients) ranged from 0.47 to 2.60 mM/g. Glucose, acetate, and methanol significantly increased biogas production. Nutrient broth and yeast extract were not a source of organic carbon for methane formation, but their presence enhanced biogas production. Values of δ13C(CH4) and δ2H(CH4) across incubation conditions ranged from −70.2 to −24.2‰ and from −396.6 to −290.5‰ respectively. Values of δ13C(CO2) ranged from –55.2 to 45.0‰. The high level of variation of δ13C(CH4) and δ13C(CO2) suggests mixing of gases from different carbon sources during incubation, but can also be caused by mixing of metabolic modes by the microbial community. Understanding the δ2H(CH4) variation is even more difficult than the δ13C(CH4) and δ13C(CO2), since many substrates often contain exchangeable hydrogen (e.g. in water; lignite; and elements of nutrients). The combined values of δ13C(CH4) and δ13C(CO2) suggests that the dominant methanogenesis pathway in our experiments may be acetate fermentation. In biodegraded lignite, high relative concentrations of p-cresol (one of the most abundant in the sample) and n-(2-acetylphenyl)formamide were identified. These compounds are most probably lignin decomposition products, or, in the case of the latter, bacterial by-products or remnants. Organic compounds with low molecular weights, n-alkanes, and biomolecules including ferruginol, sugiol, and 6,7-dehydroferruginol, as well as amyrins and tocopherols, were preferentially degraded. The potential for methane production from lignite spiked with carbon-bearing additives is at least one magnitude lower than that from agricultural wastes. The lignite utilization as the single substrate for methanogenic fermentation is economically unprofitable. Mixing of lignite with the external substrate as biomass may be an alternative for consideration and future research. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85037356247,

title = {Occurrence and significance of mono-, di- and anhydrosaccharide biomolecules in Mesozoic and Cenozoic lignites and fossil wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Bucha and J. Smolarek-Lach and M. Wendorff-Belon and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037356247&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2017.11.008&partnerID=40&md5=2d3cf3128c5a6ef57eaa5c7b988222f1},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2017.11.008},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {116},

pages = {13-22},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Mono-, di- and polysaccharides are common constituents of living organisms, but their occurrence and state of preservation in geological materials have only rarely been considered. Here, we present the monosaccharide, and for the first time the di- and anhydrosaccharide, identifications and distributions in Middle Miocene lignite and Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples. Detritic lignites contain fructose and glucose as dominant monosaccharides, and sucrose and trehalose as important disaccharides. Xylites contain monosaccharides (arabinose; arabinofuranose; glucose; and minor xylose and fructose), saccharols (erythritol; arabitol and mannitol), and also some disaccharides. The Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples contain glucose, glucofuranose and levoglucosan. The high content of holocellulose (up to 55 wt%) and co-occurrence of characteristic monosaccharides as arabinose, xylose and mannose in xylites suggests that not only cellulose, but also hemicellulose was preserved in samples as old as 13 Ma. Compounds like trehalose and mannitol appear to be products of wood-degrading fungi. Surprisingly, glucose, the most stable monosaccharide, and levoglucosan can occur in much older organic matter (ca. 168 Ma) as products from cellulose degradation, and possibly a remnant from wildfire burning of wood, respectively. Our findings confirm that saccharides can be preserved under favorable conditions in sedimentary organic matter of the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic eras, and can be used as specific biomarkers of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, fungal metabolism, and wildfire events. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that at least part of the saccharides may be preserved in sedimentary rocks as the free compounds, common in plants and microorganisms. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {19},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85030712772,

title = {Benthic anoxia, intermittent photic zone euxinia and elevated productivity during deposition of the Lower Permian, post-glacial fossiliferous black shales of the Paraná Basin, Brazil},

author = { L.D. Mouro and M. Rakociński and L. Marynowski and A. Pisarzowska and S. Musabelliu and M. Zatoń and M.A. Carvalho and A.C.S. Fernandes and B.L. Waichel},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85030712772&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2017.09.017&partnerID=40&md5=e099b0a61f9480bf93d3fa4a45fb4882},

doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.09.017},

issn = {09218181},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Global and Planetary Change},

volume = {158},

pages = {155-172},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Here, the Lower Permian, post-glacial fossiliferous Lontras black shales from the Paraná Basin (southern Brazil) are studied using integrated palynological, geochemical and petrographic methods for the first time in order to decipher the prevalent palaeoenvironmental conditions during their sedimentation. These black shales were deposited in a restricted marine environment. Inorganic geochemical data (U/Th ratios, authigenic uranium, molybdenum), organic geochemical data (total organic carbon, biomarkers) and framboid pyrite size distributions point to predominantly anoxic/euxinic bottom-water conditions. Moreover, the presence of aryl isoprenoids and maleimide biomarkers indicates that euxinia in the water column was intermittently present in the photic zone. The onset of anoxic conditions was caused by elevated productivity in the basin, which was related to deglaciation, marine transgression and the increased delivery of terrestrial nutrients. The presence of a positive organic carbon isotope excursion indicates that the black shale deposition resulted from increased productivity and the expansion of anoxic and nitrogen- and phosphate-enriched waters into the shallow photic zone. The high values of δ15N (exceeding 9‰) may be related to the deglaciation-driven sea-level rise and advection of denitrified water mass from the Panthalassic Ocean to the intracratonic Paraná Basin. Prolonged periods of sea-floor anoxia/euxinia excluded potential scavengers and bioturbators, thus enhancing the preservation of numerous fossil taxa, including fish, sponges, insects and their larval cases, and conodont apparatuses. The intermittent photic zone euxinia may also have contributed to the mass mortality of fish populations, the fossils of which are very well-preserved in these black shales. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85019957136,

title = {Multi-variable constraints of gas exploration potential in the Lower Silurian shale of the Baltic Basin (Poland)},

author = { T. Topór and A. Derkowski and P. Ziemiański and L. Marynowski and D.K. McCarty},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019957136&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2017.05.001&partnerID=40&md5=5a22b687ef7250c2adc99eb281fde2ae},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2017.05.001},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {179},

pages = {45-59},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {[No abstract available]},

note = {13},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85019168995,

title = {Age and origin of the well-preserved organic matter in internal sediments from the silesian-cracow lead-zinc deposits, southern Poland},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and S. Stukins and K. Nejbert},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85019168995&doi=10.2113%2fecongeo.112.4.775&partnerID=40&md5=06f3f1c99cc24fe8d97ac4067d9a3c7c},

doi = {10.2113/econgeo.112.4.775},

issn = {03610128},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Economic Geology},

volume = {112},

number = {4},

pages = {775-798},

publisher = {Society of Economic Geologists, Inc},

abstract = {The molecular and petrographic characteristics of organic matter in internal sediments from the Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc deposits in southern Poland reveal immature and well-preserved organic matter. Huminite reflectance values of organic matter in all internal sediments are low, with a mean value of 0.29%, corresponding to a lignite range of coalification. Most organic compounds in the organic matter (e.g.; cadalene; retene; simonellite; perylene; and β-sitosterol and its transformation products stigmastanol and stigmasta- 3;5-dien-one), as well as lignin degradation compound products (e.g.; benzoic acid; vanillin; 4-benzaldehyde; benzenedicarboxilic acids; and hydroxybenzoic acids), are of terrestrial origin. Monosaccharides with dominant α-And β-glucose were identified as possible remnants of cellulose degradation products, suggesting an excellent state of organic matter preservation, given that monosaccharides are preserved only under conditions of limited oxygen after sedimentation, resulting from the rapid accumulation of internal sediments in meteoric paleokarst cavities followed by insignificant diagenesis. Petrologic and palynological data on internal sediments clearly indicate a Middle Triassic age for organic matter and for the development of a Triassic meteoric karst system immediately after Anisian carbonate sedimentation. © 2017 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.},

note = {11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85013664517,

title = {Influence of palaeoweathering on trace metal concentrations and environmental proxies in black shales},

author = { L. Marynowski and A. Pisarzowska and A. Derkowski and M. Rakociński and R. Szaniawski and J. Środoń and A.S. Cohen},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85013664517&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2017.02.023&partnerID=40&md5=526d3c5f4b56dbf5d405e1eba2fb3677},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.023},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {472},

pages = {177-191},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The mineralogical and chemical compositions of Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) marine black shale from the Kowala quarry, the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, were investigated. This study focuses on disturbances in palaeoenvironmental proxies caused by palaeoweathering, which progressively changed the major and trace element abundances. Palaeomagnetic investigations reveal that the Devonian – Carboniferous succession was weathered during the Permian-Triassic by the infiltration of oxidizing fluids related to karstification following post-Variscan exhumation. The weathering process led to vermiculitization of chlorite, partial dissolution of calcite and replacement of pyrite by hematite and goethite. Moreover, the concentrations of some trace metals, including Co, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, As and U, significantly decreased. Consequently, some elemental abundance ratios that are used as environmental proxies, including U/Th, Ni/Co and V/Cr, were altered. Elements that are bound to iron sulphides (e.g.; Mo) appear to be especially prone to mobilization by even a lightly weathered black shale. The documented weathering, including changes in elemental concentrations, can potentially create misinterpretations of the original palaeoenvironmental conditions. In addition, the palaeoweathering of the studied samples appears to have substantially changed the carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and molybdenum stable isotope values. The nitrogen and molybdenum stable isotope ratios, in particular, appear to be most sensitive to the effects of weathering and therefore are good indicators of (palaeo)weathering processes. The major cause of these changes is the decay of organic matter and pyrite. For the organic carbon stable isotopes ratios, the main factor that controlls this process appears to be the preferential degradation of labile organic matter. A combination of the total organic carbon (TOC), total sulphur (TS) content, Mo concentration and stable isotope compositions seems to be the most useful for identify (palaeo)weathering. Our results suggest that reductions in TS and Mo in tandem with diminished Mo stable isotope values in the absence of obvious changes to the TOC content provide the most compelling evidence of (palaeo)weathering. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {35},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85017556257,

