2024
Kázmér, M.; Al-Tawalbeh, M.; Gaidzik, K.
Destructive Intraplate Earthquakes in Arabia—The Archeoseismological Evidence Proceedings
Springer Nature, 2024, ISSN: 25228714.
@proceedings{2-s2.0-85189355139,
title = {Destructive Intraplate Earthquakes in Arabia—The Archeoseismological Evidence},
author = { M. Kázmér and M. Al-Tawalbeh and K. Gaidzik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85189355139&doi=10.1007%2f978-3-031-43218-7_93&partnerID=40&md5=1a7c8310cebe9fc96e6eee08efdc9d9d},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-43218-7_93},
issn = {25228714},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Advances in Science, Technology and Innovation},
pages = {401-403},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
abstract = {The Arabian Plate is surrounded by seismically highly active margins, while the plate interior is seemingly aseismic. To add unknown events to the historical catalog, new archeoseismological studies of four intraplate sites are presented here. We surveyed buildings seeking evidence of seismic damage and/or following reconstructions, assigned destruction intensity values, and dated destruction events based on building stratigraphy and historical sources. Qalhat in northern Oman is a ruined Medieval city. It is > 300 km from the closest plate boundary of the Makran subduction. An earthquake caused I = VII damage in 1494, from which it recovered. The next event, causing I = XI damage, occurred between 1570 and 1592 AD, yielding destruction. Julfar city near Ras al-Khaimah (United Arab Emirates), > 100 km from the Zagros collision zone, suffered I = VIII damage in the late fifteenth century. Palmyra (Syria) is > 180 km from the Dead Sea Fault. A preliminary survey identified evidence for earthquake(s) causing I = VII and more severe damage. Umm al-Jimal in northern Jordan is > 70 km from the Dead Sea Fault. I = VII damage occurred in the city during late Byzantine times, between 550 and 650 AD, from which it recovered. However, following I = IX damage at the end of the Umayyad period, it was abandoned. It is suggested that systematic archeoseismological studies can provide evidence for destructive earthquakes in Arabia, for which written documentation was lost. Promising sites are along the coasts of the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, the Zagros foreland in Iraq and Syria, eastern Jordan, the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, and much of Yemen. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The Arabian Plate is surrounded by seismically highly active margins, while the plate interior is seemingly aseismic. To add unknown events to the historical catalog, new archeoseismological studies of four intraplate sites are presented here. We surveyed buildings seeking evidence of seismic damage and/or following reconstructions, assigned destruction intensity values, and dated destruction events based on building stratigraphy and historical sources. Qalhat in northern Oman is a ruined Medieval city. It is > 300 km from the closest plate boundary of the Makran subduction. An earthquake caused I = VII damage in 1494, from which it recovered. The next event, causing I = XI damage, occurred between 1570 and 1592 AD, yielding destruction. Julfar city near Ras al-Khaimah (United Arab Emirates), > 100 km from the Zagros collision zone, suffered I = VIII damage in the late fifteenth century. Palmyra (Syria) is > 180 km from the Dead Sea Fault. A preliminary survey identified evidence for earthquake(s) causing I = VII and more severe damage. Umm al-Jimal in northern Jordan is > 70 km from the Dead Sea Fault. I = VII damage occurred in the city during late Byzantine times, between 550 and 650 AD, from which it recovered. However, following I = IX damage at the end of the Umayyad period, it was abandoned. It is suggested that systematic archeoseismological studies can provide evidence for destructive earthquakes in Arabia, for which written documentation was lost. Promising sites are along the coasts of the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian (Persian) Gulf, the Zagros foreland in Iraq and Syria, eastern Jordan, the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia, and much of Yemen. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
2023
Kázmér, M.; Gaidzik, K.; Al-Tawalbeh, M.; Steinritz, V.; Reicherter, K. R.; Hoffmann, G.
Seismic catastrophes in historical times in Arabia – Destruction of the city of Qalhat (Oman) in the 16th century Journal Article
In: Quaternary International, vol. 664, pp. 42-58, 2023, ISSN: 10406182.
