2023
Salamon, T.; Zieliński, T.
Development of a Gilbert-type delta in the kame environment: An example from NE Poland Journal Article
In: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 455, 2023, ISSN: 00370738.
@article{2-s2.0-85168797485,
title = {Development of a Gilbert-type delta in the kame environment: An example from NE Poland},
author = { T. Salamon and T. Zieliński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85168797485&doi=10.1016%2fj.sedgeo.2023.106484&partnerID=40&md5=c506f30a8eefdb6bc65dd1e6dacbbc11},
doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2023.106484},
issn = {00370738},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Sedimentary Geology},
volume = {455},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {Pleistocene kame deltas are known mainly from glaciomarginal environments, whereas there are fewer examples of deltas where kames formed within decaying ice sheets. In this article, we describe deposits of a Gilbert-type delta formed inside a glacial system. The delta succession was identified in the upper part of the hill, a glacial landform developed within the southern sector of the Scandinavian ice sheet in NE Poland during the Warthian glaciation. The landform is interpreted as a kame, the sediments of which were accumulated in an elongated ice crevasse oriented perpendicularly to the front of the ice sheet. The kame was formed in several stages. In the main stage of development, the crevasse was filled with a lake into which the delta prograded. The lake subsequently underwent a few phases of shallowing, and even an episode of complete drainage. The main delta unit was identified in the outcrop. It is composed of a delta slope and prodelta sediments. A partly preserved older deltaic unit of the initial phase of delta sedimentation also was found. The steep (22–42°) slope of the delta is dominated by gravel and sand. The gravels were deposited from high-energy grain flows and grain falls. Sands were deposited mainly from traction currents during periods when the delta-supplying system was less active. Aggradation of the prodelta was mainly due to sand deposition from traction underflows. Deposition from turbidity currents occurred sporadically there. We explain this unusual situation by the fact that the gravelly sediments feeding the delta slope were relatively well-sorted and contained only small admixtures of fine sand and silt. The sediment sorting process took place in a system of englacial or supraglacial conduits, where the gravels were depleted of fine-grained particles. The development of the Gilbert-type delta was possible because the glacial lake, at least 6–8 m deep, periodically maintained a relatively constant water level, which allowed the delta to prograde. This process required the existence of a steady outflow of water from the lake, which was then an open hydrological system. In the final stage of kame formation, when the lake was completely drained, gravel accumulated from shallow sheet flows. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Pleistocene kame deltas are known mainly from glaciomarginal environments, whereas there are fewer examples of deltas where kames formed within decaying ice sheets. In this article, we describe deposits of a Gilbert-type delta formed inside a glacial system. The delta succession was identified in the upper part of the hill, a glacial landform developed within the southern sector of the Scandinavian ice sheet in NE Poland during the Warthian glaciation. The landform is interpreted as a kame, the sediments of which were accumulated in an elongated ice crevasse oriented perpendicularly to the front of the ice sheet. The kame was formed in several stages. In the main stage of development, the crevasse was filled with a lake into which the delta prograded. The lake subsequently underwent a few phases of shallowing, and even an episode of complete drainage. The main delta unit was identified in the outcrop. It is composed of a delta slope and prodelta sediments. A partly preserved older deltaic unit of the initial phase of delta sedimentation also was found. The steep (22–42°) slope of the delta is dominated by gravel and sand. The gravels were deposited from high-energy grain flows and grain falls. Sands were deposited mainly from traction currents during periods when the delta-supplying system was less active. Aggradation of the prodelta was mainly due to sand deposition from traction underflows. Deposition from turbidity currents occurred sporadically there. We explain this unusual situation by the fact that the gravelly sediments feeding the delta slope were relatively well-sorted and contained only small admixtures of fine sand and silt. The sediment sorting process took place in a system of englacial or supraglacial conduits, where the gravels were depleted of fine-grained particles. The development of the Gilbert-type delta was possible because the glacial lake, at least 6–8 m deep, periodically maintained a relatively constant water level, which allowed the delta to prograde. This process required the existence of a steady outflow of water from the lake, which was then an open hydrological system. In the final stage of kame formation, when the lake was completely drained, gravel accumulated from shallow sheet flows. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
2022
Salamon, T.
In: Geomorphology, vol. 413, 2022, ISSN: 0169555X.
@article{2-s2.0-85132230078,
title = {Sedimentary and structural record of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin dynamics at the SE part of the Głubczyce Plateau, a foreland of the East Sudetes Mountains (S Poland)},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85132230078&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2022.108349&partnerID=40&md5=c8dee0101107f6965e0c0c14ccfe376d},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108349},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {413},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {A sedimentological and structural study is presented of a push-moraine formed in front of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin on the Głubczyce Plateau located at the forefield of East Sudetes Mountains. The glacial succession, which is composed of basal and flow tills, and sand/gravelly-sand deposited mainly from sheet flows at the surface of the glacier's marginal fan, developed in the culmination zone of an inter-valley hill, the base of which constitutes tectonic horst built of Carboniferous sandstones. In the central part of the hill, glacial deposits form a set of up-thrust slices, on the basis of which the succession is interpreted as thrust-block moraine. It was formed most likely during the maximum extent of the Saalian (Drenthe) glaciation. The substratum's topography and geology strongly determined the moraine development. Resistant Palaeozoic bedrock formed a rigid surface along which overlying unconsolidated sediments were pushed in front of the advancing ice sheet margin. The diamicton, lying above the bedrock and beneath the glaciofluvial sand, was of key importance for glaciotectonic shortening and development of the push moraine. It underwent ductile shearing, and a décollement surface developed within it, possibly because of thin permafrost, which caused high pore-water pressure within underlying unfrozen diamicton during the ice sheet advance. The ice-marginal deformation was induced by compression forces developed within the ice sheet margin moving against a reversed bedrock slope. A complete understanding of the process of this glaciomarginal form development and its paleoclimatic meaning requires a three-dimensional analysis of the ice sheet behaviour during the time over a much larger area also outside the Głubczyce Plateau. The varied topography of the ice sheet substratum induced time-transgressive changes of the ice distribution within the marginal part of the ice sheet. High friction in some elevated areas resulted in progressive concentration of ice flow in lower lying areas, such as valleys, where friction was much lower. This phenomenon essentially influenced the ice sheet margin dynamics and thus could determine the distribution and scale of glaciotectonic deformations. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A sedimentological and structural study is presented of a push-moraine formed in front of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin on the Głubczyce Plateau located at the forefield of East Sudetes Mountains. The glacial succession, which is composed of basal and flow tills, and sand/gravelly-sand deposited mainly from sheet flows at the surface of the glacier's marginal fan, developed in the culmination zone of an inter-valley hill, the base of which constitutes tectonic horst built of Carboniferous sandstones. In the central part of the hill, glacial deposits form a set of up-thrust slices, on the basis of which the succession is interpreted as thrust-block moraine. It was formed most likely during the maximum extent of the Saalian (Drenthe) glaciation. The substratum's topography and geology strongly determined the moraine development. Resistant Palaeozoic bedrock formed a rigid surface along which overlying unconsolidated sediments were pushed in front of the advancing ice sheet margin. The diamicton, lying above the bedrock and beneath the glaciofluvial sand, was of key importance for glaciotectonic shortening and development of the push moraine. It underwent ductile shearing, and a décollement surface developed within it, possibly because of thin permafrost, which caused high pore-water pressure within underlying unfrozen diamicton during the ice sheet advance. The ice-marginal deformation was induced by compression forces developed within the ice sheet margin moving against a reversed bedrock slope. A complete understanding of the process of this glaciomarginal form development and its paleoclimatic meaning requires a three-dimensional analysis of the ice sheet behaviour during the time over a much larger area also outside the Głubczyce Plateau. The varied topography of the ice sheet substratum induced time-transgressive changes of the ice distribution within the marginal part of the ice sheet. High friction in some elevated areas resulted in progressive concentration of ice flow in lower lying areas, such as valleys, where friction was much lower. This phenomenon essentially influenced the ice sheet margin dynamics and thus could determine the distribution and scale of glaciotectonic deformations. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
2021
Salamon, T.; Mendecki, M. J.
