2015
Hackley, P. C.; Araujo, C. V.; Borrego, A. G.; Bouzinos, A.; Cardott, B. J.; Cook, A. C.; Eble, C. F.; Flores, D.; Gentzis, T.; Gonçalves, P. A.; Filho, J. G. Mendonça; Hámor-Vidó, M.; Jelonek, I.; Kommeren, K.; Knowles, W. R.; Kus, J.; Mastalerz, M.; Menezes, T. R.; Newman, J.; Oikonomopoulos, I. K.; Pawlewicz, M.; Pickel, W.; Potter, J.; Ranasinghe, P.; Read, H.; Reyes, J.; Rodriguez, G. D. L. Rosa; de Souza, I. V. Alves Fernandes; Suárez-Ruiz, I.; Sýkorová, I.; Valentine, B. J.
Standardization of reflectance measurements in dispersed organic matter: Results of an exercise to improve interlaboratory agreement Journal Article
In: Marine and Petroleum Geology, vol. 59, pp. 22-34, 2015, ISSN: 02648172, (121).
@article{2-s2.0-84906222841,
title = {Standardization of reflectance measurements in dispersed organic matter: Results of an exercise to improve interlaboratory agreement},
author = { P.C. Hackley and C.V. Araujo and A.G. Borrego and A. Bouzinos and B.J. Cardott and A.C. Cook and C.F. Eble and D. Flores and T. Gentzis and P.A. Gonçalves and J.G. Mendonça Filho and M. Hámor-Vidó and I. Jelonek and K. Kommeren and W.R. Knowles and J. Kus and M. Mastalerz and T.R. Menezes and J. Newman and I.K. Oikonomopoulos and M. Pawlewicz and W. Pickel and J. Potter and P. Ranasinghe and H. Read and J. Reyes and G.D.L. Rosa Rodriguez and I.V. Alves Fernandes de Souza and I. Suárez-Ruiz and I. Sýkorová and B.J. Valentine},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84906222841&doi=10.1016%2fj.marpetgeo.2014.07.015&partnerID=40&md5=706065637b6795157db0f7458b850d09},
doi = {10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.07.015},
issn = {02648172},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Marine and Petroleum Geology},
volume = {59},
pages = {22-34},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Vitrinite reflectance generally is considered the most robust thermal maturity parameter available for application to hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum system evaluation. However, until 2011 there was no standardized methodology available to provide guidelines for vitrinite reflectance measurements in shale. Efforts to correct this deficiency resulted in publication of ASTM D7708: Standard test method for microscopical determination of the reflectance of vitrinite dispersed in sedimentary rocks. In 2012-2013, an interlaboratory exercise was conducted to establish precision limits for the D7708 measurement technique. Six samples, representing a wide variety of shale, were tested in duplicate by 28 analysts in 22 laboratories from 14 countries. Samples ranged from immature to overmature (0.31-1.53% Ro), from organic-lean to organic-rich (1-22wt.% total organic carbon), and contained Type I (lacustrine), Type II (marine), and Type III (terrestrial) kerogens. Repeatability limits (maximum difference between valid repetitive results from same operator; same conditions) ranged from 0.03 to 0.11% absolute reflectance, whereas reproducibility limits (maximum difference between valid results obtained on same test material by different operators; different laboratories) ranged from 0.12 to 0.54% absolute reflectance. Repeatability and reproducibility limits degraded consistently with increasing maturity and decreasing organic content. However, samples with terrestrial kerogens (Type III) fell off this trend, showing improved levels of reproducibility due to higher vitrinite content and improved ease of identification. Operators did not consistently meet the reporting requirements of the test method, indicating that a common reporting template is required to improve data quality. The most difficult problem encountered was the petrographic distinction of solid bitumens and low-reflecting inert macerals from vitrinite when vitrinite occurred with reflectance ranges overlapping the other components. Discussion among participants suggested this problem could not be easily corrected via kerogen concentration or solvent extraction and is related to operator training and background. No statistical difference in mean reflectance was identified between participants reporting bitumen reflectance vs. vitrinite reflectance vs. a mixture of bitumen and vitrinite reflectance values, suggesting empirical conversion schemes should be treated with caution. Analysis of reproducibility limits obtained during this exercise in comparison to reproducibility limits from historical interlaboratory exercises suggests use of a common methodology (D7708) improves interlaboratory precision. Future work will investigate opportunities to improve reproducibility in high maturity, organic-lean shale varieties. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