title = {Benzohopane Series, Their Novel Di-, Tri-, and Tetraaromatic Derivatives, and Diaromatic 23- and 24-Norbenzohopanes from the Lower Jurassic Blanowice Formation, Southern Poland},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017556257&doi=10.1021%2facs.energyfuels.6b03154&partnerID=40&md5=1bd4ead7ece940bd9bf00c35c9bc40c4},

doi = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03154},

issn = {08870624},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Fuels},

volume = {31},

number = {3},

pages = {2617-2624},

publisher = {American Chemical Society},

abstract = {A total of 17 novel di-, tri-, and tetraaromatic derivatives of the benzohopane series cyclized at C-16 or C-20 as well as 4 diaromatic 23- and 24-norbenzohopanes have been identified in the coal and surrounding sandstone samples from the Lower Jurassic Blanowice Formation of southern Poland using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their possible structures and formation pathway have been proposed on the basis of mass spectra and retention times. Bulk geochemical data and the presence of unsaturated benzohopane derivatives indicate low maturation of the Blanowice coals, characteristic for lignites. The diverse distributions of the benzohopane derivatives in the coals and surrounding sandstones showed differences in the extent of biodegradation. Our observations suggest that the di-, tri-, and tetraaromatic derivatives of benzohopanes cyclized at C-16 may be more resistant to biodegradation than regular benzohopanes. © 2017 American Chemical Society.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85009919664,

title = {Organic matter maturity and hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Oligocene Menilite facies in the Eastern Flysch Carpathians (Tarcău and Vrancea Nappes), Romania},

author = { M. Wendorff-Belon and M.J. Rospondek and B. Kluska and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85009919664&doi=10.1016%2fj.apgeochem.2017.01.009&partnerID=40&md5=f5f1110690722a102e8dff37461f1dc0},

doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.01.009},

issn = {08832927},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Applied Geochemistry},

volume = {78},

pages = {295-310},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Bulk organic geochemical and molecular composition data have been used to analyse the hydrocarbon potential and organic matter maturity of the Lower Oligocene Menilite facies from two adjacent tectonic units of the Eastern Flysch Carpathians (Tarcău and Vrancea Nappes), Romania due to the importance of these source rocks in hydrocarbon exploration in entire Paratethys realm. The data show strong variability in organic matter quantity and quality. Organic carbon content reaches peak values in the siliceous facies of the Lower Menilite Member (up to 8.6 wt% TOC), which contains type II kerogen. With increasing contribution of flysch sedimentation mixed type II/III kerogen gains importance. The biomarker distribution reveals strong variation in the supplied organic matter common for flysch-influenced sedimentary environments. Terrigenous input is marked by epicuticular wax imprint in n-alkane distribution and occurrence of conifer biomarkers, while marine organic matter origin is expressed by the occurrence of short-chain n-alkanes and hopanes especially in the siliceous facies. Thus, these source rocks can be classified as oil-prone and subordinately mixed oil/gas-prone. The maturity in the outer tectonic unit (Vrancea) is low (Tmax ∼425 °C; Ro ∼0.4%) but increases towards the inner Tarcău Nappe (Tmax ∼430 °C; Ro ∼0.5%) reaching onset of hydrocarbon generation. The studied rocks have good petroleum potential, but hydrocarbons were generated only in more mature Tarcău Nappe, where solid bitumen veins were observed. Bitumen impregnation of numerous vitrinite grains possibly suppressed vitrinite reflectance, thus leading to more accurate maturity assessment based on molecular proxies (biomarker maturity indices). The observed difference in maturity levels between the nappes results from the more inner position of the sampled Tarcău Nappe succession within the orogen relative to the Vrancea unit. This is related to different burial histories, as well as variation in subsequent erosion and exhumation levels. The actual hydrocarbon potential in the studied area varies due to local interplay of these critical factors. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84957551220,

title = {Lower Wenlock black shales in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland: Sedimentary and geochemical controls on the Ireviken Event in a deep marine setting},

author = { J. Smolarek-Lach and W. Trela and D.P.G. Bond and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84957551220&doi=10.1017%2fS0016756815001065&partnerID=40&md5=3bbbebe541c7bd2105b9b176821112ff},

doi = {10.1017/S0016756815001065},

issn = {00167568},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Geological Magazine},

volume = {154},

number = {2},

pages = {247-264},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {The stratigraphic variability and geochemistry of Llandovery/Wenlock (L/W) Series boundary sediments in Poland reveals that hemipelagic sedimentation under an anoxic/euxinic water column was interrupted by low-density bottom currents or detached diluted turbid layers that resulted in intermittent seafloor oxygenation. Total organic carbon values and inorganic proxies throughout the Wilków 1 borehole section suggest variable redox conditions. U/Mo ratios > 1 throughout much of the Aeronian and Telychian stages, together with an absence of pyrite framboids, suggest oxygenated conditions prevailed. However, elevated total organic carbon near the Aeronian/Telychian boundary, together with increased U/Th and V/(V + Ni) ratios and populations of small pyrite framboids are consistent with the development of dysoxic/anoxic conditions at that time. U/Th, V/Cr and V/(V + Ni) ratios, as well as Uauthig and Mo concentrations, suggest that during the Ireviken black shale deposition, bottom-water conditions deteriorated from oxic during Telychian time to mostly suboxic/anoxic immediately prior to the L/W boundary, before a brief reoxygenation at the end of the Ireviken black shale sedimentation in the Sheinwoodian Stage. Rapid fluctuations in U/Mo during the Ireviken Event are characteristic of fluctuating redox conditions that culminated in an anoxic/euxinic seafloor in Sheinwoodian time. Following Ireviken black shale deposition, conditions once again became oxygen deficient with the development of a euxinic zone in the water column. The Aeronian to Sheinwoodian deep-water redox history was unstable, and rapid fluctuations of the chemocline across the L/W Series boundary probably contributed to the Ireviken Event extinctions, which affected mainly pelagic and hemipelagic fauna. Copyright © 2016 Cambridge University Press.},

note = {29},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85010053608,

title = {Redox conditions and marine microbial community changes during the end-Ordovician mass extinction event},

author = { J. Smolarek-Lach and L. Marynowski and W. Trela and P. Kujawski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85010053608&doi=10.1016%2fj.gloplacha.2017.01.002&partnerID=40&md5=d6392489e111424b6dce7a745f360329},

doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.01.002},

issn = {09218181},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Global and Planetary Change},

volume = {149},

pages = {105-122},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The end-Ordovician (Hirnantian) crisis is the first globally distinct extinction during the Phanerozoic, but its causes are still not fully known. Here, we present an integrated geochemical and petrographic analysis to understand the sedimentary conditions taking place before, during and after the Late Ordovician ice age. New data from the Zbrza (Holy Cross Mountains) and Gołdap (Baltic Depression) boreholes shows that, like in other worldwide sections, the total organic carbon (TOC) content is elevated in the upper Katian and uppermost Hirnantian to Rhudannian black shales, but depleted (below 1%) during most of the Hirnantian. Euxinic conditions occurred in the photic zone in both TOC-rich intervals. This is based on the maleimide distribution, occurrence of aryl isoprenoids and isorenieratane, as well as a dominance of tiny pyrite framboids. Euxinic conditions were interrupted by the Hirnantian regression caused by glaciation. Sedimentation on the deep shelf changed to aerobic probably due to intense thermohaline circulation. Euxinia in the water column occurred directly during the time associated with the second pulse of the mass extinction with a termination of the end-Ordovician glaciation and sea level rise just at the Ordovician/Silurian (O/S) boundary. In contrast, we suggest based on inorganic proxies that bottom water conditions were generally oxic to dysoxic due to upwelling in the Rheic Ocean. The only episode of seafloor anoxia in the Zbrza basin was found at the O/S boundary, where all inorganic indicators showed elevated values typical for anoxia (U/Th > 1.25; V/Cr > 4.25; V/(V + Ni): 0.54–0.82 and Mo > 10–25 ppm). Significant differences in hopanes to steranes ratio and in C27–C29 sterane distribution between the Katian, Rhudannian and Hirnantian deposits indicate changes in marine microbial communities triggered by sharp climate change and Gondwana glaciation. The increase from biomarkers of cyanobacteria (2α-methylhopanes) after the O/S boundary implied enhanced microbial activity following the mass extinction event. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {25},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84995554168,

title = {Molecular tracers preserved in Lower Jurassic “Blanowice brown coals” from southern Poland at the onset of coalification: Organic geochemical and petrological characteristics},

author = { M. Rybicki and L. Marynowski and M. Misz-Kennan and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84995554168&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2016.09.012&partnerID=40&md5=ea86b5bdd29f4e9f33514cdc2d375fd7},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2016.09.012},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {102},

pages = {77-92},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The petrographic and molecular characteristics of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian “Blanowice brown coals” and associated sediments are described. These coals are generally dominated by vitrain macerals, although in one sample the inertinite is > 60%. This is interpreted as a result of wildfire or peat fire activity which was confirmed by the co-occurrence of charcoal fragments and elevated relative concentrations of unsubstituted PAHs in the samples. Vitrinite reflectance values are in the range of 0.49–0.56 %Ro and the C content varies from 30.3–61.9%, placing the coals within the sub-bituminous coal group. However, detailed characterization of coal extracts revealed their highly immature character, based on the occurrence of phenolic abietanes such as ferruginol, sugiol and 7-oxototarol, as well as other biomolecules including labdanoic acid, cholesterol and sitosterol. This is one of the first descriptions of natural product compounds in Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Moreover, in addition to typical lignin decomposition products, dicarboxylic acids with a preponderance of succinic acid were identified. To the best of our knowledge free dicarboxylic acids have not been reported previously from coal extracts. These acids are characteristic resin constituents. We speculate that a low (ca. 40–50 °C), but long-term, temperature influence led to an increased vitrinite reflectance values ca. 0.55 %Ro, with only minor changes to the composition of unstable biomarkers and biomolecules. Moreover, the resin matrix could protect unstable compounds against geochemical structural alteration. Vitrinite reflectance values may also be elevated due to oxidation which caused paler in colour reaction rims. The presence of phenolic abietanes and the absence of abietic and dehydroabietic acids suggest that the Cupressaceae and/or Podocarpaceae families were the most likely peat-forming plant species. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84977660270,