In: Geomorphology, vol. 378, 2021, ISSN: 0169555X, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85099453580,
title = {A rare signature of subglacial outburst floods developed along structural ice weaknesses in the southern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Drenthian Glaciation, S Poland},
author = { T. Salamon and M.J. Mendecki},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85099453580&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2021.107593&partnerID=40&md5=46fd92a5fddab5240fca7d3b35f38b5c},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107593},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {378},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
abstract = {We present the study of a subglacial drainage system that developed in the base of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet at the border of the Silesian Lowland and Silesian Upland (southern Poland) during the Drenthian Glaciation as a result of large outburst flood events. This drainage system was characterised by a spatially complex structure, i.e. it was composed of an individual an N-channel (tunnel channel) incised in Mesozoic rocks, i.e. Cretaceous and Triassic marls and limestones, and an R-channel, deposits of which form a set of large esker ridges which also occur on bedrock in the SE prolongation of the tunnel channel. Unlike most known cases of the co-occurrence of such forms, the studied tunnel channel and eskers are directly related, having been formed during the same flow events. The studied forms are unique within the entire southern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, which, in Central Europe, advanced mainly over soft unconsolidated Quaternary and Neogene sediments. The tunnel channel was formed as a result of enormous erosion of the ice sheet bed. The material eroded from the channel was partially deposited in a subsequent part of the drainage system. The location and orientation of the drainage system did not result directly from water pressure gradients, but was strongly determined by the internal structure of the ice sheet, i.e. it presumably developed along the marginal part of the ice stream supplying the Upper Odra ice lobe, which represented distinct weaknesses within the ice sheet. The development of the drainage system was the effect of the drainage of meltwater stored in the ice sheet system, most probably as a supraglacial lake. Gravelly-sandy rhythms recorded within the esker succession indicate that the process of lake drainage took place in several stages, or that the lake developed and drained several times. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
We present the study of a subglacial drainage system that developed in the base of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet at the border of the Silesian Lowland and Silesian Upland (southern Poland) during the Drenthian Glaciation as a result of large outburst flood events. This drainage system was characterised by a spatially complex structure, i.e. it was composed of an individual an N-channel (tunnel channel) incised in Mesozoic rocks, i.e. Cretaceous and Triassic marls and limestones, and an R-channel, deposits of which form a set of large esker ridges which also occur on bedrock in the SE prolongation of the tunnel channel. Unlike most known cases of the co-occurrence of such forms, the studied tunnel channel and eskers are directly related, having been formed during the same flow events. The studied forms are unique within the entire southern sector of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, which, in Central Europe, advanced mainly over soft unconsolidated Quaternary and Neogene sediments. The tunnel channel was formed as a result of enormous erosion of the ice sheet bed. The material eroded from the channel was partially deposited in a subsequent part of the drainage system. The location and orientation of the drainage system did not result directly from water pressure gradients, but was strongly determined by the internal structure of the ice sheet, i.e. it presumably developed along the marginal part of the ice stream supplying the Upper Odra ice lobe, which represented distinct weaknesses within the ice sheet. The development of the drainage system was the effect of the drainage of meltwater stored in the ice sheet system, most probably as a supraglacial lake. Gravelly-sandy rhythms recorded within the esker succession indicate that the process of lake drainage took place in several stages, or that the lake developed and drained several times. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
2020
Salamon, T.
Ice-crevasse sedimentation in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau (S Poland) during the final stage of the Drenthian Glaciation Journal Article
In: Open Geosciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 726-736, 2020, ISSN: 23915447, (2).
@article{2-s2.0-85095715452,
title = {Ice-crevasse sedimentation in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau (S Poland) during the final stage of the Drenthian Glaciation},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095715452&doi=10.1515%2fgeo-2020-0182&partnerID=40&md5=b957bf0c06ee4e1034a8100b6aa7c1ca},
doi = {10.1515/geo-2020-0182},
issn = {23915447},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {Open Geosciences},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {726-736},
publisher = {De Gruyter Open Ltd},
abstract = {Glacial sediments in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau, at the Krowiarki site, were studied. Two units were distinguished within the sedimentary succession. The lower unit is composed of mainly sandy sediments with diamicton interbeds, the upper unit of very fine silt and clay sediments that exhibit rhythmic lamination in parts. Based on the textural and structural features of deposits, local deformations and palaeoflow directions, it was found that the sediments had been deposited within an ice crevasse, which was initially open and functioned as an ablation flow artery. The sediments were deposited in the form of a small fan dominated by sheetflows. Glacial tills were also redeposited on its surface. In a later phase, the crevasse was blocked. As a result, it was filled with water, leading to the development of a crevasse lake in which low-energy deposition dominated. The crevasse style of deposition indicates that, in the final stage of glaciation, the marginal part of the ice sheet was in a stagnant phase. This conclusion applies to the part located on the southern side of the watershed of the eastern Głubczyce Plateau. The probable reason for the stagnation of the ice sheet was the distinct loss of ice supply above the local topography barrier due to the decreasing thickness of the ice sheet in the studied area. © 2020 Tomasz Salamon, published by De Gruyter.},
note = {2},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Glacial sediments in the eastern part of the Głubczyce Plateau, at the Krowiarki site, were studied. Two units were distinguished within the sedimentary succession. The lower unit is composed of mainly sandy sediments with diamicton interbeds, the upper unit of very fine silt and clay sediments that exhibit rhythmic lamination in parts. Based on the textural and structural features of deposits, local deformations and palaeoflow directions, it was found that the sediments had been deposited within an ice crevasse, which was initially open and functioned as an ablation flow artery. The sediments were deposited in the form of a small fan dominated by sheetflows. Glacial tills were also redeposited on its surface. In a later phase, the crevasse was blocked. As a result, it was filled with water, leading to the development of a crevasse lake in which low-energy deposition dominated. The crevasse style of deposition indicates that, in the final stage of glaciation, the marginal part of the ice sheet was in a stagnant phase. This conclusion applies to the part located on the southern side of the watershed of the eastern Głubczyce Plateau. The probable reason for the stagnation of the ice sheet was the distinct loss of ice supply above the local topography barrier due to the decreasing thickness of the ice sheet in the studied area. © 2020 Tomasz Salamon, published by De Gruyter.
2019
Salamon, T.; Zieliński, T.
Response of a mountain-foreland fluvial system to an advancing ice sheet, southern Poland Journal Article
In: Boreas, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 695-712, 2019, ISSN: 03009483, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-85062479537,
title = {Response of a mountain-foreland fluvial system to an advancing ice sheet, southern Poland},
author = { T. Salamon and T. Zieliński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85062479537&doi=10.1111%2fbor.12389&partnerID=40&md5=2eee06c99df281fa676aee677a5c7af8},
doi = {10.1111/bor.12389},
issn = {03009483},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-01-01},
journal = {Boreas},
volume = {48},
number = {3},
pages = {695-712},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc.},
abstract = {In this paper, fluvial deposits of Middle Pleistocene age in the mountain-foreland area of southern Poland (Eastern Sudetes and Western Carpathians) are studied in order to document the evolution of fluvial systems during the coldest stages of glacial periods when the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced far to the south. The focus is on fluvial response to climate change and glacial impact on river system behaviour. Also considered is the tectonic uplift of the mountain part of river catchments and its potential influence on the style of fluvial sedimentation in the fore-mountain area. Three drainage basins that were active during the Elsterian and Saalian glaciations are investigated. Facies analyses are carried out on thick successions of braided river deposits covered with till or glaciolacustrine sediments, which result in a reconstruction of the fluvial activity synchronous with the ice-sheet advance. The results suggest that fluvial activity declined prior to ice-sheet advance into the fore-mountain area. This climatically induced change is directly recorded in alluvial successions by upward-decreasing bed thicknesses and grain sizes. River longitudinal profiles were shortened in front of the advancing ice sheet. The base level of the studied rivers, created by the ice-sheet margin, rose in parallel with glacial advance. As a result, the successive reaches of rivers (degradational; transitional; aggradational) underwent shortening and moved upstream within the catchments. Moreover, tectonically induced local increases of river slopes may have influenced the depositional processes. © 2019 Collegium Boreas. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper, fluvial deposits of Middle Pleistocene age in the mountain-foreland area of southern Poland (Eastern Sudetes and Western Carpathians) are studied in order to document the evolution of fluvial systems during the coldest stages of glacial periods when the Scandinavian Ice Sheet advanced far to the south. The focus is on fluvial response to climate change and glacial impact on river system behaviour. Also considered is the tectonic uplift of the mountain part of river catchments and its potential influence on the style of fluvial sedimentation in the fore-mountain area. Three drainage basins that were active during the Elsterian and Saalian glaciations are investigated. Facies analyses are carried out on thick successions of braided river deposits covered with till or glaciolacustrine sediments, which result in a reconstruction of the fluvial activity synchronous with the ice-sheet advance. The results suggest that fluvial activity declined prior to ice-sheet advance into the fore-mountain area. This climatically induced change is directly recorded in alluvial successions by upward-decreasing bed thicknesses and grain sizes. River longitudinal profiles were shortened in front of the advancing ice sheet. The base level of the studied rivers, created by the ice-sheet margin, rose in parallel with glacial advance. As a result, the successive reaches of rivers (degradational; transitional; aggradational) underwent shortening and moved upstream within the catchments. Moreover, tectonically induced local increases of river slopes may have influenced the depositional processes. © 2019 Collegium Boreas. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
2017
Salamon, T.