@article{2-s2.0-85160414821,
title = {Seismic catastrophes in historical times in Arabia – Destruction of the city of Qalhat (Oman) in the 16th century},
author = { M. Kázmér and K. Gaidzik and M. Al-Tawalbeh and V. Steinritz and K.R. Reicherter and G. Hoffmann},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85160414821&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2023.05.016&partnerID=40&md5=9cec05e1e5feb5f1988bc31d53ad3e6e},
doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2023.05.016},
issn = {10406182},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary International},
volume = {664},
pages = {42-58},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The Arabian Peninsula is surrounded by seismically highly active plate margins, while the interior seems to be free from destructive earthquakes. We report two historical earthquakes in Qalhat, Oman, >300 km from any plate boundary and provide archaeoseismological analysis of ruined buildings. The first quake hit the city in 1497 AD with an intensity VII at most; the community survived and damage was repaired. The second event caused total devastation (intensity X-XI), sometime between 1580 and 1592. The city never recovered from the latter; it has been a field of ruins ever since. ShakeMap modeling yielded magnitude Mw 5.5 for the first and Mw 6.5–7.0 for the second earthquake. We suggest that the strike-slip Tiwi Fault or the reverse Qalhat Fault caused the first, while the reverse Qalhat Fault might have caused the second earthquake. © 2023 The Authors},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Arabian Peninsula is surrounded by seismically highly active plate margins, while the interior seems to be free from destructive earthquakes. We report two historical earthquakes in Qalhat, Oman, >300 km from any plate boundary and provide archaeoseismological analysis of ruined buildings. The first quake hit the city in 1497 AD with an intensity VII at most; the community survived and damage was repaired. The second event caused total devastation (intensity X-XI), sometime between 1580 and 1592. The city never recovered from the latter; it has been a field of ruins ever since. ShakeMap modeling yielded magnitude Mw 5.5 for the first and Mw 6.5–7.0 for the second earthquake. We suggest that the strike-slip Tiwi Fault or the reverse Qalhat Fault caused the first, while the reverse Qalhat Fault might have caused the second earthquake. © 2023 The Authors
Kázmér, M.; Rupnik, P. Jamšek; Gaidzik, K.
Seismic Activity in the Celje Basin (Slovenia) in Roman Times—Archaeoseismological Evidence from Celeia Journal Article
In: Quaternary, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023, ISSN: 2571550X, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85150980921,
title = {Seismic Activity in the Celje Basin (Slovenia) in Roman Times—Archaeoseismological Evidence from Celeia},
author = { M. Kázmér and P. Jamšek Rupnik and K. Gaidzik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85150980921&doi=10.3390%2fquat6010010&partnerID=40&md5=aaa13b8387694d1835aad06a7203877d},
doi = {10.3390/quat6010010},
issn = {2571550X},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
publisher = {MDPI},
abstract = {Searching for unknown earthquakes in Slovenia in the first millennium, we performed archaeoseismological analysis of Roman settlements. The Mesto pod mestom museum in Celje exhibits a paved Roman road, which suffered severe deformation. Built on fine gravel and sand from the Savinja River, the road displays a bulge and trench, pop-up structures, and pavement slabs tilted up to 40°. The city wall was built over the deformed road in Late Roman times, supported by a foundation containing recycled material (spolia) from public buildings, including an emperor’s statue. We hypothesize that a severe earthquake hit the town before 350 AD, causing widespread destruction. Seismic-induced liquefaction caused differential subsidence, deforming the road. One of the nearby faults from the strike-slip Periadriatic fault system was the seismic source of this event. © 2023 by the authors.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Searching for unknown earthquakes in Slovenia in the first millennium, we performed archaeoseismological analysis of Roman settlements. The Mesto pod mestom museum in Celje exhibits a paved Roman road, which suffered severe deformation. Built on fine gravel and sand from the Savinja River, the road displays a bulge and trench, pop-up structures, and pavement slabs tilted up to 40°. The city wall was built over the deformed road in Late Roman times, supported by a foundation containing recycled material (spolia) from public buildings, including an emperor’s statue. We hypothesize that a severe earthquake hit the town before 350 AD, causing widespread destruction. Seismic-induced liquefaction caused differential subsidence, deforming the road. One of the nearby faults from the strike-slip Periadriatic fault system was the seismic source of this event. © 2023 by the authors.
Gaidzik, K.; Kázmér, M.