title = {Llandovery green/grey and black mudrock facies of the northern Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) and their relation to early Silurian sea-level changes and benthic oxygen level},

author = { W. Trela and T. Podhalańska and J. Smolarek-Lach and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84977660270&doi=10.1016%2fj.sedgeo.2016.06.003&partnerID=40&md5=b0d5827b3f56e386eba3d98db8b91ed2},

doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.06.003},

issn = {00370738},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Sedimentary Geology},

volume = {342},

pages = {66-77},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {The Llandovery mudrock facies in the northern Holy Cross Mountains reveal lithological variability allowing their interpretation in the context of post-Ordovician climate and sea-level changes in the Caledonian foredeep basin developed along the present SW margin of Baltica. They form a succession up to 50 m thick made up of grey and greenish clayey mudstones interrupted by black shales. The sedimentary and geochemical data (total organic carbon; pyrite framboids and trace metals) clearly show that the black shales document periods of the significant sediment starvation and oxygen- deficient conditions. Their occurrence is confined to the persculptus–acuminatus, vesiculosus, cyphus, convolutus–sedgwickii, turriculatus–crispus, crenulata and spiralis graptolite biozones and they can be correlated with post-glacial transgressions. In contrast, the grey and greenish mudstones are interpreted as lithofacies reflecting permanent benthic oxygenation driven by deep-water ventilation during the Aeronian and Telychian regressions supported by sedimentary and geochemical studies, and diameters of pyrite framboids © 2016 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84946037548,

title = {Root-related rhodochrosite and concretionary siderite formation in oxygen-deficient conditions induced by a ground-water table rise},

author = { M.J. Bojanowski and E. Jaroszewicz and A. Košir and M. Łoziński and L. Marynowski and A. Wysocka and A. Derkowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946037548&doi=10.1111%2fsed.12227&partnerID=40&md5=dc8d2b242317767ca449ef2db265fa69},

doi = {10.1111/sed.12227},

issn = {00370746},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Sedimentology},

volume = {63},

number = {3},

pages = {523-551},

publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},

abstract = {Sedimentological, mineralogical, stable carbon and oxygen isotope determinations and biomarker analyses were performed on siderite concretions occurring in terrestrial silts to understand their formation and to characterize the sedimentary and diagenetic conditions favouring their growth. High δ13C values (6·4‰ on average) indicate that siderite precipitated in an anoxic environment where bacterial methanogenesis operated. The development of anoxic conditions during shallow burial was induced by a change in sedimentary environment from flood plain to swamp, related to a rise of the ground-water table. Large amounts of decaying plant debris led to efficient oxygen consumption within the pore-water in the peat. Oxygen depletion, in combination with a decrease in sedimentation rate, promoted anoxic diagenetic conditions under the swamp and favoured abundant siderite precipitation. This shows how a change in sedimentary conditions can have a profound impact on the early-diagenetic environment and carbonate authigenesis. The concretions contain numerous rhizoliths; they are cemented with calcium-rhodochrosite, a feature which has not been reported before. The rhodochrosite cement has negative δ13C values (−16·5‰ on average) and precipitated in suboxic conditions due to microbial degradation of roots coupled to manganese reduction. The exceptional preservation of the epidermis/exodermis and xylem vessels of former root tissues indicates that the rhodochrosite formed shortly after the death of a root in water-logged sediments. Rhodochrosite precipitated during the initial stages of concretionary growth in suboxic microenvironments within roots, while siderite cementation occurred simultaneously around them in anoxic conditions. These suboxic microenvironments developed because oxygen was transported from the overlying oxygenated soil into sediments saturated with anoxic water via roots acting as permeable conduits. This model explains how separate generations of carbonate cements having different mineralogy and isotopic compositions, which would conventionally be regarded as cements precipitated sequentially in different diagenetic zones during gradual burial, can form simultaneously in shallow burial settings where strong redox gradients exist around vertically oriented permeable root structures. © 2015 The Authors. Sedimentology © 2015 International Association of Sedimentologists},

note = {24},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84960470754,

title = {Reactivation of cation exchange properties in black shales},

author = { A. Derkowski and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84960470754&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2016.03.002&partnerID=40&md5=bd1b571293ca7f13441aa5d1f4a8926e},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2016.03.002},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {158},

pages = {65-77},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is among most important properties of sedimentary rocks, broadly applied in various means of geosciences research and industry. The organic matter (OM) in ancient black shales is thought to be a negligible source of cation exchange capacity (CEC), due to the loss of polar functional groups from extensive diagenetic transformations that occur during burial. OM in modern soils and sediments contains weakly bound hydrogen on carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups, providing negatively charged functional groups that facilitate CEC on the order of hundreds of cmol(+)/kg. Kerogen in ancient sediments may either retain a portion of polar oxygen groups or these functional groups can be (re)gained upon drying, revealing an overlooked source of charge in black shales.Analyzing an extensive series of shales from the Baltic Basin (Poland) and Marcellus Shale (USA) with varying OM content and diagenesis we found that CEC, measured using Hexamminecobalt(III), of heated samples (≥. 200 °C) is up to ten times greater than CEC measured on air-dry samples. Moreover, CEC measured on the heated samples is greater than theoretical CEC estimated from clay minerals composition. The excess CEC correlates with the content of oxygen-rich groups determined with OM pyrolysis and infrared spectroscopy. Carboxyl groups formed in OM due to thermal oxidation at temperatures ranging from 200 °C to 310 °C, in the presence of oxygen and under vacuum, are responsible for excess CEC. Our results reveal that kerogen in black shales is not chemically inert in the case of cation exchange and the OM can provide a considerable portion of the apparent CEC measured in bulk rock samples. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84954370462,

title = {Organic geochemical characteristics of the Mississippian black shales from Wardie, Scotland},

author = { A. Trojan and M.J. Bojanowski and M. Gola and O. Grafka and L. Marynowski and E.N.K. Clarkson},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84954370462&doi=10.1017%2fS1755691015000225&partnerID=40&md5=976343c9aa2bee9df5188c06a25f816f},

doi = {10.1017/S1755691015000225},

issn = {17556910},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh},

volume = {106},

number = {1},

pages = {55-65},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {Coal and hydrocarbons have been exploited from the Carboniferous rocks of the Midland Valley for over 200 years. This work characterises organic matter from the Mississippian black shales of the Midland Valley from Wardie, Scotland. Biomarker analysis allowed the estimation of the degree of microbial transformation of organic matter, type of kerogen and thermal maturity during hydrocarbon generation. Parameters based on the biomarker indicators confirm a generally mixed type II/III kerogen. However, some samples contain mostly terrestrial organic matter, whilst others contain predominantly marine organic matter, which shows that the sedimentary environment varied greatly throughout the basin. The presence of gammacerane suggests water column stratification and anoxic conditions. Organic matter was much better protected from post-depositional alteration within the concretions, where higher TOC (total organic carbon) and TS (total sulphur) contents occur, than in the surrounding sediments. This can be induced by very early diagenetic formation of these concretions which protected organic matter from late diagenetic degradation. Estimated values of vitrinite reflectance (Rc; Rcs) show that the sedimentary rocks reached the catagenesis stage. Most samples exhibit maximum organic matter maturation temperatures of around c60-90°C. However, stable isomers of phenyldibenzo[b;d]thiophene detected in some samples indicate that in some cases post-depositional hydrothermal activity affected maturation of organic matter increasing temperatures to as high as c174°C. © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 2015.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84936806689,

title = {News from an old wood - Agathoxylon keuperianum (Unger) nov. comb. in the Keuper of Poland and France},

author = { M. Philippe and G. Pacyna and Z. Wawrzyniak and M. Barbacka and K. Boka and P. Filipiak and L. Marynowski and F. Thévenard and D. Uhl},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84936806689&doi=10.1016%2fj.revpalbo.2015.06.006&partnerID=40&md5=6d437425ed9a59e6d91cf2620cea194c},

doi = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.06.006},

issn = {00346667},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology},

volume = {221},

pages = {83-91},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {New fossil woods from the Keuper of Poland and France are assigned to Agathoxylon keuperianum (Unger) nov. comb. A complete nomenclatural treatment of this taxon is given, with up-dated nomenclatural synonymy and some taxonomical notes. It is shown that Zimmermann's choice of a lectotype (1953) for this species is superseded by material in the Unger collection at the Paris Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (France). Taxomical reappraisal of Unger collection also evidenced that Simplioxylon hungaricum Andreanzsky correct name is Simplicioxylon wurtembergicum (Unger) nov. comb. and that Peuce brauneana Unger can be excluded from Agathoxylon keuperianum synonymy. Literature data for Agathoxylon keuperianum are reviewed and some are invalidated. Our new data are the first safe reports for this species outside from Germany. The systematic position of Agathoxylon keuperianum is discussed, as well as its stratigraphical and geographical range. In the present state of knowledge it seems to be restricted to the area where German Keuper is deposited. Anatomical features suggest that Agathoxylon keuperianum thrived under warm and wet conditions, whereas German Keuper sediments globally suggest hot and dry climate. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84928674489,

title = {Coprolites of Late Triassic carnivorous vertebrates from Poland: An integrative approach},