Elsterian ice sheet dynamics in a topographically varied area (Southern part of the Racibórz–Oświęcim Basin and its vicinity, southern Poland) Journal Article
In: Geological Quarterly, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 465-479, 2017, ISSN: 16417291, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-85018478579,
title = {Elsterian ice sheet dynamics in a topographically varied area (Southern part of the Racibórz–Oświęcim Basin and its vicinity, southern Poland)},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85018478579&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1350&partnerID=40&md5=0ee360568c3f17c17a6fd161a605218f},
doi = {10.7306/gq.1350},
issn = {16417291},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Geological Quarterly},
volume = {61},
number = {2},
pages = {465-479},
publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},
abstract = {During the Elsterian Glaciation, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, before reaching its maximum extent, advanced over the mountainous foreland of Southern Poland, which was characterized by a substrate of increasingly varied relief. One such area was the hilly Rybnik Plateau of the southern part of the Racibórz–Oświęcim Basin, located directly north of the Ostrava Basin and Moravian Gate, where the ice sheet advanced far south and formed a large lobe. In this study, till from the Łaziska site, located in southern part of the Rybnik Plateau, was analysed and interpreted. The till was deposited at the top of an W–E oriented ridge composed of Neogene clays. The study indicates that a high basal water pressure occurred at the base of the ice sheet, favouring a basal mechanism of ice sheet movement. Till fabric and kinematic structures indicate that ice flowed easily from the west over the ridge, parallel to its axis. Reconstructed patterns of ice flow direction reflect an ice sheet that was characterized by a strong spatially varied dynamics. The Odra Valley was the main corridor of fast flowing ice to the Ostrava Basin, from where ice was distributed radially in different directions. The second corridor of actively flowing ice was probably located in the Ruda palaeovalley to the north of the Rybnik Plateau. In the central part of the Rybnik Plateau, ice flow was restricted. This less dynamic ice sheet behaviour resulted mostly from the much higher location of the area. This study indicates that the large morphological and lithological variations of the ice sheet substrate induced varied frictional resistance, producing a spatially varied stress field within the ice sheet. This generated active zones of streaming ice adjacent to more passive zones. Potential switching between neighbouring active zones transporting ice towards the ice sheet margin is postulated. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All rights reserved.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
During the Elsterian Glaciation, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, before reaching its maximum extent, advanced over the mountainous foreland of Southern Poland, which was characterized by a substrate of increasingly varied relief. One such area was the hilly Rybnik Plateau of the southern part of the Racibórz–Oświęcim Basin, located directly north of the Ostrava Basin and Moravian Gate, where the ice sheet advanced far south and formed a large lobe. In this study, till from the Łaziska site, located in southern part of the Rybnik Plateau, was analysed and interpreted. The till was deposited at the top of an W–E oriented ridge composed of Neogene clays. The study indicates that a high basal water pressure occurred at the base of the ice sheet, favouring a basal mechanism of ice sheet movement. Till fabric and kinematic structures indicate that ice flowed easily from the west over the ridge, parallel to its axis. Reconstructed patterns of ice flow direction reflect an ice sheet that was characterized by a strong spatially varied dynamics. The Odra Valley was the main corridor of fast flowing ice to the Ostrava Basin, from where ice was distributed radially in different directions. The second corridor of actively flowing ice was probably located in the Ruda palaeovalley to the north of the Rybnik Plateau. In the central part of the Rybnik Plateau, ice flow was restricted. This less dynamic ice sheet behaviour resulted mostly from the much higher location of the area. This study indicates that the large morphological and lithological variations of the ice sheet substrate induced varied frictional resistance, producing a spatially varied stress field within the ice sheet. This generated active zones of streaming ice adjacent to more passive zones. Potential switching between neighbouring active zones transporting ice towards the ice sheet margin is postulated. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All rights reserved.
2016
Salamon, T.
Subglacial conditions and Scandinavian Ice Sheet dynamics at the coarse-grained substratum of the fore-mountain area of southern Poland Journal Article
In: Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 151, pp. 72-87, 2016, ISSN: 02773791, (13).
@article{2-s2.0-84987973853,
title = {Subglacial conditions and Scandinavian Ice Sheet dynamics at the coarse-grained substratum of the fore-mountain area of southern Poland},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84987973853&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2016.09.002&partnerID=40&md5=9e4db78f572db2262919c01f41a8a07c},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.002},
issn = {02773791},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
volume = {151},
pages = {72-87},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The fore-mountain areas of southern Poland are locally composed of the coarse-grained sediments of alluvial fans, which created unusual conditions under the advancing Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Elsterian glaciation. This highly permeable substratum potentially enabled rapid outflow of meltwater from the ice sheet base, thereby reducing the water pressure and strongly influencing the ice sheet dynamics. The subglacial conditions and the relationship between the ice sheet behaviour and its coarse-grained substratum were studied at the foreland of the western Carpathian Mountains. The sedimentological and structural analysis of the till and related sediments that were deposited above the alluvial gravel of the fore-mountain fans are presented. The study indicates that despite the high permeability of the coarse-grained substratum, it did not slow the ice sheet movement. Conversely, the ice sheet moved mainly due to basal slip and locally shallow deformations. This was a consequence of very high basal water pressure, which resulted largely from the presence of permafrost that restricted subglacial groundwater outflow. In addition, the ice sheet substratum was inclined opposite to the direction of its movement, increasing the pressure of the subglacial water. Numerous subhorizontal sandy laminae within the till indicate that the meltwater from the ice sheet base was drained by a water film along the ice/bed interface. The water escape structures within the till and subtill sediments indicate the occasional instability of the ice sheet hydrological system and suggest that the meltwater was periodically stored in the ice sheet base. Temporal changes occurring in the ice sheet hydrological system might indicate variations in the ice sheet behaviour; i.e. phases of relatively fast ice flow and phases of ice stagnation. The latter were probably correlated with the freezing of the ice margin to its base. The study shows how the coarse-grained substratum could potentially influence ice sheet behaviour and provides a broader look on the factors controlling the dynamics of the Pleistocene ice sheets, which soft-sediment substrata in many areas were texturally varied. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {13},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The fore-mountain areas of southern Poland are locally composed of the coarse-grained sediments of alluvial fans, which created unusual conditions under the advancing Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the Elsterian glaciation. This highly permeable substratum potentially enabled rapid outflow of meltwater from the ice sheet base, thereby reducing the water pressure and strongly influencing the ice sheet dynamics. The subglacial conditions and the relationship between the ice sheet behaviour and its coarse-grained substratum were studied at the foreland of the western Carpathian Mountains. The sedimentological and structural analysis of the till and related sediments that were deposited above the alluvial gravel of the fore-mountain fans are presented. The study indicates that despite the high permeability of the coarse-grained substratum, it did not slow the ice sheet movement. Conversely, the ice sheet moved mainly due to basal slip and locally shallow deformations. This was a consequence of very high basal water pressure, which resulted largely from the presence of permafrost that restricted subglacial groundwater outflow. In addition, the ice sheet substratum was inclined opposite to the direction of its movement, increasing the pressure of the subglacial water. Numerous subhorizontal sandy laminae within the till indicate that the meltwater from the ice sheet base was drained by a water film along the ice/bed interface. The water escape structures within the till and subtill sediments indicate the occasional instability of the ice sheet hydrological system and suggest that the meltwater was periodically stored in the ice sheet base. Temporal changes occurring in the ice sheet hydrological system might indicate variations in the ice sheet behaviour; i.e. phases of relatively fast ice flow and phases of ice stagnation. The latter were probably correlated with the freezing of the ice margin to its base. The study shows how the coarse-grained substratum could potentially influence ice sheet behaviour and provides a broader look on the factors controlling the dynamics of the Pleistocene ice sheets, which soft-sediment substrata in many areas were texturally varied. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Salamon, T.