In: Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 301, 2023, ISSN: 02773791, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85145595177,
title = {The Børglum fault was active in historical times. Comment on ‘The near-surface structure in the area of the Børglum fault, Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, northern Denmark: Implications for fault kinematics, timing of fault activity and fault control on tunnel valley formation’ by Brandes et al. [Quat. Sci. Rev. 289 (2022) 107619]},
author = { K. Gaidzik and M. Kázmér},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85145595177&doi=10.1016%2fj.quascirev.2022.107933&partnerID=40&md5=7efe95ca71265352fdd05d1f413e78b3},
doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107933},
issn = {02773791},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
volume = {301},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {Brandes et al. (2022) provided a detailed study of the Børglum fault, a branch of the Sorgenfrei-Torquist Zone, in northern Denmark, based on seismic profiles, borehole, and outcrop data. They suggest that the last fault displacement occurred between 14.5ka and 12ka. We wish to highlight the widespread deformed churches in the region: their damage was caused by seismic activity in historical times (13–16th century). Displacement along the Børglum fault, therefore, did not cease before the Holocene but rather has been active at least up to the 16th century. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Brandes et al. (2022) provided a detailed study of the Børglum fault, a branch of the Sorgenfrei-Torquist Zone, in northern Denmark, based on seismic profiles, borehole, and outcrop data. They suggest that the last fault displacement occurred between 14.5ka and 12ka. We wish to highlight the widespread deformed churches in the region: their damage was caused by seismic activity in historical times (13–16th century). Displacement along the Børglum fault, therefore, did not cease before the Holocene but rather has been active at least up to the 16th century. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Kázmér, M.; Al-Tawalbeh, M.; Erzsébet, Győri; Laszlovszky, J.; Gaidzik, K.
In: Foldtani Kozlony, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 357-374, 2023, ISSN: 0015542X.
@article{2-s2.0-85185682791,
title = {Destruction of Visegrád before the Ottoman occupation – historical and archaeoseismological data on the 1541 earthquake [Visegrád pusztulása az oszmán-török hódoltság előtt – az 1541-es földrengés történeti és archeoszeizmológiai nézőpontból]},
author = { M. Kázmér and M. Al-Tawalbeh and Győri Erzsébet and J. Laszlovszky and K. Gaidzik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85185682791&doi=10.23928%2ffoldt.kozl.2023.153.4.357&partnerID=40&md5=04c23e7ca05a6b938c7b174ce26a2b9b},
doi = {10.23928/foldt.kozl.2023.153.4.357},
issn = {0015542X},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Foldtani Kozlony},
volume = {153},
number = {4},
pages = {357-374},
publisher = {Hungarian Geological Society},
abstract = {The Danube Bend was the site of the proposed Nagymaros dam, part of the Gabčikovo–Nagymaros hydropower complex in Slovakia and Hungary. The dam was designed in the 1970s to resist intensity VI seismic events. We present historical and archaeological evidence for an intensity IX earthquake on 21 August 1541, which destroyed buildings in the royal town of Visegrád. Evidence includes vertical fissures cutting through the 30 m high, 13th century donjon Salamon Tower, built on hard rock. Some parts of the 15th century Franciscan friary situated in the town of Visegrád, built on the alluvial plain, collapsed due to liquefaction of the subsoil. The date of a potentially responsible earthquake on 21 August 1541 was recorded in a sermon of the eyewitness Lutheran minister Péter Bornemisza, living at Pest, 35 km away. Taken by the Ottoman army in 1544, the royal town and the palace of Visegrád lost strategic importance, never to be rebuilt. Photographs and drawings of the donjon made three centuries later faithfully reflect the status of 16th century seismic damage, corroborated by modern archaeological excavations in the ecclesiastic complex. Investigations in historical seismology and archaeoseismology are essential components during planning of critical facilities. © 2023, Hungarian Geological Society. All rights reserved.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Danube Bend was the site of the proposed Nagymaros dam, part of the Gabčikovo–Nagymaros hydropower complex in Slovakia and Hungary. The dam was designed in the 1970s to resist intensity VI seismic events. We present historical and archaeological evidence for an intensity IX earthquake on 21 August 1541, which destroyed buildings in the royal town of Visegrád. Evidence includes vertical fissures cutting through the 30 m high, 13th century donjon Salamon Tower, built on hard rock. Some parts of the 15th century Franciscan friary situated in the town of Visegrád, built on the alluvial plain, collapsed due to liquefaction of the subsoil. The date of a potentially responsible earthquake on 21 August 1541 was recorded in a sermon of the eyewitness Lutheran minister Péter Bornemisza, living at Pest, 35 km away. Taken by the Ottoman army in 1544, the royal town and the palace of Visegrád lost strategic importance, never to be rebuilt. Photographs and drawings of the donjon made three centuries later faithfully reflect the status of 16th century seismic damage, corroborated by modern archaeological excavations in the ecclesiastic complex. Investigations in historical seismology and archaeoseismology are essential components during planning of critical facilities. © 2023, Hungarian Geological Society. All rights reserved.