note = {121},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vitrinite reflectance generally is considered the most robust thermal maturity parameter available for application to hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum system evaluation. However, until 2011 there was no standardized methodology available to provide guidelines for vitrinite reflectance measurements in shale. Efforts to correct this deficiency resulted in publication of ASTM D7708: Standard test method for microscopical determination of the reflectance of vitrinite dispersed in sedimentary rocks. In 2012-2013, an interlaboratory exercise was conducted to establish precision limits for the D7708 measurement technique. Six samples, representing a wide variety of shale, were tested in duplicate by 28 analysts in 22 laboratories from 14 countries. Samples ranged from immature to overmature (0.31-1.53% Ro), from organic-lean to organic-rich (1-22wt.% total organic carbon), and contained Type I (lacustrine), Type II (marine), and Type III (terrestrial) kerogens. Repeatability limits (maximum difference between valid repetitive results from same operator; same conditions) ranged from 0.03 to 0.11% absolute reflectance, whereas reproducibility limits (maximum difference between valid results obtained on same test material by different operators; different laboratories) ranged from 0.12 to 0.54% absolute reflectance. Repeatability and reproducibility limits degraded consistently with increasing maturity and decreasing organic content. However, samples with terrestrial kerogens (Type III) fell off this trend, showing improved levels of reproducibility due to higher vitrinite content and improved ease of identification. Operators did not consistently meet the reporting requirements of the test method, indicating that a common reporting template is required to improve data quality. The most difficult problem encountered was the petrographic distinction of solid bitumens and low-reflecting inert macerals from vitrinite when vitrinite occurred with reflectance ranges overlapping the other components. Discussion among participants suggested this problem could not be easily corrected via kerogen concentration or solvent extraction and is related to operator training and background. No statistical difference in mean reflectance was identified between participants reporting bitumen reflectance vs. vitrinite reflectance vs. a mixture of bitumen and vitrinite reflectance values, suggesting empirical conversion schemes should be treated with caution. Analysis of reproducibility limits obtained during this exercise in comparison to reproducibility limits from historical interlaboratory exercises suggests use of a common methodology (D7708) improves interlaboratory precision. Future work will investigate opportunities to improve reproducibility in high maturity, organic-lean shale varieties. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
2002
Duber, S.; Rouzaud, J. N.; Clinard, C.; Pusz, S.
Microporosity and optical properties of some activated chars Journal Article
In: Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 77-78, pp. 221-227, 2002, ISSN: 03783820, (16).
@article{2-s2.0-0005801140,
title = {Microporosity and optical properties of some activated chars},
author = { S. Duber and J.N. Rouzaud and C. Clinard and S. Pusz},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0005801140&doi=10.1016%2fS0378-3820%2802%2900050-4&partnerID=40&md5=fd0e6eb9a9fa025fdd6e96b362206d9c},
doi = {10.1016/S0378-3820(02)00050-4},
issn = {03783820},
year = {2002},
date = {2002-01-01},
journal = {Fuel Processing Technology},
volume = {77-78},
pages = {221-227},
abstract = {The aim of this work was to understand the structural and microtextural changes responsible for microporosity formation in saccharose-based chars activated with CO2 at 850 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and optical microscopy (reflectance measurements) allow to follow the changes in the chars organisation from nanometric to micrometric scales. Quantitative structural and microtextural data can now be extracted from the HRTEM images with an in-house image analysis procedure. Our results allow to suggest that the development of the microporosity with an increasing burn-off could be due to the development of slit-shaped pores. Such changes in pore shape and dimensions affect optical properties; a relationship was established between BET surface area and mean reflectance. By coupling these experimental data and a theoretical approach, a model of activated carbons is proposed to explain the reflectance changes during activation. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
note = {16},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The aim of this work was to understand the structural and microtextural changes responsible for microporosity formation in saccharose-based chars activated with CO2 at 850 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and optical microscopy (reflectance measurements) allow to follow the changes in the chars organisation from nanometric to micrometric scales. Quantitative structural and microtextural data can now be extracted from the HRTEM images with an in-house image analysis procedure. Our results allow to suggest that the development of the microporosity with an increasing burn-off could be due to the development of slit-shaped pores. Such changes in pore shape and dimensions affect optical properties; a relationship was established between BET surface area and mean reflectance. By coupling these experimental data and a theoretical approach, a model of activated carbons is proposed to explain the reflectance changes during activation. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.