In: Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 133, pp. 185-187, 2016, ISSN: 02773791, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-84955749822,
title = {Reply to comment by D. Nývlt on "Development of the topography-controlled Upper Odra ice lobe (Scandinavian Ice Sheet) in the fore-mountain area of southern Poland during the Saalian glaciation"},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84955749822&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2015.12.008&partnerID=40&md5=807225fec08c8d904763b201c083ad7c},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.008},
issn = {02773791},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
volume = {133},
pages = {185-187},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {[No abstract available]},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
[No abstract available]
2015
Salamon, T.
In: Sedimentary Geology, vol. 330, pp. 108-121, 2015, ISSN: 00370738, (6).
@article{2-s2.0-84946565445,
title = {Sedimentary record of a Scandinavian Ice Sheet drainage system and till deposition over subglacial obstacles promoting basal sliding (an example from southern Poland)},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84946565445&doi=10.1016%2fj.sedgeo.2015.10.005&partnerID=40&md5=8c1e3f92c945bea90fe9a39d60f97ad5},
doi = {10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.10.005},
issn = {00370738},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Sedimentary Geology},
volume = {330},
pages = {108-121},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Subglacial obstacles occurring in the path of advancing ice sheets generally generate higher longitudinal compression and higher frictional drag than a flat substrate. However, in the case of a soft sediment substratum, they can have a very different effect on ice sheet behaviour. This study concerns a substrate composed of very fine-grained sediments with low permeability. The relationship between subglacial obstacles and the overriding Scandinavian Ice Sheet was studied in an area of southern Poland where a small intervalley Neogene clay ridge (40. m high) was present. Based on sedimentological and structural analysis of subglacial till and gravelly-sandy sediments, the basal depositional processes and subglacial conditions and their influence on ice sheet behaviour were analysed. The till and related deposits within the ridge reflecting high water pressure conditions and lack of glacitectonic deformations indicate that the clay ridge did not generate much resistance against the advancing ice sheet, but instead favoured basal slip: the impermeable substratum weakened the ice/bed coupling and promoted ice detachment from the substratum. Gravelly sandy inclusions at the till/clay contact indicate that during the first stage of ice sheet overriding, a canal drainage system developed at the ice/substrate interface. Varied geometry, size and location of inclusions of sorted sediments suggest periodic instability of the canal system, which could lead to its transformation from initially uniform to being composed of conduits of different sizes. During later stages of ice sheet overriding, a traction till was deposited and occasional drainage through a water film was sufficient to evacuate basal meltwater. The resulting change in the character of subglacial drainage was probably related to variations in water pressure gradient during progressive ice sheet advance. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {6},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Subglacial obstacles occurring in the path of advancing ice sheets generally generate higher longitudinal compression and higher frictional drag than a flat substrate. However, in the case of a soft sediment substratum, they can have a very different effect on ice sheet behaviour. This study concerns a substrate composed of very fine-grained sediments with low permeability. The relationship between subglacial obstacles and the overriding Scandinavian Ice Sheet was studied in an area of southern Poland where a small intervalley Neogene clay ridge (40. m high) was present. Based on sedimentological and structural analysis of subglacial till and gravelly-sandy sediments, the basal depositional processes and subglacial conditions and their influence on ice sheet behaviour were analysed. The till and related deposits within the ridge reflecting high water pressure conditions and lack of glacitectonic deformations indicate that the clay ridge did not generate much resistance against the advancing ice sheet, but instead favoured basal slip: the impermeable substratum weakened the ice/bed coupling and promoted ice detachment from the substratum. Gravelly sandy inclusions at the till/clay contact indicate that during the first stage of ice sheet overriding, a canal drainage system developed at the ice/substrate interface. Varied geometry, size and location of inclusions of sorted sediments suggest periodic instability of the canal system, which could lead to its transformation from initially uniform to being composed of conduits of different sizes. During later stages of ice sheet overriding, a traction till was deposited and occasional drainage through a water film was sufficient to evacuate basal meltwater. The resulting change in the character of subglacial drainage was probably related to variations in water pressure gradient during progressive ice sheet advance. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
Salamon, T.
In: Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 123, pp. 1-15, 2015, ISSN: 02773791, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-84935020619,
title = {Development of the topography-controlled Upper Odra ice lobe (Scandinavian Ice Sheet) in the fore-mountain area of southern Poland during the Saalian glaciation},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84935020619&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2015.05.033&partnerID=40&md5=0aca5afb56376b6813b5beef4a00e283},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.033},
issn = {02773791},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
volume = {123},
pages = {1-15},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {During the Saalian (Drenthe) glaciation, the Upper Odra ice lobe constituted the most southern part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in central Europe. The lobe was situated in an area with varied topography in the foreland of a mountain range. The ice lobe had a complex form because it was subdivided into several smaller sublobes. The primary factors that controlled the lobe were investigated. It was found that the ice-lobe development depended largely on the topography, but the lithology of the ice sheet substratum was also highly important. The topography controlled the main movement direction of the ice and caused a concentration of the ice flow in the axial part of the Silesian Lowland between subglacial morphological barriers, which thereby formed a corridor of relatively fast flowing ice, which was probably streaming and which supplied the lobe. The topography also determined the ice flow within the lobe, which strongly matched the valley system. The presence of sediments with relatively low permeability at the base of the lobe (the Quaternary deposits are underlain by Neogene clays) caused high pore-water pressure in the subglacial zone and triggered the basal movement of the ice sheet, which promoted a rapid flow of the ice and favoured the development of the lobe. The basal tills deposited from the active and passive ice and extant till patches without a fluvioglacial cover atop some parts of the studied area indicate spatially varying ice flow dynamics, especially in the later stage of glaciation. Certain parts of the lobe underwent stagnation, while in other parts, the ice was probably still active. The varied behaviour of the ice within the lobe was determined primarily by the topography and lithology of the substratum, which produced spatially varied marginal compression and basal friction. A model of the development of the lobe is proposed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
During the Saalian (Drenthe) glaciation, the Upper Odra ice lobe constituted the most southern part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in central Europe. The lobe was situated in an area with varied topography in the foreland of a mountain range. The ice lobe had a complex form because it was subdivided into several smaller sublobes. The primary factors that controlled the lobe were investigated. It was found that the ice-lobe development depended largely on the topography, but the lithology of the ice sheet substratum was also highly important. The topography controlled the main movement direction of the ice and caused a concentration of the ice flow in the axial part of the Silesian Lowland between subglacial morphological barriers, which thereby formed a corridor of relatively fast flowing ice, which was probably streaming and which supplied the lobe. The topography also determined the ice flow within the lobe, which strongly matched the valley system. The presence of sediments with relatively low permeability at the base of the lobe (the Quaternary deposits are underlain by Neogene clays) caused high pore-water pressure in the subglacial zone and triggered the basal movement of the ice sheet, which promoted a rapid flow of the ice and favoured the development of the lobe. The basal tills deposited from the active and passive ice and extant till patches without a fluvioglacial cover atop some parts of the studied area indicate spatially varying ice flow dynamics, especially in the later stage of glaciation. Certain parts of the lobe underwent stagnation, while in other parts, the ice was probably still active. The varied behaviour of the ice within the lobe was determined primarily by the topography and lithology of the substratum, which produced spatially varied marginal compression and basal friction. A model of the development of the lobe is proposed. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
2014
Wiśniewski, A.; Badura, J.; Salamon, T.; Lewandowski, J.
In: Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 52, pp. 189-203, 2014, ISSN: 03054403, (15).