author = { M. Zatoń and G. Niedźwiedzki and L. Marynowski and K. Benzerara and C. Pott and J. Cosmidis and T. Krzykawski and P. Filipiak},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84928674489&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2015.04.009&partnerID=40&md5=6e3a83d886d48bd108c0f42490ab94d8},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.009},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {430},

pages = {21-46},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Vertebrate coprolites derived from Upper Triassic terrestrial deposits of southern Poland have been subjected to various analytical methods in order to retrieve information about their composition, producer's diet and nature of the microscopic structures preserved in the groundmass. Morphologically, the coprolites have been classified into four morphotypes, of which only three were further analysed due to their good state of preservation. Their groundmass are composed of francolite, a carbonate-rich apatite, in which abundant coccoid structures are preserved. Based on various microscopic and organic geochemical techniques, they are interpreted as fossilized bacteria which could have mediated the phosphatization of the faeces. The thin sectioning revealed that the coprolites consist of those containing exclusively bone remains, and those preserving both bone and plant remains. Those coprolites preserving only vertebrate remains are suggestive for exclusive carnivorous diet of the producers. However, the interpretation of coprolites consisting of both vertebrate and plant remains is more debatable. Although they may attest to omnivory, it cannot be excluded that potential producers were carnivorous and occasionally ingested plants, or accidentally swallowed plant material during feeding. The latter may involve predation or scavenging upon other herbivorous animals. The potential producers may have been animals that foraged in or near aquatic habitats, such as semi-aquatic archosaurs and/or temnospondyls. This is supported by the presence of ostracode and other aquatic arthropod remains, and fish scales within the coprolites, as well as by the presence of specific biomarkers such as phytanic and pristanic acids, which are characteristic constituents of fish oil. The preservation of such labile organic compounds as sterols, palmitin, stearin or levoglucosan attests for rapid, microbially-mediated mineralization of the faeces at very early stages of diagenesis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {45},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84927613029,

title = {The expression of the Hangenberg Event (latest Devonian) in a relatively shallow-marine succession (Pomeranian Basin, Poland): The results of a multi-proxy investigation},

author = { H. Matyja and K. Sobień and L. Marynowski and M. Stempień-Sałek and K. Małkowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84927613029&doi=10.1017%2fS001675681400034X&partnerID=40&md5=1115fc867d52395af251308525b2436e},

doi = {10.1017/S001675681400034X},

issn = {00167568},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Geological Magazine},

volume = {152},

number = {3},

pages = {400-428},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {The uppermost Famennian - lowermost Tournaisian interval has been analysed in detail using biostratigraphy, sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry in a reference section of the relatively shallow carbonate ramp environment within the Pomeranian Basin. High-resolution biostratigraphic study, based on miospores, allows recognition of the standard western European lepidophyta-nitidus (LN) and verrucosus-incohatus (VI) zones, as well as the Convolutispora major Zone, a local Pomeranian equivalent of the European standard hibernicus-distinctus (HD) Zone. The sedimentary succession and specific phenomena recognized close to the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary, such as fluctuations in water column euxinia, wildfire evidence, relative sea-level changes and perturbations of the carbon cycle reflected by positive carbon excursions, display a pattern partly similar to that observed in many areas in Europe during the Hangenberg Event, although the Hangenberg Black Shale horizon is not developed here. These important microscale environmental perturbations were observed not only within the Famennian LN miospore Zone but in a wide interval between the LN and the lowermost local Convolutispora major miospore zones ( = lower part of HD standard miospore Zone). It is still uncertain whether the recognized event(s) were connected solely with the Hangenberg Event, which was possibly complex and multi-phased as is sometimes suggested, or whether they represent a succession of regionally limited, post-Hangenberg events. This question needs to be further investigated on broader stratigraphic and geographical scales. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85027931246,

title = {Perylene degradation during gradual onset of organic matter maturation},

author = { L. Marynowski and J. Smolarek-Lach and Y. Hautevelle},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027931246&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2014.04.013&partnerID=40&md5=2c480ca590ab177c84ba31c7d8a3ecc1},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2014.04.013},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {139},

number = {1},

pages = {17-25},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {Perylene and benzo[a]pyrene concentration changes during the gradual increase of thermal maturity have been analyzed for the Palaeogene Podhale flysh deposits and other Palaeozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary rock samples. Perylene is present in high relative concentration in the samples of maturation below 0.6% of the vitrinite reflectance (Rr), while in the range of 0.6%-0.7% Rr its abundance rapidly decreased. In the case of samples with vitrinite reflectance higher than 0.7% Rr, perylene compound disappeared completely. Benzo[a]pyrene is also thermally unstable at elevated temperatures and its relative concentration is very low above vitrinite reflectance values of ca. 0.9%. Such results could have important palaeoenvironmental implications. If these five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds are characterized by low to moderate thermal stability, then their use as a wood-degrading fungi tracer in the case of perylene and palaeo-wildfire indicator in the case of benzo[a]pyrene is limited only to samples of maturation below the oil window range and below the major phase of oil generation, respectively. These results explain the scarcity of perylene in Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks, which are generally of higher maturation than the younger deposits. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-85027930117,

title = {Phenyl derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds as indicators of hydrothermal activity in the Silurian black siliceous shales of the Bardzkie Mountains, Poland},

author = { O. Grafka and L. Marynowski and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85027930117&doi=10.1016%2fj.coal.2014.09.006&partnerID=40&md5=a365b60bb2847587a1d1ab260aa0aeb9},

doi = {10.1016/j.coal.2014.09.006},

issn = {01665162},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Coal Geology},

volume = {139},

number = {1},

pages = {142-151},

publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},

abstract = {High relative concentrations of phenyl (Ph) derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were found in samples from the Silurian Z˙danów section (Bardzkie Mountains; Poland). These sedimentary rocks were characterized by the occurrence of all previously described Ph-PAC groups, including: phenylnaphthalenes, phenylphenanthrenes, terphenyls, phenyldibenzofurans, phenyldibenzothiophenes, and quaterphenyls, among which the phenylnaphthalenes and phenylphenanthrenes were most abundant. In all samples the thermally more stable isomers clearly dominated, while those with ortho- or α-substitution were present only as traces or absent. This suggests a high maturity of the investigated section, which was also confirmed by other molecular and petrographic thermal maturity parameters. Considering the highest abundances of Ph-PACs occur in the older part of the section, we suggest that the major factor controlling OM maturation was ascending hydrothermal fluids. Moreover, the significant peri-condensed aromatic compounds detected in the samples may have formed by dehydrocyclization of phenyl- and naphthyl-PAC precursors. If the formation of the PhPACs is strictly connected with alteration by ascending solutions, the interpretation of the inorganic geochemical results should be expanded to consider the impact of hydrothermal fluid migration. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {15},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84953374566,

title = {Evidence of wildfires during deposition of the upper silesian keuper succession, southern poland},

author = { R. Kubik and D. Uhl and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84953374566&doi=10.14241%2fasgp.2014.009&partnerID=40&md5=e387ad0ba879cc8fa79a26b9516c33e3},

doi = {10.14241/asgp.2014.009},

issn = {02089068},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae},

volume = {85},

number = {4},

pages = {685-696},

publisher = {Geological Society of Poland},

abstract = {Charcoals from the Upper Triassic vertebrate-bearing clays of the Zawiercie area (Upper Silesia; S-Poland) were analyzed using petrographic methods, to reconstruct burning temperatures as well as taphonomic processes. SEM and reflected light microscopy show excellent preservation of charcoals most probable connected with early diagenetic permineralization by calcite. The charcoal was assigned to three morphotypes, probably corresponding to three different fossil taxa. Fusinite reflectance data suggest, that the highest temperature reached above 600 °C (fusinite reflectance of 3.59%), what counterparts to the lower limit crown fire temperature. The values for most of the samples are lower (ca. 1% to 2.5%) what is typical for surface fires. In many cases fusinite reflectance values depends on the measured zone within the sample. Such zonation formed due to charring temperature differences. In zones remote from the potential fire source, reflectance values gradually decreases. It implies that calculation of fire temperatures based on average fusinite reflectance values might be too far-reaching simplification. Occurrence of fungal hyphae within the charcoal supports the interpretation of a predomination of surface fire, consuming dead twigs and stems. The low content of micro-charcoals in charcoal-bearing rocks as well as roanded to sub-roanded shapes of large specimens indicates that they were transported after burning, deposited away from the burning area, and finally early diagenetic mineralization. © 2015, Geological Society of Poland. All rights reserved.},

note = {17},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84918574017,

title = {Comment on the Kaiho et al., paper "A forest fire and soil erosion event during the Late Devonian mass extinction" [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 392 (2013): 272-280]},

author = { L. Marynowski and G. Racki},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84918574017&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2014.02.027&partnerID=40&md5=8125b7f8cfa9de5fc3bf6ec6ebedb502},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.02.027},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {417},

pages = {569-572},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Kaiho et al. (2013; Palaeogeography; Palaeoclimatology; Palaeoecology 392 (2013): 272-280) interpreted the occurrence of elevated concentrations of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzofuran as indicators of wildfires and enhanced run-off near the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) boundary. We argue that other processes, including weathering or hydrothermal oxidation (not discussed by Kaiho et al.) led to the observed increase in the concentration of these compounds and also changed their distribution. Kaiho et al.'s evidence for soil erosion and eutrophication-induced euxinia is also weak in the case of the investigated Belgian sections. Finally, Kaiho et al. rather unfortunately omitted a great wealth of important data published elsewhere, choosing instead to include only those which support their ideas and interpretations. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84947218681,

title = {Vitrinite equivalent reflectance of Silurian black shales from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland},