2022
Kázmér, M.; Prizomwala, S.; Gaidzik, K.
8th century coastal uplift in Peninsular India – The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu Journal Article
In: Quaternary International, vol. 638-639, pp. 140-147, 2022, ISSN: 10406182, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85124711269,
title = {8th century coastal uplift in Peninsular India – The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu},
author = { M. Kázmér and S. Prizomwala and K. Gaidzik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85124711269&doi=10.1016%2fj.quaint.2022.02.014&partnerID=40&md5=b368e127b0267d8ee1821d8542361e77},
doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2022.02.014},
issn = {10406182},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Quaternary International},
volume = {638-639},
pages = {140-147},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
abstract = {The Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu; Southern India) exists since the late 7th century. Historical sources suggest that it was built on an island in honour of the gods Vishnu and Shiva. A former bridge over the canal, which separated the island from the mainland, and a seawall, which protected the shore from the waves are dysfunctional now, as they are located too high above the present day sea level. A holy well, part of the temple complex, reaches down to the modern freshwater lens. We suggest that about 1 m uplift occurred after the construction of the temple, the canal and the seawall, but before the construction of the well. This event during the reign of King Rajasimhan in the early 8th century most likely was caused by an earthquake of magnitude M > 6.5 that led to the uplift of the island. There are thick walls of a ruined masonry building in the former, sand-filled canal, tilted in various directions. These are evidence for liquefaction of subsoil, caused by a second earthquake of intensity IX-X. The east coast of India has remained prone to destructive earthquakes: archaeoseismology proves to be useful tool which can help to identify these areas. © 2022 The Author(s)},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu; Southern India) exists since the late 7th century. Historical sources suggest that it was built on an island in honour of the gods Vishnu and Shiva. A former bridge over the canal, which separated the island from the mainland, and a seawall, which protected the shore from the waves are dysfunctional now, as they are located too high above the present day sea level. A holy well, part of the temple complex, reaches down to the modern freshwater lens. We suggest that about 1 m uplift occurred after the construction of the temple, the canal and the seawall, but before the construction of the well. This event during the reign of King Rajasimhan in the early 8th century most likely was caused by an earthquake of magnitude M > 6.5 that led to the uplift of the island. There are thick walls of a ruined masonry building in the former, sand-filled canal, tilted in various directions. These are evidence for liquefaction of subsoil, caused by a second earthquake of intensity IX-X. The east coast of India has remained prone to destructive earthquakes: archaeoseismology proves to be useful tool which can help to identify these areas. © 2022 The Author(s)
2021
Kázmér, M.; Al-Tawalbeh, M.; Gyori, E.; Laszlovszky, J.; Gaidzik, K.
In: Seismological Research Letters, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 3202-3214, 2021, ISSN: 08950695, (1).
@article{2-s2.0-85114605297,
title = {Destruction of the royal town at visegrád, hungary: Historical evidence and archaeoseismology of the a.d. 1541 earthquake at the proposed danube dam site},
author = { M. Kázmér and M. Al-Tawalbeh and E. Gyori and J. Laszlovszky and K. Gaidzik},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85114605297&doi=10.1785%2f0220210058&partnerID=40&md5=6e5a70905b657e105effd8dd99235aed},
doi = {10.1785/0220210058},
issn = {08950695},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Seismological Research Letters},
volume = {92},
number = {5},
pages = {3202-3214},
publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
abstract = {The Danube Bend is the site of the proposed Nagymaros dam, part of the Gabcikovo- Nagymaros hydropower complex in Slovakia and Hungary. The dam was designed in the 1970s to resist intensity VI seismic events. We present historical and archaeological evidence for an intensity IX earthquake on 21 August 1541, which destroyed buildings of the royal town of Visegrád. Evidence includes vertical fissures cutting through the 30- m-high, thirteenth-century donjon Salamon Tower, built on hard rock. Some parts of the adjacent fifteenth-century Franciscan friary, built on the alluvial plain, collapsed because of liquefaction of the subsoil. The date of a potentially responsible earthquake on 21 August 1541 was recorded in a sermon of the eyewitness Lutheran minister Péter Bornemisza, living at Pest-Buda, 35 km away. Taken by the Ottoman army in 1544, the royal town and the fortress lost strategic importance, never to be rebuilt. Photographs and drawings of the donjon made three centuries later faithfully reflect the status of sixteenth-century seismic damage, corroborated by modern archaeological excavations in the ecclesiastic complex. © 2021 Seismological Society of America. All rights reserved.},
note = {1},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Danube Bend is the site of the proposed Nagymaros dam, part of the Gabcikovo- Nagymaros hydropower complex in Slovakia and Hungary. The dam was designed in the 1970s to resist intensity VI seismic events. We present historical and archaeological evidence for an intensity IX earthquake on 21 August 1541, which destroyed buildings of the royal town of Visegrád. Evidence includes vertical fissures cutting through the 30- m-high, thirteenth-century donjon Salamon Tower, built on hard rock. Some parts of the adjacent fifteenth-century Franciscan friary, built on the alluvial plain, collapsed because of liquefaction of the subsoil. The date of a potentially responsible earthquake on 21 August 1541 was recorded in a sermon of the eyewitness Lutheran minister Péter Bornemisza, living at Pest-Buda, 35 km away. Taken by the Ottoman army in 1544, the royal town and the fortress lost strategic importance, never to be rebuilt. Photographs and drawings of the donjon made three centuries later faithfully reflect the status of sixteenth-century seismic damage, corroborated by modern archaeological excavations in the ecclesiastic complex. © 2021 Seismological Society of America. All rights reserved.