@article{2-s2.0-84907214626,
title = {The alleged Early Palaeolithic artefacts are in reality geofacts: A revision of the site of Kon´czyce Wielkie 4 in the Moravian Gate, South Poland},
author = { A. Wiśniewski and J. Badura and T. Salamon and J. Lewandowski},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907214626&doi=10.1016%2fj.jas.2014.07.022&partnerID=40&md5=412cea0e9adecfde5bbd2056b1c32e0d},
doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.022},
issn = {03054403},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
volume = {52},
pages = {189-203},
publisher = {Academic Press},
abstract = {In this paper we show that a site Kon´czyce Wielkie 4 (SW Poland) published in JAS (2010a) by Foltyn et al. can no longer be accepted as a reliable evidence for the oldest presence of humans in the northern part of Carpathians and Sudetes Mountains (Matuyama-Brunhes). Unfortunately, in the light of conducted analysis among others with Peacock's method, it seems that the lithics from Kon´czyce Wielkie appear to be much more similar to geofacts rather than to artefacts. As a background for comparison Lower Paleolithic artefacts from two German sites Wallendorf and Wangen were used. Moreover, the petrological determination of the finds from Kon´czyce Wielkie is also dubious issue. Foltyn et al. suggested a long distance transport of lithics from several sources. As it has been demonstrated in the paper, local glacial sediments consist of rocks that are analogous to published lithic spectrum. Finally, the geological data shown by Foltyn et al. seem to be incorrect. Authors did not take into account the results concerning the regional geology that indicate clearly much younger age of layers dated by Foltyn et al. (2010a) at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
note = {15},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this paper we show that a site Kon´czyce Wielkie 4 (SW Poland) published in JAS (2010a) by Foltyn et al. can no longer be accepted as a reliable evidence for the oldest presence of humans in the northern part of Carpathians and Sudetes Mountains (Matuyama-Brunhes). Unfortunately, in the light of conducted analysis among others with Peacock's method, it seems that the lithics from Kon´czyce Wielkie appear to be much more similar to geofacts rather than to artefacts. As a background for comparison Lower Paleolithic artefacts from two German sites Wallendorf and Wangen were used. Moreover, the petrological determination of the finds from Kon´czyce Wielkie is also dubious issue. Foltyn et al. suggested a long distance transport of lithics from several sources. As it has been demonstrated in the paper, local glacial sediments consist of rocks that are analogous to published lithic spectrum. Finally, the geological data shown by Foltyn et al. seem to be incorrect. Authors did not take into account the results concerning the regional geology that indicate clearly much younger age of layers dated by Foltyn et al. (2010a) at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Salamon, T.
Basal till and subglacial conditions at the base of the Upper Odra ice lobe (southern Poland) during the Odranian (Saalian) Glaciation Journal Article
In: Geological Quarterly, vol. 58, no. 4, 2014, ISSN: 16417291, (12).
@article{2-s2.0-84910623717,
title = {Basal till and subglacial conditions at the base of the Upper Odra ice lobe (southern Poland) during the Odranian (Saalian) Glaciation},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84910623717&doi=10.7306%2fgq.1176&partnerID=40&md5=57b8486a6d371fe8d91c1958da8f0d5a},
doi = {10.7306/gq.1176},
issn = {16417291},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Geological Quarterly},
volume = {58},
number = {4},
publisher = {Polish Geological Institute},
abstract = {The objective of this contribution is detail characteristics of the basal till and the conditions at the base of the Upper Odra ice lobe. The lobe was formed in a foremountain area. Its central part was a Niemodlin Plain and the W part of the Racibórz Basin, surrounded by areas that have a much more varied relief. Particular attention is paid to the conditions at the ice sheet base, generating the dynamics of glacier movement. The study is based on analysis of the basal till. Three sites with basal till lying on different types of substratum (typical for the study area) are presented. The basal till of the Upper Odra ice lobe is characterized by spatial variations. Different intensities of its deformation indicate that large lateral differences in conditions occurred in the lobe substratum. The lithology controlled the rate of basal water pressure, and thus the strength of both the subglacial sediments and the ice-bed coupling. Various strain rates in the till profiles indicate that the conditions at the icesheet base also changed with time. The ice sheet was highly mobile, even on the coarse-grained substratum. The low permeability of the Quaternary substratum, and the relatively small thickness of the Quaternary sands and gravels resulted in a high water pressure at the ice-sheet base. The movement of the Upper Odra ice lobe was concentrated in the basal zone of the ice sheet. The main mechanisms of motion were sliding and deformation of the subglacial sediments. The deformation occurred in restricted areas only, and did not have a pervasive character. © 2014 Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.},
note = {12},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The objective of this contribution is detail characteristics of the basal till and the conditions at the base of the Upper Odra ice lobe. The lobe was formed in a foremountain area. Its central part was a Niemodlin Plain and the W part of the Racibórz Basin, surrounded by areas that have a much more varied relief. Particular attention is paid to the conditions at the ice sheet base, generating the dynamics of glacier movement. The study is based on analysis of the basal till. Three sites with basal till lying on different types of substratum (typical for the study area) are presented. The basal till of the Upper Odra ice lobe is characterized by spatial variations. Different intensities of its deformation indicate that large lateral differences in conditions occurred in the lobe substratum. The lithology controlled the rate of basal water pressure, and thus the strength of both the subglacial sediments and the ice-bed coupling. Various strain rates in the till profiles indicate that the conditions at the icesheet base also changed with time. The ice sheet was highly mobile, even on the coarse-grained substratum. The low permeability of the Quaternary substratum, and the relatively small thickness of the Quaternary sands and gravels resulted in a high water pressure at the ice-sheet base. The movement of the Upper Odra ice lobe was concentrated in the basal zone of the ice sheet. The main mechanisms of motion were sliding and deformation of the subglacial sediments. The deformation occurred in restricted areas only, and did not have a pervasive character. © 2014 Polish Geological Institute. All rights reserved.
Salamon, T.
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 103-110, 2014, ISSN: 00332151, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-84898752027,
title = {Evolution of the glaciomarginal zone in the Silesian Beskid foothill (Bielsko division of the Silesian Foothills) [Rozwój strefy glacimarginalnej na przedpolu Beskidu Śla̧skiego (dział bielski Pogórza Śla̧skiego)]},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84898752027&partnerID=40&md5=76761754fac50631660738cf20d33f46},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {62},
number = {2},
pages = {103-110},
abstract = {The paper presents the succession of Sanian Glaciation sediments recognized in the Świȩtoszówka site, southern part of the Silesian Foothills (Bielsko division). The following deposits were found: a unit ofgravels deposited in a system of foremountain alluvialfans, a unit ofsilts deposited in a glaciomarginal dammed lake, and a glacial till. Glaciogenic deposits are covered with loess-like deposits. The development of the glaciomarginal zone was influenced mainly by the pattern of basement relief. In the northern part of the foothill, in the northward-oriented valleys, glacially dammed lakes were mainlyformed. During transgression, waterfrom these reservoirs was pushed in front of the ice-sheet margin towards the southern part of the low-relieffoothill. The individual lakes probably merged there into one larger glaciomarginal lake. It was characterized by low-energy conditions and deposition mainly from suspension. Sedimentation style in the lake changed over time and was dependent on the size and shape of the lake and its position in relation to the ice-sheet margin, which determined the width and distribution of zones of sediment supply and the dynamics of depositionalprocesses in the lake.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The paper presents the succession of Sanian Glaciation sediments recognized in the Świȩtoszówka site, southern part of the Silesian Foothills (Bielsko division). The following deposits were found: a unit ofgravels deposited in a system of foremountain alluvialfans, a unit ofsilts deposited in a glaciomarginal dammed lake, and a glacial till. Glaciogenic deposits are covered with loess-like deposits. The development of the glaciomarginal zone was influenced mainly by the pattern of basement relief. In the northern part of the foothill, in the northward-oriented valleys, glacially dammed lakes were mainlyformed. During transgression, waterfrom these reservoirs was pushed in front of the ice-sheet margin towards the southern part of the low-relieffoothill. The individual lakes probably merged there into one larger glaciomarginal lake. It was characterized by low-energy conditions and deposition mainly from suspension. Sedimentation style in the lake changed over time and was dependent on the size and shape of the lake and its position in relation to the ice-sheet margin, which determined the width and distribution of zones of sediment supply and the dynamics of depositionalprocesses in the lake.
2013
Salamon, T.; Krzyszkowski, D.; Kowalska, A.
Development of Pleistocene glaciomarginal lake in the foreland of the Sudetes (SW Poland) Journal Article
In: Geomorphology, vol. 190, pp. 1-15, 2013, ISSN: 0169555X, (7).