author = { J. Smolarek-Lach and L. Marynowski and K. Spunda and W. Trela},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947218681&doi=10.1515%2fmipo-2015-0006&partnerID=40&md5=51c76700b1424ce74b001eaa25bd6d7c},

doi = {10.1515/mipo-2015-0006},

issn = {18998291},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Mineralogia},

volume = {45},

number = {3-4},

pages = {79-96},

publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},

abstract = {A number of independent methods have been used to measure the thermal maturity of Silurian rocks from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland. Black shales are characterized by diverse TOC values varying from 0.24-7.85%. Having calculated vitrinite equivalent reflectance using three different formulas, we propose that the most applicable values for the Silurian rocks are those based on Schmidt et al. (2015) equation. Based on this formula, the values range from % 0.71 VReqvVLR (the vitrinite equivalent reflectance of the vitrinite-like macerals) to % 1.96 VReqvVLR. Alternative, complementary methods including Rock Eval pyrolysis and parameters based on organic compounds (CPI; Pr/n-C17; Ph/n-C18; MPI1; and MDR) from extracts did not prove adequate as universal thermal maturity indicators. We have confirmed previous suggestions that Llandovery shales are the most likely Silurian source rocks for the generation of hydrocarbons in the HCM. © 2014 Justyna Smolarek et al., published by De Gruyter Open.},

note = {12},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84908010927,

title = {Molecular composition of fossil charcoal and relationship with incomplete combustion of wood},

author = { L. Marynowski and R. Kubik and D. Uhl and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908010927&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2014.09.003&partnerID=40&md5=c0be44270728561fffaa779276d001a6},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.09.003},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {77},

pages = {22-31},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {Upper Triassic charcoal extracts were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to recognize their molecular composition. Extractable compounds were divided into: (i) biomarkers, i.e. diagenetically changed primary wood components and (ii) products of combustion. Major compounds in the first group were: 1,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene and 1,2,5,6-tetramethylnaphthalene, cadalene, dehydroabietane, simonellite and retene. All of these are derived from resins. Moreover, propyl phenols, butyl acetophenones and pentyl acetophenones, as products of lignin breakdown, as well as fatty acids with a predominance of palmitic acid, typical constituents of wood, were also detected. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as ketones and aryl phenols, considered as high temperature combustion products, occurred at relatively low concentration in the samples due to their enhanced solubility in gelified, non-charred wood fragments, and vaporization of the major part of the burn products. Despite the low PAH concentrations, their distribution, with a significant contribution from typical pyrolytic compounds such as anthracene, 4H-cyclopenta[. def]phenanthrene, benz[. a]anthracene and benzo[. a]pyrene was typical for rapid combustion. We propose to estimate paleo-wildfire temperature based on the PAH concentrations in the paleo-charcoal samples. The presence of thermally less stable organic compounds and low PAH abundances indicates a temperature < 400. °C. High PAH amounts seem to be characteristic for charring between 400 and 500. °C. Above these temperatures PAH concentrations again decrease, but less stable compounds are absent. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {31},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84907975882,

title = {Weathering, sedimentary and diagenetic controls of mineral and geochemical characteristics of the vertebrate-bearing Silesian Keuper},

author = { J. Środoń and J. Szulc and A. Anczkiewicz and K. Jewuła and M. Banas̈ and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907975882&doi=10.1180%2fclaymin.2014.049.4.07&partnerID=40&md5=0b97745a5082f3210065af6d1ce99875},

doi = {10.1180/claymin.2014.049.4.07},

issn = {00098558},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Clay Minerals},

volume = {49},

number = {4},

pages = {569-594},

publisher = {Mineralogical Society},

abstract = {Mudstones and claystones from the southern marginal area of the European Upper Triassic, midcontinental Keuper basin (Silesia; southern Poland) were investigated using XRD, organic and inorganic geochemistry, SEM, K-Ar of illite-smectite, AFT, and stable isotopes of O and C in carbonates in order to unravel the consequent phases of the geological history of these rocks, known for abundant fossils of land vertebrates, and in particular to evaluate the diagenetic overprint on the mineral composition. The detected and quantified mineral assemblage consists of quartz, calcite, dolomite, Ca-dolomite, illite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, and kaolinite as major components, plus feldspars, hematite, pyrite, chlorite, anatase, siderite, goethite as minor components. Palygorskite, gypsum, jarosite and apatite were identified in places. The K-Ar dates document a post-sedimentary thermal event, 164 Ma or younger, which resulted in partial illitization of smectite and kaolinite. The maximum palaeotemperatures were estimated from illite-smectite as ~125°C. Apatite fission track data support this conclusion, indicating a 200-160 Ma age range of the maximum temperatures close to 120°C, followed by a prolonged period of elevated temperatures. These conclusions agree well with the available data on the Mesozoic thermal event, which yielded Pb-Zn deposits in the area. Organic maturity indicators suggest the maximum palaeotemperatures <110°C. Palygorskite was identified as authigenic by crystal morphology (TEM), and calcite by its accumulation in soil layers and by its isotopic composition evolving with time, in accordance with the sedimentary and/or climatic changes. Dolomite isotopic composition indicates more saline (concentrated) waters. Palygorskite signals a rapid local change of sedimentary conditions, correlated with algal blooms. This assemblage of authigenic minerals indicates an arid climate and the location at the transition from a distal alluvial fan to mudflat. Fe-rich smectite, kaolinite, and hematite were products of chemical weathering on the surrounding lands and are therefore mostly detrital components of the investigated rocks. Kaolinite crystal morphology and ordering indicates a short transport distance. Hematite also crystallized in situ, in the soil horizons. A large variation in kaolinite/2:1 minerals ratio reflects hydraulic sorting, except of the Rhaetian, where it probably signals a climatic change, i.e. a shift in the weathering pattern towards kaolinite, correlated with the disappearance of hematite. Quartz, 2M1 illite, and minor feldspars and Mg-chlorite were interpreted as detrital minerals. The documented sedimentation pattern indicates that in more central parts of the Keuper playa system, where an intense authigenesis of the trioctahedral clays (chlorite; swelling chlorite; corrensite; sepiolite) took place, illite and smectite were the dominant detrital clay minerals. Cr/Nb and Cr/Ti ratios were found as the best chemostratigraphic tools, allowing for the correlation of all investigated profiles. A stable decrease of these ratios up the investigated sedimentary sequence is interpreted as reflecting changes in the provenance pattern from more basic to more acidic rocks. © 2014 Mineralogical Society.},

note = {26},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84916201412,

title = {The expression of the Hangenberg Event (latest Devonian) in a relatively shallow-marine succession (Pomeranian Basin, Poland): The results of a multi-proxy investigation},

author = { H. Matyja and K. Sobień and L. Marynowski and M. Stempień-Sałek and K. Małkowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84916201412&doi=10.1017%2fS001675681400034X&partnerID=40&md5=f8e396496666f7647ccc02ec1073ed67},

doi = {10.1017/S001675681400034X},

issn = {00167568},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Geological Magazine},

volume = {73},

number = {2},

pages = {400-428},

publisher = {Cambridge University Press},

abstract = {The uppermost Famennian-lowermost Tournaisian interval has been analysed in detail using biostratigraphy, sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry in a reference section of the relatively shallow carbonate ramp environment within the Pomeranian Basin. High-resolution biostratigraphic study, based on miospores, allows recognition of the standard western European lepidophyta-nitidus (LN) and verrucosus-incohatus (VI) zones, as well as the Convolutispora major Zone, a local Pomeranian equivalent of the European standard hibernicus-distinctus (HD) Zone. The sedimentary succession and specific phenomena recognized close to the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary, such as fluctuations in water column euxinia, wildfire evidence, relative sea-level changes and perturbations of the carbon cycle reflected by positive carbon excursions, display a pattern partly similar to that observed in many areas in Europe during the Hangenberg Event, although the Hangenberg Black Shale horizon is not developed here. These important microscale environmental perturbations were observed not only within the Famennian LN miospore Zone but in a wide interval between the LN and the lowermost local Convolutispora major miospore zones (= lower part of HD standard miospore Zone). It is still uncertain whether the recognized event(s) were connected solely with the Hangenberg Event, which was possibly complex and multi-phased as is sometimes suggested, or whether they represent a succession of regionally limited, post-Hangenberg events. This question needs to be further investigated on broader stratigraphic and geographical scales. © 2014 Cambridge University Press.},

note = {4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84896294499,

title = {Determination of multiple organic matter sources in aerosol PM10 from Wrocław, Poland using molecular and stable carbon isotope compositions},

author = { M. Górka and M. Rybicki and B.R.T. Simoneit and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84896294499&doi=10.1016%2fj.atmosenv.2014.02.064&partnerID=40&md5=9390a1713799db540699f700d4e87110},

doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.064},

issn = {13522310},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Environment},

volume = {89},

pages = {739-748},

publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},

abstract = {The natural and anthropogenic contributions of hydrocarbon groups (aliphatic and aromatic), as well as total organic carbon, in atmospheric PM10 dust (particulate matter <10μm) collected from Wrocław (SW Poland) were assessed using combined molecular (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - GC-MS) and stable carbon isotopic (isotope-ratio mass spectrometry - IR-MS) analyses. The PM10 samples were taken in the seasonal sampling program in 2007, and represent air pollution from all months of the year. The δ13C values of the total carbon varied seasonally from-27.6 to-25.3- The isotopic mass balance calculations confirmed greater coal burning input, reaching 70.5%, in the heating season and dominant transported sources 47.5% in the vegetative season. The data obtained for the aliphatic fractions: carbon preference index (CPI), carbon number maximum (Cmax), wax n-alkane contents (%WNA), and δ13C values of the aliphatic fractions (-36.6 to-29.4-), indicated a dominant anthropogenic origin (gasoline/diesel/coal combustion) and a lesser biogenic input (biomass burning and natural organic matter). Petroleum and coal combustion emissions were confirmed by the presence of hopanes and moretanes. The molecular analysis of the concentrations and diagnostic ratios of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the δ13C values of the aromatic fractions (-35.4 to-26.8-) indicated that the main PAH sources were also collectively from combustion of liquid fuels and coal. Based on PAH discrimination diagrams it is also clear that the main organic carbon source is derived from coal, biomass and petroleum combustion in both seasons. However, taking into account the PAH concentrations during the vegetative and heating seasons, coal and biomass burning seem to be their major source. Additionally, the polar organic compounds (mainly levoglucosan) confirmed a significant contribution from biomass burning to the total anthropogenic input. The general conclusion derived from coupling of organic tracer analysis and carbon isotopic data of PM10 was that the total carbon (including insoluble soot) is likely derived from fossil fuel combustion, while the extractable organic matter is a mixture from different sources with significant inputs of biomass burning. We have also shown that dominant organic tracers do not always represent the major input source in aerosol PM and the unresolved part of the organic matter (soot) is important in the carbon budget. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {59},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84894089763,