2006
Philippe, M.; Barbacka, M.; Gradinaru, E.; Iamandei, E.; Iamandei, S.; Kázmér, M.; Popa, M.; Szakmány, G.; Tchoumatchenco, P.; Zatoń, M.
Fossil wood and Mid-Eastern Europe terrestrial palaeobiogeography during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous interval Journal Article
In: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol. 142, no. 1-2, pp. 15-32, 2006, ISSN: 00346667, (42).
@article{2-s2.0-33750200989,
title = {Fossil wood and Mid-Eastern Europe terrestrial palaeobiogeography during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous interval},
author = { M. Philippe and M. Barbacka and E. Gradinaru and E. Iamandei and S. Iamandei and M. Kázmér and M. Popa and G. Szakmány and P. Tchoumatchenco and M. Zatoń},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33750200989&doi=10.1016%2fj.revpalbo.2006.05.003&partnerID=40&md5=8858e26d67ebf3a9b1423c0a1e078ccd},
doi = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.05.003},
issn = {00346667},
year = {2006},
date = {2006-01-01},
journal = {Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology},
volume = {142},
number = {1-2},
pages = {15-32},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Palaeobiogeography plays an important role in the evolution of continental plants. This has been demonstrated mainly for modern biota and for past biota on a very large scale only. During the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Mid-Eastern Europe was an archipelago, thus a particularly suitable area for a more detailed study. We investigated the area's plant palaeobiogeography, using fossil wood, with information from both a literature survey and investigation of new samples. There is a clear north-south differentiation of wood floras. The northern part of the archipelago, which was connected by a shallow sea, has a homogenous flora. A small terrane in the south, separated by true oceanic crust, seems to have had a peculiar flora, lacking widely distributed elements but displaying an endemic taxon with Gondwanan affinities. Compared to Western Europe, Mid-Eastern Europe has a Jurassic-Early Cretaceous wood flora with similar diversity, except for the Late Jurassic, when it was limited to a single taxon, the widespread Agathoxylon Hartig. The wood flora of northern Gondwana is less diverse across the time interval under consideration, except for the Late Jurassic again. Taphonomic bias cannot be ruled out, but this low diversity during the Late Jurassic suggests stressful climatic conditions for Mid-Eastern Europe. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
note = {42},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Palaeobiogeography plays an important role in the evolution of continental plants. This has been demonstrated mainly for modern biota and for past biota on a very large scale only. During the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Mid-Eastern Europe was an archipelago, thus a particularly suitable area for a more detailed study. We investigated the area's plant palaeobiogeography, using fossil wood, with information from both a literature survey and investigation of new samples. There is a clear north-south differentiation of wood floras. The northern part of the archipelago, which was connected by a shallow sea, has a homogenous flora. A small terrane in the south, separated by true oceanic crust, seems to have had a peculiar flora, lacking widely distributed elements but displaying an endemic taxon with Gondwanan affinities. Compared to Western Europe, Mid-Eastern Europe has a Jurassic-Early Cretaceous wood flora with similar diversity, except for the Late Jurassic, when it was limited to a single taxon, the widespread Agathoxylon Hartig. The wood flora of northern Gondwana is less diverse across the time interval under consideration, except for the Late Jurassic again. Taphonomic bias cannot be ruled out, but this low diversity during the Late Jurassic suggests stressful climatic conditions for Mid-Eastern Europe. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.