@article{2-s2.0-84876146172,
title = {Development of Pleistocene glaciomarginal lake in the foreland of the Sudetes (SW Poland)},
author = { T. Salamon and D. Krzyszkowski and A. Kowalska},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84876146172&doi=10.1016%2fj.geomorph.2013.01.025&partnerID=40&md5=9f8651ba1dbafc5ffc311fc5aa366f3e},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.025},
issn = {0169555X},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Geomorphology},
volume = {190},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {Numerous glaciomarginal lakes existed during the Pleistocene in the Sudetes and their foreland (SW Poland) because of damming off by an ice sheet. In the mountain area they were formed in the valleys or intermountain basins during the phase of maximum ice extent. In the mountain foreland they were developed at the front of the more active ice margin in the period preceding the maximum ice sheet advance. The latter lakes were less confined by the topography and their contact with the ice sheet was often considerably larger. This caused their different development. The sedimentological development of a small lake of this type, located near Mokrzeszów, was studied. The lake was characterized by high variability in water level and high energy depositional processes. Because of its small size, the lake responded very quickly to all changes in external factors. The lake became filled mainly by a coarse-grained delta. This happened in several phases because the water level fluctuated considerably owing to oscillations in the ice sheet extent. During lowstands, the delta became incised. Locally, subaqueous fans were formed. The lake basin eventually became overridden by the ice sheet. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
note = {7},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Numerous glaciomarginal lakes existed during the Pleistocene in the Sudetes and their foreland (SW Poland) because of damming off by an ice sheet. In the mountain area they were formed in the valleys or intermountain basins during the phase of maximum ice extent. In the mountain foreland they were developed at the front of the more active ice margin in the period preceding the maximum ice sheet advance. The latter lakes were less confined by the topography and their contact with the ice sheet was often considerably larger. This caused their different development. The sedimentological development of a small lake of this type, located near Mokrzeszów, was studied. The lake was characterized by high variability in water level and high energy depositional processes. Because of its small size, the lake responded very quickly to all changes in external factors. The lake became filled mainly by a coarse-grained delta. This happened in several phases because the water level fluctuated considerably owing to oscillations in the ice sheet extent. During lowstands, the delta became incised. Locally, subaqueous fans were formed. The lake basin eventually became overridden by the ice sheet. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
2012
Salamon, T.
Reconstruction of the ice-flow directions within the Upper Odra Lobe (S Poland) [Rekonstrukcja kierunków ruchu lodu w obrȩbie lobu górnej Odry] Journal Article
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 539-545, 2012, ISSN: 00332151, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-84872043112,
title = {Reconstruction of the ice-flow directions within the Upper Odra Lobe (S Poland) [Rekonstrukcja kierunków ruchu lodu w obrȩbie lobu górnej Odry]},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84872043112&partnerID=40&md5=f686843bf4192302bc56c5bbe0054800},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {60},
number = {10},
pages = {539-545},
abstract = {The Upper Odra Lobe - the southernmost part of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Odranian (Drenthe) glaciation - was formed in the area of the Niemodlin Plain and the western part of the Racibórz Basin. It created a complex structure consisting of several sublobes: Odra, Nysa, Ruda and Klodnica sublobes. The study focused on the basal till deposited during ice sheet advance. Ice flow directions and the general pattern of ice mass distribution in the Upper Odra Lobe were defined based on the clast fabric. The resulting distribution of ice-flow palaeodirections suggest that the Upper Odra Lobe wasformed by the mass of ice moving divergently from the Opole Plain located to the north of the Racibórz Basin. Ice-flow lines coincide with the pattern of major geomorphological units. The most intensive movement of the ice took place in the depression of the central part of the Silesian Lowland. From there, in the vicinity of the Niemodlin Plain, the ice sheet moved in different directions, forming smaller sublobes in several valleys. Strong relationship between the ice flow directions and morphology confirms the idea of a smaller ice sheet extent in the Racibórz Basin and Moravian Gate. Highly concentrated flow of ice in the back-lobe area, interpreted in this study, suggests that the lobe development resulted not only from the ice sheet adapting to the basement relief but was also conditioned by a spatially varying distribution of ice, i. e. increased ice supply to the Niemodlin Plain and the western part of the Racibórz Basin.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Upper Odra Lobe - the southernmost part of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the Odranian (Drenthe) glaciation - was formed in the area of the Niemodlin Plain and the western part of the Racibórz Basin. It created a complex structure consisting of several sublobes: Odra, Nysa, Ruda and Klodnica sublobes. The study focused on the basal till deposited during ice sheet advance. Ice flow directions and the general pattern of ice mass distribution in the Upper Odra Lobe were defined based on the clast fabric. The resulting distribution of ice-flow palaeodirections suggest that the Upper Odra Lobe wasformed by the mass of ice moving divergently from the Opole Plain located to the north of the Racibórz Basin. Ice-flow lines coincide with the pattern of major geomorphological units. The most intensive movement of the ice took place in the depression of the central part of the Silesian Lowland. From there, in the vicinity of the Niemodlin Plain, the ice sheet moved in different directions, forming smaller sublobes in several valleys. Strong relationship between the ice flow directions and morphology confirms the idea of a smaller ice sheet extent in the Racibórz Basin and Moravian Gate. Highly concentrated flow of ice in the back-lobe area, interpreted in this study, suggests that the lobe development resulted not only from the ice sheet adapting to the basement relief but was also conditioned by a spatially varying distribution of ice, i. e. increased ice supply to the Niemodlin Plain and the western part of the Racibórz Basin.
2010
Salamon, T.; Zieliński, T.
Unusual development of sandur sedimentary succession, an example from the pleistocene of s Poland Journal Article
In: Geologos, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 83-99, 2010, ISSN: 14268981, (9).
@article{2-s2.0-78650208854,
title = {Unusual development of sandur sedimentary succession, an example from the pleistocene of s Poland},
author = { T. Salamon and T. Zieliński},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78650208854&doi=10.2478%2fv10118-009-0007-9&partnerID=40&md5=69d60dc29f108c50d92f19f51a0d67c3},
doi = {10.2478/v10118-009-0007-9},
issn = {14268981},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Geologos},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {83-99},
abstract = {An atypical lithological development of outwash deposits in the Carpathians Foreland (S Poland) shows lower and middle parts of the sedimentary succession that are characterized by sinuous palaeochannels. This channel facies consists of laterally accreted sands derived from side bars. The sedimentary environment was a proglacial system of anabranching channels, presumably of anastomosed type. The outwash channel pattern was most probably controlled by the raising base level of the fluvial system. Both proglacial and extraglacial waters were dammed by a sandur within a small upland valley. Aggradation and progradation of the glaciofluvial deposits resulted in progressive rising of the dammed lake level. The low hydraulic gradient of the outwash streams resulted in a sinuous planform as well as a lowenergy style of deposition. Afterwards, the rising lake water was drained off through a low watershed and the entire valley became filled with outwash sediments. The bedrock morphology thus became buried and a typical unconfined sandur with a braided channel network developed during the last phase of the glaciomarginal sedimentation (upper part of the sedimentary succession under study).},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
An atypical lithological development of outwash deposits in the Carpathians Foreland (S Poland) shows lower and middle parts of the sedimentary succession that are characterized by sinuous palaeochannels. This channel facies consists of laterally accreted sands derived from side bars. The sedimentary environment was a proglacial system of anabranching channels, presumably of anastomosed type. The outwash channel pattern was most probably controlled by the raising base level of the fluvial system. Both proglacial and extraglacial waters were dammed by a sandur within a small upland valley. Aggradation and progradation of the glaciofluvial deposits resulted in progressive rising of the dammed lake level. The low hydraulic gradient of the outwash streams resulted in a sinuous planform as well as a lowenergy style of deposition. Afterwards, the rising lake water was drained off through a low watershed and the entire valley became filled with outwash sediments. The bedrock morphology thus became buried and a typical unconfined sandur with a braided channel network developed during the last phase of the glaciomarginal sedimentation (upper part of the sedimentary succession under study).
Salamon, T.; Wójcik, A.
Development of a fore-mountain alluvial fan of the Olza River (southern Poland) during the pleistocene Journal Article
In: Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 39-52, 2010, ISSN: 02089068, (8).