title = {The carbon isotope organic geochemistry of early Ordovician rocks from the annascaul formation, county Kerry},

author = { A.H. Jahren and B.A. Schubert and L. Marynowski and J.P. Wilson},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84894089763&doi=10.3318%2fIJES.2013.31.1&partnerID=40&md5=f695d1be176665fc0ebb775bbd0c188a},

doi = {10.3318/IJES.2013.31.1},

issn = {07901763},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Irish Journal of Earth Sciences},

volume = {31},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {Ireland is well known to geologists as containing some of the thickest successions of Early Ordovician (485-470 Ma; Walker et al. 2012) sedimentary rocks in the world. The carbon stable isotope compositions (δ13C value) of similarly aged rocks have been reported for only very few places in the world (i.e.; Argentina; southern China; and southern France), and no such analyses have been performed on the Early Ordovician, organic-rich rocks of Ireland. Here we report the δ13C values of bulk organic material and organic isolates recovered from the Annascaul Formation of Southwestern Ireland. Members of the Annascaul Formation spanning the Early Ordovician were sampled at multiple sites within five localities on the Dingle Peninsula, County Kerry. Mean bulk organic δ13C values for the organic matter within rocks of the Farranacarriga, Tinal, Illaunglass, Bealacoon, and Killelton Members ranged from -8.7% (Farranacarriga) to -2.1% (Illaunglass); the average δ13C values of organics isolated from the Farranacarriga and Bealacoon Members were -9.0 and -8.4%^respectively. No statistical difference was observed between the δ13C value of isolates and the δ13C value of bulk sediment from which organics had been isolated (P-.85; Farranacarriga; n=; P=.81; Bealacoon; n=; paired t-test). The δ13C values we present here agree well with the previously published d13C values for Early Ordovician organic carbon (average=-.4; -5.4; -5.5%) from Argentina, southern China, and southern France (respectively). Our new data from the Annascaul Formation are ~3.3% higher than the average value reported for δ13C values of organic matter of marine origin for the same period, raising the possibility that terrestrial bryophytes (or other terrestrial photosynthesizers) contributed to these Early Ordovician sediments. Further equivocal evidence is provided by the abundant organic macerals found within the Farranacarriga Member with possible vitrinite origin. The δ13C values of palynomorphsized organic isolates from the Annascaul Formation reflect a marine origin for these organisms, consistent with their previous identification as acritarchs. Given the recognition of the earliest thalloid macrofossils and land-plant cryptospores in the Middle Ordovician sediments of the Appalachian basin (USA) and Argentina, respectively, our results highlight the EarlyMiddle Ordovician boundary as a potentially crucial time of terrestrial ecosystem expansion and development. © 2013 Royal Irish Academy.},

note = {2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84879418132,

title = {Evidence for shallow-water 'Upper Kellwasser' anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian reefs of Alberta, Canada},

author = { D.P.G. Bond and M. Zatoń and P.B. Wignall and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84879418132&doi=10.1111%2flet.12014&partnerID=40&md5=70d3011059f3579abe1f3445b42b5716},

doi = {10.1111/let.12014},

issn = {00241164},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Lethaia},

volume = {46},

number = {3},

pages = {355-368},

abstract = {The Frasnian-Famennian extinction witnessed the global devastation of both level-bottom and reef communities in low latitudes. Marine extinctions in offshore level-bottom communities are associated with two widespread, transgressive, anoxic 'Kellwasser Events' that support an anoxia-extinction link. Typical Kellwasser facies of bituminous limestones and shales are not obviously recorded in shallow-water settings, and thus, it is unclear whether anoxia played a role in reef losses. We evaluate geochemical, petrographic and facies evidence for oxygen restriction from an extremely shallow-water carbonate platform in Alberta. Sequence stratigraphy places the Frasnian-Famennian boundary at a sequence boundary that tops a laminated mudstone and interrupts carbonate platform deposition. Two transgressive pulses have been identified, one of which is associated with the second, major transgression of T-R cycle IId of the Devonian eustatic sea-level curve. Geochemical proxies indicate that these transgressions were accompanied by influx of dysoxic or anoxic waters. Organic carbon and U enrichment in the Frasnian, particularly just below the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, points to episodic dysoxic conditions that probably persisted into the basal Famennian and were coincidental with the global Upper Kellwasser Event. This study provides the first evidence for the smoking gun of an anoxia-driven extinction in very shallow waters, implicating this potent killer in the demise of the Devonian reefs. © 2013 The Lethaia Foundation.},

note = {39},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84877913365,

title = {Perylene as an indicator of conifer fossil wood degradation by wood-degrading fungi},

author = { L. Marynowski and J. Smolarek-Lach and A. Bechtel and M. Philippe and S. Kurkiewicz and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84877913365&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2013.04.006&partnerID=40&md5=58cc07d7de1af2c0aaaecf0e3fee090e},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.04.006},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {59},

pages = {143-151},

abstract = {The occurrence of perylene in Middle Jurassic fossil wood and Miocene xylites from Poland is described, along with its correlation with unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as cellulose content. Both Middle Jurassic and Miocene wood remnants were of relatively low maturity [ca. 0.2-0.3% vitrinite reflectance (Rr)], had excellent preservation of biomarkers and biomolecules and, in the case of the Middle Jurassic fossil wood samples, generally good preservation of anatomical structures due to early diagenetic mineralisation. The results from 42 Middle Jurassic and 8 Miocene (most taxonomically defined) fossil wood fragments demonstrated a negative correlation between the concentration of perylene and those of generally typical conifer biomarkers (e.g. cadalene; dehydroabietane; simonellite and retene). In addition, good correlation (R2 0.81) was observed between the ratio of perylene to the above conifer biomarkers and the ratio of PAHs (phenanthrene and fluoranthene and pyrene) to the conifer biomarkers. This implies that the high concentration of perylene in fossil wood indicate its extensive degradation during decay, transport and early diagenesis. We defined a conifer wood degradation index as:CWDI=perylene/(perylene+cadalene+retene+simonellite+dehydroabietane),and observed a wide range of values (0.001 for less degraded wood to 0.95 for highly degraded samples). Anatomical wood preservation was associated with CWDI values. In most of the samples characterised by poorly preserved anatomy, high CWDI values were observed, while anatomically well-preserved samples generally had lower CWDI values. We determined similar δ13C values for perylene from the fossil wood samples (-26.4% to -27.8%), whereas the values for the conifer biomarkers were slightly higher and varied from -25.6% to -26.6%. In contrast, pyrene was depleted in 13C (-27.5% to -28.2%). The carbon isotope values of perylene are consistent with an origin from wood-degrading fungi. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {72},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84874486176,

title = {Hydrothermal alteration of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area (South China)},

author = { A. Derkowski and T.F. Bristow and J.M. Wampler and J. Środoń and L. Marynowski and W.C. Elliott and C.P. Chamberlain},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84874486176&doi=10.1016%2fj.gca.2013.01.015&partnerID=40&md5=6b537145c0d0a4fc53e34600c8b7eb34},

doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2013.01.015},

issn = {00167037},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},

volume = {107},

pages = {279-298},

abstract = {The geochemical and fossil record preserved in the Ediacaran age (635-551. Ma) Doushantuo Formation of South China has been extensively examined to explore the impact of changing climate and the oxidation state of the oceans on the development and distribution of early multicellular life. In the Yangtze Gorges area, this formation shows many of the geochemical trends and features thought to typify global ocean chemistry in the Ediacaran Period, but there are indications that post-sedimentary processes modified these signals. This study of clay minerals and organic matter builds a more detailed picture of the type and degree of post-sedimentary alteration at different stratigraphic levels of the formation and focuses on how this alteration influenced stable carbon and oxygen isotope records.In the cratonward Jiulongwan and Huajipo sections of the Doushantuo Formation, its lower part (Members 1 and 2) consists largely of dolomitic shale, rich in authigenic saponite that crystallized in an alkaline sedimentary basin. Saponite has been altered to chlorite via corrensite across tens of meters of strata in lower Member 2, with increased alteration downward toward the cap dolostone. The greater chloritization is accompanied by lower δ18O and higher δD values of trioctahedral clays. This pattern of alteration of trioctahedral clays is likely due to hydrothermal fluid activity in the underlying, relatively permeable Nantuo Formation and cap dolostone. A concomitant increase of solid bitumen reflectance toward the base of the formation supports this idea. In the uppermost part of the formation in the Yangtze Gorges area (Member 4), a typical open water marine dolomitic shale rich in illite and organic matter, increases in the methylphenanthrenes ratio index and solid bitumen reflectance correlate with decrease of the bulk rock K/Al ratio upward, providing evidence for hot fluid migration above the nearly impermeable shale.Clay from the upper part of the formation is enriched in 18O, but not in D, relative to clay from the lower parts, indicating progressive 18O-enrichment of hydrothermal fluids that percolated upward and laterally through permeable 18O-rich carbonates. A maximum hydrothermal-alteration temperature of ∼200°C is estimated from a calibration curve for illitization during burial diagenesis, but given that the hydrothermal activity probably occurred in short pulses, the temperature could have been much higher. K-Ar ages are consistent across different size fractions of fine illite from Member 4 shale (∼430Ma) and from a K-bentonite bed near the base of Member 2 in the Jiuqunao section (∼325Ma), ∼25km from Jiulongwan and Huajipo. These age values show that the diagenetic illite of the Doushantuo Formation is a product of either deep burial diagenesis overprinted by spatially limited hydrothermal activity or of two localized hydrothermal events.Patterns of carbonate 13C and 18O depletion in the basal Doushantuo Formation are similar to chloritization trends and 18O variation in diagenetic clay minerals. Given independent evidence for 13C depletion of hydrothermal fluids, these trends indicate carbonate-fluid isotope exchange commensurate with the degree of post-sedimentary alteration, supporting a model of lithologically controlled differential diagenesis induced by hydrothermal fluids as the main control on C and O isotope variability in this stratigraphic interval. This model could potentially explain other notable δ13C excursions higher up in Member 3. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {32},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84873086158,