@article{2-s2.0-77954554956,
title = {Development of a fore-mountain alluvial fan of the Olza River (southern Poland) during the pleistocene},
author = { T. Salamon and A. Wójcik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-77954554956&partnerID=40&md5=077ccd1b2e404fa289d896840afa0e73},
issn = {02089068},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae},
volume = {80},
number = {1},
pages = {39-52},
abstract = {A series of Pleistocene deposits with different lithology is present where the Olza River flows out from the Carpathian foothills to the Oświęcim Basin. The deposits are mostly composed of gravels forming several series of different ages, which are intercalated with much finer silts and sands as well as organic silts. A complex of glaciogenic deposits is also found as a thin layer of till, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments. Loess-like deposits occur in the top part of the section under study. Gravels were deposited in the zone of a fore-mountain fan. The co-occurrence of lithologically different deposits reflects a great variability of sedimentation conditions, which depended mostly on climate changes. However, the formation of fan was also controlled by other factors. Neotectonic movements probably played an important role in its evolution. In this paper, we describe the successive stages of fan development and the factors determining this process. The interpretation is based on the analysis of deposits exposed in the eastern part of the fan, at the Kończyce site. The fan of the Olza River was built up with alluvia mostly during successive glaciations. It was dissected towards the end of each glaciation. During interglacials the fan was only slightly transformed. A special period of fan development occurred during glaciation when the ice sheet advanced on the fan surface. The aggradation of the fan was probably stopped due to uplift of the area. Then, aeolian loess-like deposits started to accumulate on a considerable part of the fan surface. Former opinions about the stratigraphy of the fan deposits are strongly diversified. Precise age of the successive series is still difficult to establish. In the light of contemporary studies, it can not be excluded that age of the Olza fan might be younger than previously suggested.},
note = {8},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A series of Pleistocene deposits with different lithology is present where the Olza River flows out from the Carpathian foothills to the Oświęcim Basin. The deposits are mostly composed of gravels forming several series of different ages, which are intercalated with much finer silts and sands as well as organic silts. A complex of glaciogenic deposits is also found as a thin layer of till, glaciolacustrine and glaciofluvial sediments. Loess-like deposits occur in the top part of the section under study. Gravels were deposited in the zone of a fore-mountain fan. The co-occurrence of lithologically different deposits reflects a great variability of sedimentation conditions, which depended mostly on climate changes. However, the formation of fan was also controlled by other factors. Neotectonic movements probably played an important role in its evolution. In this paper, we describe the successive stages of fan development and the factors determining this process. The interpretation is based on the analysis of deposits exposed in the eastern part of the fan, at the Kończyce site. The fan of the Olza River was built up with alluvia mostly during successive glaciations. It was dissected towards the end of each glaciation. During interglacials the fan was only slightly transformed. A special period of fan development occurred during glaciation when the ice sheet advanced on the fan surface. The aggradation of the fan was probably stopped due to uplift of the area. Then, aeolian loess-like deposits started to accumulate on a considerable part of the fan surface. Former opinions about the stratigraphy of the fan deposits are strongly diversified. Precise age of the successive series is still difficult to establish. In the light of contemporary studies, it can not be excluded that age of the Olza fan might be younger than previously suggested.
2009
Salamon, T.
Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland Journal Article
In: Boreas, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 362-378, 2009, ISSN: 03009483, (21).
@article{2-s2.0-73649089669,
title = {Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-73649089669&doi=10.1111%2fj.1502-3885.2008.00049.x&partnerID=40&md5=4d7801282bc17ad9930c156450de05c8},
doi = {10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00049.x},
issn = {03009483},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Boreas},
volume = {38},
number = {2},
pages = {362-378},
abstract = {The style of Pleistocene outwash sedimentation in the foreland of the central European Mountains (the Carpathians and Sudetes) was controlled to a large extent by the topography. The deposits of three outwash plains formed in various morphological situations in front of the Upper Odra Lobe during the Odranian glaciation (older Saalian) are described here to show the conditions of their development and to reveal the relation between outwash plain sedimentology and proglacial topography. One outwash plain was formed between the mountain front and the ice-sheet margin, which advanced into the zone of fore-mountain alluvial fans. This outwash, deposited parallel to the ice margin, was under the considerable influence of extraglacial rivers flowing from the mountains. The second outwash was deposited in a small valley dipping away from the ice sheet and successively buried by glaciofluvial sediments. It evolved from a narrow valley sandur to an unconfined outwash plain. The third one was formed in a relatively broad, dammed valley dipping towards the ice sheet, where proglacial lake base level controlled the pattern of outwash channels as well as the character of the sedimentation. The studied outwash plains have different sedimentary successions. Their sedimentary profiles differ from each other even in the neighbouring valleys, indicating that distinct depositional conditions existed at the same time in closely spaced areas. It is suggested that the glaciomarginal deposition was controlled mostly by the orientation of the valleys and the intervalley areas relative to the ice-sheet front. Size and morphology of valleys and interfluves were also important. Depending on their orientation, the outwash plains were fed by meltwaters in various ways; the dip of their surfaces was markedly different and the dynamics of the proglacial river systems were diverse. © 2008 The Authors, Journal compilation © 2008 The Boreas Collegium.},
note = {21},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The style of Pleistocene outwash sedimentation in the foreland of the central European Mountains (the Carpathians and Sudetes) was controlled to a large extent by the topography. The deposits of three outwash plains formed in various morphological situations in front of the Upper Odra Lobe during the Odranian glaciation (older Saalian) are described here to show the conditions of their development and to reveal the relation between outwash plain sedimentology and proglacial topography. One outwash plain was formed between the mountain front and the ice-sheet margin, which advanced into the zone of fore-mountain alluvial fans. This outwash, deposited parallel to the ice margin, was under the considerable influence of extraglacial rivers flowing from the mountains. The second outwash was deposited in a small valley dipping away from the ice sheet and successively buried by glaciofluvial sediments. It evolved from a narrow valley sandur to an unconfined outwash plain. The third one was formed in a relatively broad, dammed valley dipping towards the ice sheet, where proglacial lake base level controlled the pattern of outwash channels as well as the character of the sedimentation. The studied outwash plains have different sedimentary successions. Their sedimentary profiles differ from each other even in the neighbouring valleys, indicating that distinct depositional conditions existed at the same time in closely spaced areas. It is suggested that the glaciomarginal deposition was controlled mostly by the orientation of the valleys and the intervalley areas relative to the ice-sheet front. Size and morphology of valleys and interfluves were also important. Depending on their orientation, the outwash plains were fed by meltwaters in various ways; the dip of their surfaces was markedly different and the dynamics of the proglacial river systems were diverse. © 2008 The Authors, Journal compilation © 2008 The Boreas Collegium.
Salamon, T.
In: Przeglad Geologiczny, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 243-251, 2009, ISSN: 00332151, (3).
@article{2-s2.0-64549151033,
title = {Subglacial origin of gorge valleys in western part of the Middle Triassic Rldge and the row of the hills near [The GOgolin Subglacjalne pochodzenie przelomowych dolin zachodniej czȩści progu środkowotriasowego i cia̧gu pagórów okolic Gogolina]},
author = { T. Salamon},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-64549151033&partnerID=40&md5=dbc79112a09ab6af093ea6ffd4d2b611},
issn = {00332151},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Przeglad Geologiczny},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {243-251},
abstract = {The western part of the Middle Triassic Ridge is cut by two narrow gorges. At present the Odra River is running through the western gorge in the vicinity of Krapkowice and a small stream, right-bank tributary of this river, through the eastern one, passing 1-2 km to the east of the former. These erosive forms were hitherto interpreted as epigenetic gorges of the Odra. A row of elongated hills built of gravel and sands is found at southeasterly prologation of the eastern erosive gorge. The field study carried out at a site located at one of these hills indicates direct connections and subglacial origin of these erosive forms and hills. Most probably the eastern gorge represents a fragment of a subglacial tunnel valley, which continues northwards; into the zone of the present-day Odra Channel. The hills located at prolongation of the gorges are interpreted as eskers. ecause of the high similarity, the western gorge valley is most probably also of subglacial origin. The studied part of the subglacial drainage system most probably originated in result of an outburst flood of subglacial water temporarily stored at the bottom of the ice-sheet. The tunnel valley and eskars were formed during Odranian glaciation.},
note = {3},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The western part of the Middle Triassic Ridge is cut by two narrow gorges. At present the Odra River is running through the western gorge in the vicinity of Krapkowice and a small stream, right-bank tributary of this river, through the eastern one, passing 1-2 km to the east of the former. These erosive forms were hitherto interpreted as epigenetic gorges of the Odra. A row of elongated hills built of gravel and sands is found at southeasterly prologation of the eastern erosive gorge. The field study carried out at a site located at one of these hills indicates direct connections and subglacial origin of these erosive forms and hills. Most probably the eastern gorge represents a fragment of a subglacial tunnel valley, which continues northwards; into the zone of the present-day Odra Channel. The hills located at prolongation of the gorges are interpreted as eskers. ecause of the high similarity, the western gorge valley is most probably also of subglacial origin. The studied part of the subglacial drainage system most probably originated in result of an outburst flood of subglacial water temporarily stored at the bottom of the ice-sheet. The tunnel valley and eskars were formed during Odranian glaciation.
2006
Badura, J.; Przybylski, B.; Salamon, T.; Winter, H.
In: Biuletyn - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, no. 421, pp. 1-14, 2006, ISSN: 08676143, (4).
@article{2-s2.0-33847779424,
title = {Sedimentological and palaeobotanical records of climatic changes within Pliocene fluvial sediments in the southeastern Silesian Lowland [Sedymentologiczny i paleobotaniczny zapis zmian klimatu w plioceńskich osadach rzecznych południowo-wschodniej cześci Niziny Ślaskiej]},
author = { J. Badura and B. Przybylski and T. Salamon and H. Winter},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33847779424&partnerID=40&md5=20e2fe25adf7aa83e6e684f6810a26a8},
issn = {08676143},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Biuletyn - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego},
number = {421},
pages = {1-14},
abstract = {Neogene fluvial deposits of the Gozdnica Formation constitute a continuous cover in the southeastern part of the Silesian Lowland, in the Nysa Kłodzka and Odra interfluve. The 18 m thick succession of these deposits was studied in the Tułowice site on the Niemodlin Plain. Heavy mineral analysis indicates that deposits of the lower part of the succession were probably accumulated by the Nysa Kłodzka River, and those of the upper part - by the Odra River. Detailed sedimentological research was conducted in an excavation where the latter deposits are exposed. Four lithologic complexes were distinguished. It was found that three older complexes were formed mostly in a meandering river system. The deposits of complex 4 represent alluvium of an anastomozing river system. Palaeobotanical analyses were made for silty-clayey deposits of complexes 1 and 2, and revealed plant cover variability indicating a climatic tendency for short-term oscillations of mean temperatures and humidity. Pollen spectra evidenced Pliocene age of the deposits under study. Both sedimentological and paleobotanical data indicate that the change of fluvial environment could have been associated with a progressive climatic change during the Late Pliocene, directly preceding the Early Pleistocene cooling.},
note = {4},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Neogene fluvial deposits of the Gozdnica Formation constitute a continuous cover in the southeastern part of the Silesian Lowland, in the Nysa Kłodzka and Odra interfluve. The 18 m thick succession of these deposits was studied in the Tułowice site on the Niemodlin Plain. Heavy mineral analysis indicates that deposits of the lower part of the succession were probably accumulated by the Nysa Kłodzka River, and those of the upper part - by the Odra River. Detailed sedimentological research was conducted in an excavation where the latter deposits are exposed. Four lithologic complexes were distinguished. It was found that three older complexes were formed mostly in a meandering river system. The deposits of complex 4 represent alluvium of an anastomozing river system. Palaeobotanical analyses were made for silty-clayey deposits of complexes 1 and 2, and revealed plant cover variability indicating a climatic tendency for short-term oscillations of mean temperatures and humidity. Pollen spectra evidenced Pliocene age of the deposits under study. Both sedimentological and paleobotanical data indicate that the change of fluvial environment could have been associated with a progressive climatic change during the Late Pliocene, directly preceding the Early Pleistocene cooling.
1996
Eberly, P. O.; Ewing, R. C.; Janeczek, J.; Furlano, A.
Clays at the Natural Nuclear Reactor at Bangombé, Gabon: Migration of Actinides Journal Article
In: Radiochimica Acta, vol. 74, pp. 271-275, 1996, ISSN: 00338230, (18).
@article{2-s2.0-0000885212,
title = {Clays at the Natural Nuclear Reactor at Bangombé, Gabon: Migration of Actinides},
author = { P.O. Eberly and R.C. Ewing and J. Janeczek and A. Furlano},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0000885212&doi=10.1524%2fract.1996.74.special-issue.271&partnerID=40&md5=a2d3dc9457eeecad92a53d94946824b2},
doi = {10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.271},
issn = {00338230},
year = {1996},
date = {1996-01-01},
journal = {Radiochimica Acta},
volume = {74},
pages = {271-275},
publisher = {R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH},
abstract = {Clay minerals were examined from the natural nuclear reactor at Bangombé. The clay mineralogy of the reactor facies is: illite, kaolinite and minor chlorite (FB formation); illite with chlorite and kaolinite in hydrothermal veins (argile de pile); illite and chlorite (reactor core); and i) chlorite and kaolinite ± illite ± smectite or ii) illite in the underlying FA formation. Illite crystallinity values are in general highest in rocks that experienced the highest temperatures during reactor operation. Chlorite chemistry varies with respect to position around the reactor: both di-tri and trioctahedral chlorites are present in hydrothermal veins within the argile de pile, dioctahedral chlorites are present in the FA formation within cm of the reactor core, trioctahedral chlorites are present within a meter of the reactor. Chemical data for the argile de pile and the FB formation suggest that formation of the former unit occurred as a result of thermal metamorphism of the FB pelites. as opposed to large-scale dissolution of the sandstones of the FA formation. Autoradiography is used to study the sorptive characteristics of the clays for actinides. The results show that actinide sorption varies in the order: chlorite > illite ≅ kaolinite.},
note = {18},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Clay minerals were examined from the natural nuclear reactor at Bangombé. The clay mineralogy of the reactor facies is: illite, kaolinite and minor chlorite (FB formation); illite with chlorite and kaolinite in hydrothermal veins (argile de pile); illite and chlorite (reactor core); and i) chlorite and kaolinite ± illite ± smectite or ii) illite in the underlying FA formation. Illite crystallinity values are in general highest in rocks that experienced the highest temperatures during reactor operation. Chlorite chemistry varies with respect to position around the reactor: both di-tri and trioctahedral chlorites are present in hydrothermal veins within the argile de pile, dioctahedral chlorites are present in the FA formation within cm of the reactor core, trioctahedral chlorites are present within a meter of the reactor. Chemical data for the argile de pile and the FB formation suggest that formation of the former unit occurred as a result of thermal metamorphism of the FB pelites. as opposed to large-scale dissolution of the sandstones of the FA formation. Autoradiography is used to study the sorptive characteristics of the clays for actinides. The results show that actinide sorption varies in the order: chlorite > illite ≅ kaolinite.
1995
Eberly, P. O.; Janeczek, J.; Ewing, R. C.
Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, vol. 353, no. 2, 1995, ISSN: 02729172, (9).
@proceedings{2-s2.0-0029211905,
title = {Precipitation of uraninite in chlorite-bearing veins of the hydrothermal alteration zone (Argile de Pile) of the natural nuclear reactor at Bangombe, Republic of Gabon},
author = { P.O. Eberly and J. Janeczek and R.C. Ewing},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0029211905&partnerID=40&md5=c9d3ee3c60be5368754f1b2d57238880},
issn = {02729172},
year = {1995},
date = {1995-01-01},
journal = {Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings},
volume = {353},
number = {2},
pages = {1195-1202},
publisher = {Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, United States},
abstract = {This paper describes the mineralogy of a phyllosilicate/uraninite/galena-bearing vein located within the hydrothermal alteration halo associated with the Bangombe reactor. Phyllosilicates within the vein include a trioctahedral Al-Mg-Fe chlorite (ripidolite), Al-rich clay (kaolinite and/or donbassite) and illite. Textural relations obtained by backscattered-electron imaging suggest that ripidolite crystallized first among the sheet silicates. Uraninite is spatially associated with ripidolite and probably precipitated at a later time. While energy-dispersive x-ray analyses suggest that the uranium phase is predominantly uraninite, coffinite or other phases may also be present.},
note = {9},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
This paper describes the mineralogy of a phyllosilicate/uraninite/galena-bearing vein located within the hydrothermal alteration halo associated with the Bangombe reactor. Phyllosilicates within the vein include a trioctahedral Al-Mg-Fe chlorite (ripidolite), Al-rich clay (kaolinite and/or donbassite) and illite. Textural relations obtained by backscattered-electron imaging suggest that ripidolite crystallized first among the sheet silicates. Uraninite is spatially associated with ripidolite and probably precipitated at a later time. While energy-dispersive x-ray analyses suggest that the uranium phase is predominantly uraninite, coffinite or other phases may also be present.