title = {The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies},

author = { B. Kluska and M.J. Rospondek and L. Marynowski and P. Schaeffer},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84873086158&doi=10.1016%2fj.apgeochem.2012.09.010&partnerID=40&md5=9d4a9834c9d2a7c19b45a201e1253d6c},

doi = {10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010},

issn = {08832927},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Applied Geochemistry},

volume = {29},

pages = {73-91},

abstract = {A study of the extracts of samples recording a transgressive-regressive succession of the Werra cyclothem, Zechstein (Upper Permian), from the southern margin of the European Permian Basin (the Fore-Sudetic Monocline; Poland) provides an insight into major sources of organic matter and diagenetic processes. The studied cross-section comprises all lithologies representative for the European basin, including transgressive sandstones (Weissliegend) and organic-rich shales (Kupferschiefer) followed by carbonates as well as regressive anhydrites with intercalations of rock salt. Due to the variable influence of overlapping diagenetic processes that affected the organic matter, i.e. maturation and late diagenetic oxidation related to base metal mineralisation, a reliable comparison of the biomarker results is only possible for the major upper part of the section (ca. 38. m; including carbonates and evaporites) but not for the oxidised first 2-3. m from the base of the Kupferschiefer.The transition from carbonate to evaporate sedimentation is associated with a shift to predominant even C-numbered n-alkanes, increased abundance of carotanes and high homohopane index reflecting enhanced reducing conditions. The presence of the C25 regular isoprenoid, squalane, biphytane and the rapid decrease in the pristane/phytane ratio in the evaporites are mainly controlled by the important contribution from both halophilic and methanogenic archaea. The occurrence of gammacerane in the anhydrites suggests development of water column stratification at some stages of the sea regression. This is associated with appearance of specific aryl isoprenoids with a lycopane carbon skeleton most likely related to Botrycoccus braunii race L algae. Lycopane derivative occurrence suggests that such an algal race could have occurred since Permian (currently known Recent-Eocene). The presence of the abundant freshwater/brackish algal biomarkers in evaporititic deposits can be envisaged in the costal part of the Zechstein basin with temporary salt wedge estuary water stratification. The algae bloomed in the top fertile fresh/brackish water layer fed by rivers, and the algal biomass was deposited on the sea floor covered with evaporitic brine. The stratification periodically broke down during precipitation of the rock salt, presumably due to a decrease in riverine water input, as revealed by characteristic disappearance of gammacerane and hopane distributions similar to those observed for the carbonate rocks.The methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene ratio was used together with methyldibenzothiophenes/ dibenzothiophene ratio to assess maturity. These maturity estimations indicate that the peak of oil window has been reached, which is confirmed by other biomarker maturity parameters based on sterane and hopane distributions. The maturity stage of oil generation and expulsion was further confirmed by the presence of solid bitumen as cements in the sandstone underlying Kupferschiefer and bitumen veins and lenses in the carbonates. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {22},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84855269160,

title = {Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) encrusted oncoids from the Polish Jura, southern Poland},

author = { M. Zatoń and B. Kremer and L. Marynowski and M.A. Wilson and W. Krawczyński},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84855269160&doi=10.1007%2fs10347-011-0273-1&partnerID=40&md5=885e8084504da3df0857e80452ec08bb},

doi = {10.1007/s10347-011-0273-1},

issn = {01729179},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Facies},

volume = {58},

number = {1},

pages = {57-77},

abstract = {Oncoids from two localities (Ogrodzieniec and Blanowice) of the Polish Jura, southern Poland, have been investigated with respect to their genesis and paleoecology. These oncoids occur within Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) deposits. Those from Ogrodzieniec are large, elliptical, and embedded within a presumably condensed carbonate bed. Those from Blanowice, on the contrary, are significantly smaller, irregular to box-like in shape, and occur within the ore-bearing clays. The oncoids from both localities consist of a distinct carbonate core and laminated cortex that is significantly thicker and better preserved in the Ogrodzieniec oncoids. SEM and optical microscopic investigation of the oncoid cortices revealed the presence of carbonate and silicate layers with web-like structures similar to those occurring in recent cyanobacterial microbialites. Thus, the oncoid cortices investigated may have formed in a photic zone environment with the aid of coccoid and filamentous cyanobacteria. Oxic conditions prevailed during oncoid cortex formation within the siliciclastic setting, which is manifested by low total organic carbon content, high pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio, and significant predomination of the C 31 homohopanes. On the cortices' surfaces, as well as between particular laminae, various encrusting organisms have been found. The encrusters, dominated by serpulids and bryozoans, are cryptic species that inhabited the undersides and recesses of the oncoids. Their presence on both the upper and lower surfaces of the oncoids indicates that the oncoids were episodically overturned on the seafloor. The much better developed cortex lamination and much higher diversity and abundance of encrusters in the Ogrodzieniec oncoids may point to better trophic conditions prevailing in a shallower marine environment characterized by transparent waters, as opposed to a deeper siliciclastic environment with less transparent waters and probably worse trophic conditions prevailing during formation of the Blanowice oncoids. © 2011 The Author(s).},

note = {28},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84863496376,

title = {Deciphering the upper Famennian Hangenberg Black Shale depositional environments based on multi-proxy record},

author = { L. Marynowski and M. Zatoń and M. Rakociński and P. Filipiak and S. Kurkiewicz and T.J. Pearce},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84863496376&doi=10.1016%2fj.palaeo.2012.05.020&partnerID=40&md5=b15edf7b3f4c87cacd9a50f5d4253069},

doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.020},

issn = {00310182},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {346-347},

pages = {66-86},

abstract = {Presented for the first time in this paper are the results of a detailed multi-proxy investigation conducted on the Hangenberg Black Shale (HBS) from the Polish part of the Laurussian Shelf, which provide details about the environmental conditions in existence during deposition of the shale and the role played by anoxic conditions in the mass extinction events that occurred at the end of the Devonian times. Inorganic and organic redox indicators indicate that bottom water redox conditions changed periodically from being mainly anoxic/euxinic to oxic or being partially depleted in oxygen. U/Th values above 1.25, Ni/Co values above 7 and V/(V. +. Ni) values above 0.8 recorded from the lower part of the HBS all point to anoxic/euxinic conditions being present, as do high total organic carbon contents (TOC) above 10% and degree of pyritisation (DOP) values around 0.75%. However, the presence of benthic fauna over the lower part of the HBS attests to opportunistic colonisation of the seafloor during oxic episodes. Evidence for similar episodes has also been recognised over the middle part of the HBS, e.g., U/Th values below 1.25, Ni/Co values below 4, V/(V. +. Ni) values below 0.8, TOC values of 3% to 5.5% and DOP values of 0.4% to 0.75%, plus the common occurrence of benthic fauna. Anoxic conditions returned during the deposition of the upper part of the HSB, though they were not as well developed as when the lower part of the shale was laid down.Of interest is the presence of small pyrite framboids and isorenieratene biomarkers in all the analysed samples, which suggest that euxinic conditions persisted in the photic zone of the water column. A twenty centimetre thick layer of volcanogenic deposits (tuffites) is present in the middle part of the HBS, the geochemical characteristics of which are typical of ocean floor basalts. The occurrence of volcanogenic material below and within the HBS, together with an absence of calcium carbonate over its upper part, the presence of abundant tetrads just above the black shale and a drastic decrease in faunal frequency in the upper part of the HBS imply that volcanism may have caused oceanic acidification (or hypercapnia) that in turn potentially may have influenced the Hangenberg mass extinction event. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {99},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84864354534,

title = {Low-temperature zircon growth related to hydrothermal alteration of siderite concretions in Mississippian shales, Scotland},

author = { M.J. Bojanowski and B. Bagiński and E.N.K. Clarkson and R. Macdonald and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864354534&doi=10.1007%2fs00410-012-0736-6&partnerID=40&md5=6e1d8a1d27cf62e37e851f5d1809a20b},

doi = {10.1007/s00410-012-0736-6},

issn = {00107999},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology},

volume = {164},

number = {2},

pages = {245-259},

abstract = {Zircon occurs in voids and cracks in phosphatic coprolites enclosed in siderite concretions in Mississippian shales near Edinburgh, Scotland. The zircon formed during hydrothermal alteration of early-diagenetic concretions and occurs as spherical aggregates of prismatic crystals, sometimes radiating. Vitrinite reflectance measurements indicate temperatures of ~270°C for the zircon-bearing concretions and the host shales. Molecular parameter values based on dibenzothiophene and phenanthrene distribution and occurrence of di- and tetra-hydro-products of polycyclic aromatic compounds suggest that the rocks experienced relatively high-temperature aqueous conditions related to hydrothermal fluids, perhaps associated with neighboring mafic intrusions. The zircon was dissolved from the concretions, transported in fluids, and reprecipitated in voids. This is the first record of the precipitation of authigenic zircon in sedimentary rock as a new phase, not as outgrowths. © 2012 The Author(s).},

note = {16},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84861676472,

title = {The organic and mineral matter contents in deposits infilling floodplain basins: Holocene alluviation record from the Kłodnica and Osobłoga river valleys, southern Poland},

author = { K.J. Wójcicki and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84861676472&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2012.02.020&partnerID=40&md5=f1d10ebad3adf5b55f9958157f135893},

doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.020},

issn = {0169555X},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Geomorphology},

volume = {159-160},

pages = {15-29},

abstract = {The work examines the timing and environmental conditions of floodplain sedimentation in the valleys of the upland Kłodnica and piedmont Osobłoga rivers in the Upper Odra River basin. A distribution of 52 14C-ages shows relatively high floodplain sedimentation at the Late Glacial-Holocene transition, more stable floodplain environments since the Early (in the Kłodnica Valley) and Middle Holocene (in the Osobłoga Valley) and a gradual increase in floodplain deposition in the Late Holocene (since <3.4kyr BP). Organic matter [OM] and mineral matter [MM] fluctuations were correlated with variables responsible for the activation of erosion (i.e. vegetation changes; human impact and hydrological events) as well as factors affecting the local record of sedimentation (i.e. valley morphology; hydrologic conditions and episodes of local erosion). A clear relationship is shown between an increase in alluviation and climate- or human-induced extension of unforested areas. The deposition of mineral-rich sediments increases rapidly during periods characterized by non-arboreal pollen values exceeding approximately 8% in pollen diagrams. On the other hand, the results obtained do not confirm significant interactions between Holocene changes in forest composition and alluviation. Despite the settlement of agrarian groups, the sedimentary record of human activity in the Osobłoga catchment is very poor during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age. A large-scale alluviation of the Osobłoga and Kłodnica valleys was initiated during the settlement of people of the Lusatian culture from the middle Bronze Age and escalated in the early Middle Ages and Modern Times. The deposition of products of soil erosion was limited to between ca. 1.9-1.2kyrBP, probably due to demographic regression during the Migration Period. Comparison of OM/MM fluctuations with phases of increased fluvial activity does not show a relationship between Holocene wetter phases and catchment sediment yield. Sedimentary episodes in the Upper Odra basin also show a low degree of correlation with the probability density curve of the 14C-ages. The results obtained in the Kłodnica and Osobłoga valleys indicate a strong to moderate correlation between the spatial distribution of the study sites and the origin of MM-rich deposits, but a weak correlation between the spatial distribution of the study sites and TOC content. Such a pattern suggests that OM/MM fluctuations relate predominantly to the changes in sediment yield, although morphological conditions have a significant impact on the capture potential of sedimentary basins during phases of alluviation. Additionally, high OM content is not a simple function of an increase in wetness of the sedimentary environment. On the other hand, hydrologically-conditioned hiatuses as well as erosion episodes impoverish the sedimentary record, complicating the consideration on the geochronology of deposits and making it difficult to calculate reliable accumulation rates. However, they do not reduce the value of OM/MM fluctuations as an indicator of alluviation events for a preserved series of sediments. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.},

note = {7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84859206689,

title = {Mesozoic wildfires: Distribution and importance for global events [Mezozoiczne pożary - Ich rozprzestrzenienie i znaczenie w trakcie zdarzeń globalnych]},

author = { L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859206689&partnerID=40&md5=bc32190a496399fa7b52efe250816451},

issn = {00332151},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},

volume = {60},

number = {3},

pages = {148-154},

abstract = {The present paper summarizes the issues related with occurrence and distribution of wildfires in the Mesozoic. The main focus is put on occurrence of palaeowildfires during the Mesozoic global events, including Permian-Triassic (P/T), Triassic-Jurassic (T/J) and Cretaceous-Palaeogene (C/P) boundary. The other problems are connected with controversies over oxygene curve during Mesozoic, with special emphasis on Jurassic wildfires and theoretical predictions of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygene.},

note = {1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-84856712340,

title = {Fluid circulation and formation of minerals and bitumens in the sedimentary rocks of the Outer Carpathians - Based on studies on the quartz-calcite-organic matter association},

author = { K. Jarmołowicz-Szulc and Ł. Karwowski and L. Marynowski},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84856712340&doi=10.1016%2fj.marpetgeo.2011.11.010&partnerID=40&md5=0d387bc08fddcacb2b1b30289c3ebe88},

doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.11.010},

issn = {02648172},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},

volume = {32},

number = {1},

pages = {138-158},

abstract = {Different methods have been used to examine minerals and/or solid bitumens in three adjacent Carpathian regions of Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia. The minerals fill smaller and larger veins and cavities, where they occur either together or separately. They usually co-occur with the solid bitumens. All δ 13C PDB values measured for calcite lie in a relatively wide interval between-6.25‰ and+1.54‰, while most values fall into the narrower interval from below 0 to about-3‰. The general range of calcite δ 18O results for the whole studied region is between+17.13‰ and+25.23‰ VSMOW or from about-11 to-5‰ VPDB, while the majority of these values are between+20.0 and 23.5‰ VSMOW (-10.53 and-8.00‰ PDB; respectively). δ 18O VSMOW results for quartz vary between+23.2 and 27.6. The carbonate percentage determined in some samples falls between from <2% CaCO 3 to >90% CaCO 3, while the TOC values changes from 0.09% to over 70%.The aliphatic fraction predominates in all studied samples, mainly in bitumens and oils. The composition of the aliphatic fraction is relatively homogeneous and points to a strong aliphatic, oil-like paraffin character of the bitumens. Such a composition is characteristic of the Carpathian oils and different from the rocks studied that contain the higher percentage of a polar fraction. The content of the aliphatic fraction in bitumens is only slightly higher than that in two oils used for comparison. The distribution of n-alkanes is variable in rocks, solid bitumens as well as inclusions in quartz and calcite. Two groups of bitumens may be distinguished. Those with a predominance of long-chain n-alkanes in the C 25-C 27 interval (in some cases from C 23-C 25 and without or with a very low concentration of short-chain n-alkanes in the interval of C 14-C 21) show also a high content of isoprenoids i.e. of pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph). In all but one bitumen samples, Pr predominates over Ph. The second group comprises oilsand rock samples with a characteristic predominance of short-chain n-alkanes in the interval from C 13-C 19 and a low percentage of the long-chain n-alkanes from the n-C 27-n-C 33 interval. Pristane and phytane exhibit a concentration comparable to that of C 17 and C 18 n-alkanes with a Pr predominance over Ph. Due to high maturity, only small amounts of the most stable compounds from the hopane group have been observed in the samples, also oleanane in one case. Among the aromatic hydrocarbons, phenanthrene and its methyl- and dimethyl-derivatives are dominant in bitumens, source rocks and inclusions in calcite and quartz. Occurrence of cyclohexylbenzene and its alkyl-derivatives as well as cyclohexylfluorenes in solid bitumens suggest that they formed from oil accumulations under the influence of relatively high temperatures in oxidizing conditions.Homogenization temperatures for aqueous/brine inclusions in quartz within the Dukla and Silesian units (Polish and Ukrainian segments) are between 125 and 183.9°C, while salinities are low in the interval of 0.2-5.5wt% NaCleq. The inclusions in calcite homogenize at higher temperatures of almost 200°C and the brine displays higher salinity than the fluid in the quartz. Two quartz generations may be distinguished by inclusion and isotope characteristics and the macroscopic diversity. Oil inclusions homogenize at 95°C. One phase inclusions in quartz contain methane, CO 2 and nitrogen in variable proportions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{2-s2.0-80052295294,

title = {Effects of weathering on organic matter. Part II: Fossil wood weathering and implications for organic geochemical and petrographic studies.},

author = { L. Marynowski and E. Szełęg and M.O. Jędrysek and B.R.T. Simoneit},

url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-80052295294&doi=10.1016%2fj.orggeochem.2011.06.017&partnerID=40&md5=2d8fab40809cd7465b8fcf2206c69cba},

doi = {10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.06.017},

issn = {01466380},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Organic Geochemistry},

volume = {42},

number = {9},

pages = {1076-1088},

abstract = {Bulk geochemical, petrographical, mineralogical and molecular compositions of unweathered, weathered and transitional zones of a Middle Jurassic fossil wood were analyzed to trace changes caused by oxidative weathering of the immature terrestrial organic matter (OM). The occurrence of such zones was confirmed by the mineral composition, showing replacement of siderite and pyrite by goethite. Vitrinite reflectance analysis of weathered and unweathered fossil wood samples revealed that weathering elevated the vitrinite reflectance values by ca. 0.1%, which should be taken into account during modeling of low maturity terrestrial OM. In the weathered part of the wood, most of the biomarkers and biomolecules were totally removed or the concentration decreased significantly. The concentration of most of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) decreased by 50-80%, being >90% for the more reactive and less stable benzo[. a]pyrene and perylene. On the other hand, several aromatic compounds, like phenanthrene and its methyl derivatives, phenyl naphthalenes, fluoranthene and oxygen-containing aromatic compounds increased in concentration in the weathered zone. This results from processes such as formation of phenyl derivatives of PAHs and their cyclization, as well as aromatization of diterpenoids and incorporation of oxygen into aromatic structures. Weathering should always be considered in studies of fossilized terrestrial OM, especially in the case of thermal maturation modeling, because it significantly decreases the OM content and total sulfur content, changes vitrinite reflectance values and alters the extract composition as a result of organic compound degradation. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},

note = {40},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}